193
307
98
↑193
↓307
—98
Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet maydecreaseInsulin production.
372 studies (598 claims)
Emerging evidence
Typical effective dose 74000 (41000–107000) mgacross 2 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high glycemic index and glycemic load diet | Increases - may exacerbate | insulin resistance | Human | polycystic ovary syndrome | Not specified | Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Estimates in the Dietary Approach of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.cited 4× |
| Increased carbohydrate and fiber intake, as part of a plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet | Decreases - are associated with beneficial effects | weight, body composition, and insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified | A Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet in Overweight Individuals in a 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Carbohydrates.cited 47× |
| diet rich in saturated fat (SAT) | Increases - induced the highest levels | insulin after the OGTT | Human | healthy young males | 38% fat (22% MUFA) in the MUFA diet. | [The diet rich in monounsaturated fat modifies in a beneficial way carbohydrate metabolism and arterial pressure].cited 22× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | Decreases - determined the lowest levels | insulin | Human | healthy young males | 38% fat (22% MUFA) in the MUFA diet. | [The diet rich in monounsaturated fat modifies in a beneficial way carbohydrate metabolism and arterial pressure].cited 22× |
| A high-salt/fat diet | Increases - results in | systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased BP | Human | — | Not specified | Hypertension as a Metabolic Disorder and the Novel Role of the Gut.cited 70× |
| diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HC) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| diet regimen | Decreases - highly statistically significant decrease | fasting blood insulin (FBI) | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| diet regimen | Decreases - highly statistically significant decrease | homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| combined laser acupuncture and diet regimen | Decreases - significantly lower | fasting blood insulin (FBI) | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| combined laser acupuncture and diet regimen | Decreases - significantly lower | insulin resistance | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| High Fat diet and High Fructose (HFHF) | Increases - presented by | insulin resistance | Animal | rat | Not specified | Anorexic and metabolic effect of jojoba: potential treatment against metabolic syndrome and hepatic complications.cited 8× |
| Adding jojoba seeds to HFHF rat group diet | Decreases - induced a decrease in | insulin resistance | Animal | HFHF rat group | Not specified | Anorexic and metabolic effect of jojoba: potential treatment against metabolic syndrome and hepatic complications.cited 8× |
| high fructose diet (HFD) | Increases - increased significantly | insulin | HumanAnimalMolecular | male Sprague-Dawley rats | 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day of RGC. | Red grape berry-cultured cells reduce blood pressure in rats with metabolic-like syndrome.cited 13× |
| high-fructose diet | Increases - increased | insulin | Animal | Wistar albino rats | Not specified (high-fructose diet for 15 weeks; metformin administered once daily for the last 6 weeks) | Impact of high-fructose diet and metformin on histomorphological and molecular parameters of reproductive organs and vaginal microbiota of female rat.cited 1× |
| high-fructose diet | Decreases - downregulation | ovarian insulin signaling pathway proteins | Animal | Wistar albino rats | Not specified (high-fructose diet for 15 weeks; metformin administered once daily for the last 6 weeks) | Impact of high-fructose diet and metformin on histomorphological and molecular parameters of reproductive organs and vaginal microbiota of female rat.cited 1× |
| high fructose (HF) diet | Increases - significantly higher | insulin | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| high-fructose high-fat (HF/HFAT) diet | Increases - significantly higher | insulin | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| high fructose diet | Increases - generated | insulin resistance | HumanAnimal | murine models | Not specified | Alpha-lipoic acid and its protective role in fructose induced endocrine-metabolic disturbances.cited 10× |
| high-fructose diet | Increases - caused | insulin resistance | Animal | Male C57BL/6 mice | 40 mg/kg of body weight (mixed with diet) | LDT409 (pan-PPAR partial agonist) mitigates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in high-fructose-fed mice.cited 1× |
| high-fructose diet (HF) | Increases - was able to cause | insulin resistance | Animal | fructose-fed rat model | 125 mg/kg bw/day and 250 mg/kg bw/day, administered by gavage. | Effect of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from longan flower on markers of metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats.cited 32× |
| classic ketogenic diet (KD) | No effect - is currently evaluated in the management of | insulin-resistant states | Human | — | Not specified | Acute Insulin Secretory Effects of a Classic Ketogenic Meal in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Cross-Over Study.cited 9× |
| GC excess with high-fat diet | Decreases - leads to | suppressed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) | HumanAnimalMolecular | — | Not specified | Glucocorticoids and beta-cell function.cited 31× |
| antioxidant diet 10.000 ORAC + alpha-lipoic acid | Decreases - significant reduction | bolus insulin | Human | children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes | Not specified | Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Antioxidant Diet Help to Improve Endothelial Dysfunction in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Trial.cited 25× |
| low-calorie low-carbohydrate soy containing diet | Decreases - reduced | serum insulin level | Human | patients with NAFLD | Not specified | Effects of a Low-Calorie, Low-Carbohydrate Soy Containing Diet on Systemic Inflammation Among Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Parallel Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 30× |
| phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diet | No effect - No significant reduction was observed | insulin | Human | children and adolescents with dyslipidemia | Not specified | Effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet on low-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia: A double-blind crossover trial.cited 4× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil | No effect - no significant effect | insulin or lactate responses to the STEP tests | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil | Increases - trend for insulin responses to be higher | insulin responses | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly unsaturated vegetable oil | No effect - no significant effect | insulin or lactate responses to the STEP tests | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| vegetarian diet | Increases - insulin-sensitizing effect | insulin sensitivity | Human | — | Calorie restriction of -500 kcal/day. | Vegetarian diet-induced increase in linoleic acid in serum phospholipids is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes.cited 15× |
| diet therapy and coconut oil intake | Decreases - decreased significantly | insulin level | Human | overweight individuals | 20 mL of coconut oil per day. | The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals. |
| very low carbohydrate diet (VLCD) | Decreases - decreases in | fasting insulin | Human | older adults with obesity | VLCD (<10% energy from carbohydrates, 25% from protein, >65% from fat); LFD (55% carbohydrates, 25% protein, 20% fat). | Effects of weight loss during a very low carbohydrate diet on specific adipose tissue depots and insulin sensitivity in older adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.cited 37× |
| very low carbohydrate diet (VLCD) | Increases - greater increases in | insulin sensitivity | Human | older adults with obesity | VLCD (<10% energy from carbohydrates, 25% from protein, >65% from fat); LFD (55% carbohydrates, 25% protein, 20% fat). | Effects of weight loss during a very low carbohydrate diet on specific adipose tissue depots and insulin sensitivity in older adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.cited 37× |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - leading to improved | insulin levels | Human | — | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - completely avoided | insulin therapy | Human | a patient with a late-onset classic presentation of T1DM | Not specified (very low-carbohydrate diet). | Prolonged remission followed by low insulin requirements in a patient with type 1 diabetes on a very low-carbohydrate diet. |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - tight glycaemic control on | minimal insulin doses | Human | a patient with a late-onset classic presentation of T1DM | Not specified (very low-carbohydrate diet). | Prolonged remission followed by low insulin requirements in a patient with type 1 diabetes on a very low-carbohydrate diet. |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - reduces | insulin requirements | Human | insulinopenic states such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) | Not specified (very low-carbohydrate diet). | Prolonged remission followed by low insulin requirements in a patient with type 1 diabetes on a very low-carbohydrate diet. |
| hypercaloric diet rich in lipids and simple carbohydrates | Increases - had a higher | insulin | Animal | Male Wistar rats | 250 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. | Effects of carnosine supplementation on markers for the pathophysiological development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in a diet-induced model.cited 2× |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet | Decreases - reduction | fasting insulin level | Human | women who were overweight/obese with insulin resistance | 2400 mg/day of DCI. | Unexpected effects of treating insulin-resistant obese women with high-dose D-chiro-inositol: opening Pandora's box. |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet | Increases - significant improvement | insulin sensitivity | Human | women who were overweight/obese with insulin resistance | 2400 mg/day of DCI. | Unexpected effects of treating insulin-resistant obese women with high-dose D-chiro-inositol: opening Pandora's box. |
| AGE-restricted diet | Decreases - decreased | Insulin | HumanMolecular | AGE-restricted type 2 diabetic patients | Standard diet (>20 AGE Eq/day) vs. AGE-restricted diet (<10 AGE Eq/day). | Restriction of advanced glycation end products improves insulin resistance in human type 2 diabetes: potential role of AGER1 and SIRT1.cited 251× |
| almond-enriched low-calorie diet (almond-LCD) | Decreases - decreased | Homeostasis model analysis of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese adults | 84 g/day of almonds. | Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program.cited 156× |
| complex carbohydrate-enriched low-calorie diet (CHO-LCD) | Decreases - decreased | Homeostasis model analysis of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese adults | 84 g/day of almonds. | Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program.cited 156× |
| enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | plasma insulin levels | Human | A-allele carriers | Not specified | [Influence of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on serum HDL response to an enriched-polyunsaturated vs. an enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet].cited 2× |
| enriched-polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | plasma insulin levels | Human | A-allele carriers | Not specified | [Influence of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on serum HDL response to an enriched-polyunsaturated vs. an enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet].cited 2× |
| 12-week hypocaloric ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant improvements were observed | insulin (I) | Human | overweight, obese, and healthy-weight females | Less than 30 g of carbohydrates, approximately 60 g of protein, and 140 g of fat per day (80% unsaturated and 20% saturated fat). | Effects of a 12 Week Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Obese and Overweight Females with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disturbance.cited 2× |
| exercise and low-fat diet intervention | Decreases - was significantly less than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | three intervention groups | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - were significantly greater than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | HFD group rats | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - was significantly greater than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | HFD-SED group | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| exercise and low-fat diet interventions | Decreases - can decrease | TNF-alpha expression in insulin resistance rat | Animal | insulin resistance rat | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| spinach-derived thylakoids supplementation combined with a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - significant decreases | insulin levels | Human | obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | 5 g/day thylakoid. | The effects of spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation in combination with calorie restriction on anthropometric parameters and metabolic profiles in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 15× |
| spinach-derived thylakoids supplementation combined with a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | insulin resistance markers | Human | obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | 5 g/day thylakoid. | The effects of spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation in combination with calorie restriction on anthropometric parameters and metabolic profiles in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 15× |
| energy-restricted diet containing 35% of total calories coming from protein | Decreases - lead to a greater improvement | fasting plasma insulin concentrations | Human | subjects with prediabetes or early stages of T2DM | High-protein diet: 35% of total calories (1.34 [95%CI: 1.27-1.41] g/kg/day); Standard-protein diet: 18% of total calories (0.75 [95%CI: 0.71-0.78] g/kg/day). | High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity.cited 14× |
| HP diet | Decreases - showed higher decrease | insulin | Human | participants | High-protein diet: 35% of total calories (1.34 [95%CI: 1.27-1.41] g/kg/day); Standard-protein diet: 18% of total calories (0.75 [95%CI: 0.71-0.78] g/kg/day). | High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity.cited 14× |
| energy-restricted diet with high protein content (35% from total calories) | Decreases - could induce a benefit | insulin resistance | Human | subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) | High-protein diet: 35% of total calories (1.34 [95%CI: 1.27-1.41] g/kg/day); Standard-protein diet: 18% of total calories (0.75 [95%CI: 0.71-0.78] g/kg/day). | High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity.cited 14× |
| HP diet | Increases - exhibited significant improvement in | insulin sensitivity | Human | pre-diabetes women and men | 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat (daily dietary composition). | Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial.cited 40× |
| Feeding a high-fat diet | Increases - causes | insulin resistance | Animal | mice | Not specified | cJun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1): roles in metabolic regulation of insulin resistance.cited 133× |
| low-added sugar diet (<5% of kcal from added sugars) | Increases - improves | insulin sensitivity | Human | clinically stable adults with CF | Low-added sugar diet (<5% kcal from added sugars) vs. high-added sugar diet (≥13% kcal from added sugars). | Low-added sugar dietary intervention study to mitigate glucose intolerance and improve body composition in adults with cystic fibrosis: a protocol of a double-blind, randomised study. |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | 133 patients with obesity | Not specified | Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.cited 2× |
| a diet that is high in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - will stimulate tissue specific activities that decrease | insulin sensitivity in muscle | Human | — | Not specified | Endocannabinoid signaling and energy metabolism: a target for dietary intervention.cited 30× |
| low-calorie DASH diet | Decreases - resulted in a significant decrease | fasting insulin levels | Human | overweight or obese patients with PCOS | Not specified (diet included 52%-55% carbohydrates, 16%-18% proteins, and 30% total fats, with low-fat dairy as part of the DASH diet). | The effects of dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet on weight loss, anti-Müllerian hormone and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 44× |
| Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) with normal diet (ND) | Increases - increased | insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucose | Animal | female fetus and adult offspring | — | Prenatal ethanol exposure programs an increased susceptibility of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in female adult offspring rats. |
| a new-formulated ketogenic diet (KD) containing vegetal fat | Increases - evidenced an improved | insulin resistance | Animal | KD-fed mice | Not specified. | Vegetal oil-based ketogenic diet improves inflammation and fibrosis in experimental metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. |
| LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation | Increases - a trend towards elevated insulin | insulin | Human | LP offspring | — | Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. |
| Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil | No effect - no significant differences were found | glucose and insulin-related traits | Human | MetS subjects with different CLOCK genotypes (rs1801260 SNP) | 28% fat (12% MUFA) in the low-fat diet group. | Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome.cited 55× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - displayed lower | insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | MetS subjects homozygous for the major allele (TT) at rs1801260 SNP | 28% fat (12% MUFA) in the low-fat diet group. | Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome.cited 55× |
| low-fat diet | Increases - displayed higher | insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) | Human | MetS subjects homozygous for the major allele (TT) at rs1801260 SNP | 28% fat (12% MUFA) in the low-fat diet group. | Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome.cited 55× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - displayed lower | plasma insulin concentrations | Human | MetS subjects homozygous for the major allele (TT) at rs1801260 SNP | 28% fat (12% MUFA) in the low-fat diet group. | Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome.cited 55× |
| Mediterranean-type diet meal | Increases - was higher after | serum insulin | Human | older adults with an increased CVD risk | 30 minutes of walking at 4.6 ± 0.1 km/h post-meal. | Moderate Postmeal Walking Has No Beneficial Effects Over Resting on Postprandial Lipemia, Glycemia, Insulinemia, and Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Older Adults with a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Phenotype: A Randomized Crossover Trial.cited 10× |
| representative typical American diet (TAD) | No effect - did not affect | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| representative typical American diet (TAD) | No effect - did not affect | indexes of insulin resistance | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| DGA-based diet | No effect - did not affect | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| DGA-based diet | No effect - did not affect | indexes of insulin resistance | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| high dairy intake diet (HDD) | No effect - were similar | postprandial glucose and insulin responses as well as glucose kinetics | Human | overweight adults (aged 45-65 y) | High-dairy diet (HDD): 5-6 portions daily (200 g semi-skimmed yoghurt, 30 g reduced-fat cheese, 250 mL semi-skimmed milk/buttermilk); low-dairy diet (LDD): ≤1 portion daily. | The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.cited 18× |
| low dairy intake diet (LDD) | Decreases - were lower | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | overweight adults (aged 45-65 y) | High-dairy diet (HDD): 5-6 portions daily (200 g semi-skimmed yoghurt, 30 g reduced-fat cheese, 250 mL semi-skimmed milk/buttermilk); low-dairy diet (LDD): ≤1 portion daily. | The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.cited 18× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) without exercise training | Decreases - decreases | insulin | Human | overweight Chinese women | ~50 g daily carbohydrate intake. | Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet With or Without Exercise on Anxiety and Eating Behavior and Associated Changes in Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Young Women.cited 4× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) with exercise training | Decreases - decreases | insulin | Human | overweight Chinese women | ~50 g daily carbohydrate intake. | Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet With or Without Exercise on Anxiety and Eating Behavior and Associated Changes in Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Young Women.cited 4× |
| almond-enriched American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet | Decreases - greater reductions in | homeostasis model analysis for insulin resistance | Human | adults with prediabetes | 20% of daily energy intake from almonds (~2 oz per day). | Almond consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes.cited 93× |
| almond-enriched American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet | Decreases - greater reductions in | insulin | Human | adults with prediabetes | 20% of daily energy intake from almonds (~2 oz per day). | Almond consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes.cited 93× |
| ADA diet consisting of 20% of calories as almonds over a 16-week period | Increases - is effective in improving | markers of insulin sensitivity | Human | adults with prediabetes | 20% of daily energy intake from almonds (~2 oz per day). | Almond consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes.cited 93× |
| licorice extract plus a low-calorie diet | Decreases - significant differences | insulin levels | Human | overweight/obese women with PCOS | 1.5 g/day licorice extract. | Effects of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.cited 1× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (Mediterranean diet) | No effect - prevents insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet | insulin resistance | Human | insulin-resistant subjects | Not specified (diet composition described as "rich in monounsaturated fat"). | Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects.cited 174× |
| diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs) | Decreases - lower | insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test | Human | offspring of obese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal fat deposition | Not specified (diet composition described as "rich in monounsaturated fat"). | Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects.cited 174× |
| 3-day low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LC/HFD) | Decreases - significantly lower | first-phase insulin secretion indexes | Human | healthy young men | Energy from ~69% fat (total energy intake similar to normal diet). | Short-term low carbohydrate/high-fat diet intake increases postprandial plasma glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy men.cited 62× |
| low-protein diet (20%, LPD) | Decreases - decreased | serum insulin-like growth factor-1 content | Animal | broiler chickens | Not specified. | Beta-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate-supplemented diet for broiler chickens is more conducive to dietary protein reduction than a leucine-supplemented diet until 21 days old.cited 1× |
| legume-based DASH diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | insulin | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | insulin | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| essential amino acid (EAA)-enriched diet | Decreases - attenuates | dexamethasone (DEX)-induced declines in insulin sensitivity | Animal | mice | Not specified. | Balanced Free Essential Amino Acids and Resistance Exercise Training Synergistically Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Impairments in Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice.cited 10× |
| 14:10 early time-restricted feeding (TRF) diet with placebo supplementation | No effect - primary outcomes will be changes in | body weight and insulin resistance | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.cited 4× |
| CR diet (energy-restricted 25% of required calories) with placebo supplementation | No effect - primary outcomes will be changes in | body weight and insulin resistance | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.cited 4× |
| 14:10 early time-restricted feeding (TRF) diet with probiotic supplementation | No effect - primary outcomes will be changes in | body weight and insulin resistance | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.cited 4× |
| soy diet | Increases - increased | insulin | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 5× |
| soy diet | Decreases - may benefit to alleviate | insulin resistance | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 5× |
| consumption of coconut oil in a balanced diet | Increases - elicited favourable changes on | insulin sensitivity | Human | healthy men with normal BMI | Not specified | Coconut oil consumption improves fat-free mass, plasma HDL-cholesterol and insulin sensitivity in healthy men with normal BMI compared to peanut oil.cited 23× |
| coconut oil-based diet | Increases - significant increases | insulin sensitivity | Human | Nine healthy male volunteers with BMI ≤25 kg/m² | Not specified | Coconut oil consumption improves fat-free mass, plasma HDL-cholesterol and insulin sensitivity in healthy men with normal BMI compared to peanut oil.cited 23× |
| recommendations to follow the DASH diet | Decreases - non-significant reduction | homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score | Human | post-pubescent adolescent girls with the MetS | Not specified (dietary recommendations included low-fat dairy as part of the DASH diet). | Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet v. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial.cited 73× |
| recommendations to follow the DASH diet | Decreases - significant within-group decrease | serum insulin levels | Human | post-pubescent adolescent girls with the MetS | Not specified (dietary recommendations included low-fat dairy as part of the DASH diet). | Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet v. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial.cited 73× |
| diet with 1.2 g of protein plus high-protein supplement (36 g whey protein) | Increases - rates of increase were greater | serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 | Human | patients undergoing posterior spine fusion surgery | 36 g whey protein daily. | Protein Supplement and Enhanced Recovery After Posterior Spine Fusion Surgery: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.cited 8× |
| HF diet containing an extract of unripe avocados (AvX) enriched in the 7-carbon sugar mannoheptulose (MH) | No effect - were completely protected against | changes in body weights, body fat, blood lipids, leptin, adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and falls from a rotarod | Animal | male C57BL/6J mice | Not specified (extract enriched in mannoheptulose). | An Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose Prevents the Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet in Mice.cited 5× |
| high-fat (HF) diet (60% unsaturated) | Decreases - reduced | insulin sensitivity | Animal | male C57BL/6J mice | Not specified (extract enriched in mannoheptulose). | An Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose Prevents the Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet in Mice.cited 5× |
| ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting and caloric deficit | Decreases - significant reduction | insulin concentration | Human | 23-year-old man performing strength training | Delayed time-restricted eating (16:8 type) combined with a strict ketogenic diet and caloric deficit. | Keto Menu-Effect of Ketogenic Menu and Intermittent Fasting on the Biochemical Markers and Body Composition in a Physically Active Man-A Controlled Case Study.cited 2× |
| low-calorie diet enriched with 39-60 g/d of mixed nuts (CRDEN) | No effect - had no significant changes | Plasma insulin | Human | overweight or obese patients with stable coronary artery disease | 39-60 g/d of mixed nuts (equal parts unsalted pistachios, almonds, and peanuts). | A calorie-restricted diet enriched with tree nuts and peanuts reduces the expression of CX3CR1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with coronary artery disease.cited 2× |
| a low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - halved | the number needing to use insulin | Human | women with GDM | Not specified | Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial.cited 131× |
| a low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - could reduce | the number of women requiring insulin | Human | women with GDM | Not specified | Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial.cited 131× |
| CAF diet | Increases - caused | metabolic abnormalities, insulin resistance and inflammation in serum | Animal | Male C57BL/6 mice | 5 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally. | 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in cafeteria diet-induced metabolic syndrome.cited 6× |
| 100% orange juice (OJ) with reduced-calorie diet (RCD) | Decreases - decreased | homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance | Human | obese individuals | 500 mL/day of 100% orange juice. | Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial.cited 43× |
| 100% orange juice (OJ) with reduced-calorie diet (RCD) | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | obese individuals | 500 mL/day of 100% orange juice. | Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial.cited 43× |
| low-calorie-diet (LCD) intervention (800 kcal/d) | Increases - show improvements | insulin sensitivity | Human | individuals | Not specified | Plasma metabolites and lipids predict insulin sensitivity improvement in obese, nondiabetic individuals after a 2-phase dietary intervention.cited 22× |
| high-protein low-fat diet (HP-LF, with 30% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 20% fat) | No effect - No differences were observed in | postprandial insulin responses | Human | obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) | High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). | A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.cited 39× |
| low-protein high-fat diet (LP-HF, with 15% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 35% fat) | No effect - No differences were observed in | postprandial insulin responses | Human | obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) | High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). | A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.cited 39× |
| topical and systemic antibiotic therapy associated to a normocaloric diet | No effect - did not significantly decrease | Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | subjects with HS and an impaired glucose metabolism (Group B) | MI 2000 mg daily, liposomal magnesium, and folic acid. | An oral supplementation based on myo-inositol, folic acid and liposomal magnesium may act synergistically with antibiotic therapy and can improve metabolic profile in patients affected by Hidradenitis suppurativa: our experience.cited 8× |
| oral supplementation based on myo-inositol (MI), folic acid and liposomal magnesium associated to topical antibiotic therapy (clindamycin gel 1%), systemic antibiotic therapy (clindamycin 300 mg b.i.d. and rifampicin 600 mg daily for 6 weeks) and a normocaloric diet | Decreases - was significantly reduced | Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | subjects with HS and an impaired glucose metabolism (Group A) | MI 2000 mg daily, liposomal magnesium, and folic acid. | An oral supplementation based on myo-inositol, folic acid and liposomal magnesium may act synergistically with antibiotic therapy and can improve metabolic profile in patients affected by Hidradenitis suppurativa: our experience.cited 8× |
| diet with a low AGEs content | Decreases - significant reduction | fasting insulin | Human | adults | Not specified | The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 47× |
| diet with a low AGEs content | Decreases - significant reduction | insulin resistance | Human | adults | Not specified | The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 47× |
| individualized LGI diet consultations | No effect - no significant differences | maternal serum insulin levels | Human | overweight and obese pregnant women | Not specified (individualized dietary GL assessments and LGI diet instructions provided at early, middle, and late gestation). | Effectiveness of Low Glycemic Index Diet Consultations Through a Diet Glycemic Assessment App Tool on Maternal and Neonatal Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 15× |
| individualized LGI diet consultations based on the accurate diet glycemic load (GL) assessment tool | No effect - failed to make a significant difference | maternal or neonatal insulin resistance | Human | overweight and obese pregnant women | Not specified (individualized dietary GL assessments and LGI diet instructions provided at early, middle, and late gestation). | Effectiveness of Low Glycemic Index Diet Consultations Through a Diet Glycemic Assessment App Tool on Maternal and Neonatal Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 15× |
| plant-based vegan diet | Decreases - proved to be superior to the control diet in improving | body weight, fat mass, and insulin resistance markers | Human | overweight participants | Not specified | A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein.cited 87× |
| probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified | Efficacy of probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. |
| metformin and a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified | Efficacy of probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. |
| 6-week ketogenic diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | women with overweight/obesity | Not specified | Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Microbiota Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Women with Overweight/Obesity. |
| 6-week ketogenic diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | women with overweight/obesity | Not specified | Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Microbiota Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Women with Overweight/Obesity. |
| GF Altromin diet during pregnancy | No effect - showed no reduction | insulin tolerance | Animal | 13-week-old female offspring of NOD mice | Not specified | Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice.cited 2× |
| GF Altromin diet during pregnancy | No effect - showed no reduction | plasma insulin autoantibody titer | Animal | 13-week-old female offspring of NOD mice | Not specified | Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice.cited 2× |
| Mediterranean diet (MED) meal | No effect - did not observe significant changes | insulin trend | Human | overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Not specified (isocaloric meals were used). | The Mediterranean diet increases glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin compared with a vegetarian diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross-over trial.cited 17× |
| high-fibre vegetarian diet (HFV) meal | No effect - did not observe significant changes | insulin trend | Human | overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Not specified (isocaloric meals were used). | The Mediterranean diet increases glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin compared with a vegetarian diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross-over trial.cited 17× |
| Supplementation of the diet with 7.5mmol of nitrate per day for 2 weeks | No effect - did not improve | insulin sensitivity | Human | individuals with T2DM | 250ml beetroot juice daily (containing 7.5mmol nitrate). | Effect of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.cited 189× |
| replacement diet with products made with organic ancient khorasan wheat | Decreases - reduction in | insulin | Human | type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients | — | A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| Nut diet (healthy diet recommendations with 30 g/day of raw nuts) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Human | patients with MetS | 30 g/day of mixed nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds, 7.5 g hazelnuts). | Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 161× |
| Nut diet (healthy diet recommendations with 30 g/day of raw nuts) | Decreases - reduced | HOMA-insulin resistance | Human | patients with MetS | 30 g/day of mixed nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds, 7.5 g hazelnuts). | Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 161× |
| high-fat diet (HF) | Increases - had higher | body, liver, liver-to-body weight ratio, white adipose tissue, ALT, AST, liver fat, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance | Animal | Balb/C mice | — | Acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid improve mitochondrial abnormalities and serum levels of liver enzymes in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. |
| high fat diet (HFD) | Increases - show | cardiac insulin resistance | Animal | mice | Not specified | Fatty Acid Oxidation and Its Relation with Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders.cited 52× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | circulating levels of insulin | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg body weight/day | Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - decreased | quantitative insulin sensitivity check index | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg body weight/day | Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - borderline significant interactions for | fasting insulin | Human | 722 overweight/obese adults from the POUNDS Lost trial | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - greater decreases in | fasting insulin level | Human | participants with the T allele in the high-fat diet group | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - similar significant interactions with | improvement in fasting insulin | Human | pooled results from POUNDS Lost and DIRECT trials | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - similar significant interactions with | improvement in insulin resistance | Human | pooled results from POUNDS Lost and DIRECT trials | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - borderline significant interactions for | insulin resistance | Human | 722 overweight/obese adults from the POUNDS Lost trial | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - greater decreases in | insulin resistance | Human | participants with the T allele in the high-fat diet group | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| hypocaloric and high-fat diet | Decreases - might obtain more benefits in | improvement of insulin resistance | Human | individuals with the HNF1A rs7957197 T allele | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - compensatory increase | fasting plasma insulin | Human | monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance | Not specified | Comparison of the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus between rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta lasiotis) and human being.cited 16× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin secretion | Human | monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance | Not specified | Comparison of the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus between rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta lasiotis) and human being.cited 16× |
| High-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - showed | gut dysbiosis, gut barrier disruption with inflammation, increased oxidative stress, metabolic endotoxemia, and insulin resistance | Animal | HFD-fed rats | 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day of PSO. | Perilla Seed Oil Alleviates Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Inflammation and Metabolic Disturbance in Obese-Insulin-Resistant Rats.cited 20× |
| High-fat diet (HFD) consumption | Increases - induced | gut dysbiosis, inflammation, obese-insulin resistance | Animal | rats | 50, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day of PSO. | Perilla Seed Oil Alleviates Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Inflammation and Metabolic Disturbance in Obese-Insulin-Resistant Rats.cited 20× |
| high fat diet (HFD) | Increases - was higher | Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Animal | Mice | 2% cholestyramine (BAS) | Effects of Bile Acid Modulation by Dietary Fat, Cholecystectomy, and Bile Acid Sequestrant on Energy, Glucose, and Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice.cited 24× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | insulin | Animal | five-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats | Not specified for LFD; high-dose COC (HCOC) and low-dose COC (LCOC) were administered but exact dosages not provided. | High-dose oral contraceptives induce hyperinsulinemia without altering immune activation in diet-induced obesity which persists even following a dietary low-fat diet intervention.cited 1× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - exhibited increased | insulin | Animal | mice | — | Prebiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behavior in HFD-fed mice.cited 15× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - reduced | insulin | Animal | male Wistar rats | Not specified | Evaluation of the Anti-Obesity Effect of Zeaxanthin and Exercise in HFD-Induced Obese Rats.cited 9× |
| high fat diet | Increases - higher | insulin concentrations | Human | GG-carriers | High-fat diet (≥37% dietary fat intake) | Dietary Fat Intake Modulates Effects of a Frequent ACE Gene Variant on Glucose Tolerance with association to Type 2 Diabetes.cited 10× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - led to | insulin insensitivity | Animal | males | High-fat diet administered from 6 to 22 weeks of age (specific composition not detailed in abstract). | Sex-dependent programming of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in mouse offspring by maternal protein restriction.cited 15× |
| maternal low-protein diet during gestation | Decreases - led to deteriorated | insulin sensitivity | Animal | female offspring on high-fat feeding | High-fat diet administered from 6 to 22 weeks of age (specific composition not detailed in abstract). | Sex-dependent programming of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in mouse offspring by maternal protein restriction.cited 15× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - increased slightly | Insulin resistance | Animal | O group | Gradually increasing aerobic walking program (specific details not provided). | The effect of garlic and stevia extract with aerobic exercise on hypothalamic leptin and ghrelin receptor mRNA expression and insulin resistance in obese rats. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | No effect - does not cause | insulin resistance | Human | healthy untrained male subjects | 55-60% fat, 25-30% carbohydrate, 15% protein (isocaloric, tailored to energy expenditure) | High-fat feeding inhibits exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial respiratory flux in skeletal muscle.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | No effect - did not change | insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) | Human | healthy untrained male subjects | 55-60% fat, 25-30% carbohydrate, 15% protein (isocaloric, tailored to energy expenditure) | High-fat feeding inhibits exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial respiratory flux in skeletal muscle.cited 17× |
| normal diet (ND) | No effect - did not change | insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) | Human | healthy untrained male subjects | 55-60% fat, 25-30% carbohydrate, 15% protein (isocaloric, tailored to energy expenditure) | High-fat feeding inhibits exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial respiratory flux in skeletal muscle.cited 17× |
| High-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - elevated | insulin resistance | Animal | rats | — | Antiobesity potential of Piperonal: promising modulation of body composition, lipid profiles and obesogenic marker expression in HFD-induced obese rats. |
| High-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - elevated | plasma levels of insulin | Animal | rats | — | Antiobesity potential of Piperonal: promising modulation of body composition, lipid profiles and obesogenic marker expression in HFD-induced obese rats. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - induced | insulin resistance | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | — | Long-term rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis are increased in mouse skeletal muscle with high-fat feeding regardless of insulin-sensitizing treatment. |
| pioglitazone-enriched diet | Increases - to restore | insulin sensitivity | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | — | Long-term rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis are increased in mouse skeletal muscle with high-fat feeding regardless of insulin-sensitizing treatment. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - had | insulin resistance | Animal | rats | 10mg/kg orally. | Enhancement of biochemical and genomic pathways through lycopene-loaded nano-liposomes: Alleviating insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and autophagy in obese rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Involvement of SMO, GLI-1, and PTCH-1 genes.cited 11× |
| high-fat (HF) diet | Increases - shown | insulin resistance | Animal | HF rats | 100 mg and 150 mg of resistant starch. | Resistant starch from black rice, Oryza sativa L. var. ameliorates renal inflammation, fibrosis and injury in insulin resistant rats.cited 2× |
| High-fat diet | Increases - exhibited | insulin resistance | Animal | Male C57BL/6 mice | — | Enhanced pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene and protein expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice treated with telmisartan. |
| high fat diet (HFD) | Increases - caused | insulin resistance | Animal | spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) | — | Effects of telmisartan and olmesartan on insulin sensitivity and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high fat diet. |
| high fat diet (HFD) | Increases - greater than | insulin resistance (IR) | Animal | obese control female rats (OFR) | 5 and 10 mg/kg/day. | Saponin-rich extract of Tribulus terrestris alleviates systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in dietary obese female rats: Impact on adipokine/hormonal disturbances.cited 6× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - induced | insulin resistance | Animal | Wistar rats | — | Carnitine supplementation in high-fat diet-fed rats does not ameliorate lipid-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. |
| High-fat diet | Increases - yielded | insulin resistance | Animal | mice | — | Differential effects of angiotensin receptor blockers on pancreatic islet remodelling and glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. |
| High-fat diet | Increases - induces | insulin resistance in the central nervous system | Animal | — | Not specified | The brain modulates insulin sensitivity in multiple tissues.cited 7× |
| high fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from fat) | Decreases - reduced insulin sensitivity | insulin sensitivity | Animal | male mice | Low-fat diet (10% calories from fat), Western Diet (45% calories from fat), high-fat diet (60% calories from fat). | Phenotypic sexual dimorphism in response to dietary fat manipulation in C57BL/6J mice.cited 127× |
| High-fat diet | No effect - no significant changes | insulin sensitivity | Human | non-obese males (18-30 years) | Daily VSL#3 (specific dosage not mentioned). | Probiotic supplementation attenuates increases in body mass and fat mass during high-fat diet in healthy young adults.cited 53× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - significantly altered | plasma insulin | Animal | female 5 week old C57BL6/J mice | — | Head to Head Comparison of Short-Term Treatment with the NAD(+) Precursor Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and 6 Weeks of Exercise in Obese Female Mice. |
| High fat diet (HFD) (20 g/day) | Increases - were enhanced significantly | serum insulin | Animal | Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg orally per day | Evaluation of antiobesity and cardioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre extract in murine model.cited 23× |
| high-protein/low-carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (diet HP) | Decreases - showed significant improvement | insulin levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype | Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). | Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.cited 1× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet (diet S) | Decreases - showed significant improvement | insulin levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype | Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). | Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.cited 1× |
| Long-term high fat diet (HFD) and high carbohydrate diet (HCD) | Increases - significantly increased | plasma glucose, glycated serum protein, advanced glycation end product, insulin and leptin content levels | Animal | blunt snout bream (average initial weight 45.84 ± 0.07 g) | Not specified | Effects of a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet on appetite regulation and central AMPK in the hypothalamus of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). |
| 1500-kcal calorie-restriction diet (CR) | Decreases - had significantly improved | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | female MetS patients | Not specified | A calorie-restriction diet supplemented with fish oil and high-protein powder is associated with reduced severity of metabolic syndrome in obese women.cited 27× |
| calorie-restriction diet with fish oil supplementation (CRF) | Decreases - had significantly improved | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | female MetS patients | Not specified | A calorie-restriction diet supplemented with fish oil and high-protein powder is associated with reduced severity of metabolic syndrome in obese women.cited 27× |
| calorie-restriction meal-replacement diet with fish oil supplementation (CRMRF) | Decreases - had significantly improved | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | female MetS patients | Not specified | A calorie-restriction diet supplemented with fish oil and high-protein powder is associated with reduced severity of metabolic syndrome in obese women.cited 27× |
| calorie-restriction meal-replacement diet (CRMR) | Decreases - had significantly improved | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | female MetS patients | Not specified | A calorie-restriction diet supplemented with fish oil and high-protein powder is associated with reduced severity of metabolic syndrome in obese women.cited 27× |
| addition of ASX in the long-term HC diet | Increases - did improve | the insulin resistance pathway | Molecular | Largemouth bass | Not specified | Astaxanthin attenuates glucose-induced liver injury in largemouth bass: role of p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.cited 1× |
| HC diet supplemented astaxanthin (HCA) | No effect - did not restore the expression | insulin resistance-related genes in livers | Molecular | Largemouth bass | Not specified | Astaxanthin attenuates glucose-induced liver injury in largemouth bass: role of p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.cited 1× |
| very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) | Decreases - showed slightly less metabolic improvement | insulin resistance | Human | patients with weight regain post-bariatric surgery (BS+) | Not specified | Impact of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet on metabolic and microbiota outcomes in post-bariatric patients and bariatric-Naïve individuals: A comparative pilot study.cited 1× |
| Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) | Decreases - significant improvements were observed in | insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insuline Resistance) | Human | psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients moderately overweight or in class I obesity | Not specified (very low-calorie ketogenic diet regimen). | Ketogenic diet improves disease activity and cardiovascular risk in psoriatic arthritis: A proof of concept study. |
| withdrawal from high-sucrose diet (HSD replacement by standard chow) | Increases - improvement of | peripheral insulin sensitivity | Animal | HS/CT rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| high-protein diet (HPD, 34.3% protein) | Increases - associated to increased | insulin sensitivity | Animal | high-sucrose-fed rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| high-protein diet (HPD, 34.3% protein) | Increases - improvement of | peripheral insulin sensitivity | Animal | HS/HP rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| high-sucrose diet (HSD, 25% sucrose) | Increases - characterized by | insulin resistance | Animal | post-weaning male Wistar rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| LoGIx diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin resistance | Human | adults with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary intervention only, no dosage mentioned). | Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.cited 40× |
| HiGIx diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin resistance | Human | adults with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary intervention only, no dosage mentioned). | Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.cited 40× |
| HiGIx diet | Decreases - tended to suppress | nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) during insulin stimulation | Human | adults with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary intervention only, no dosage mentioned). | Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.cited 40× |
| RISTOMED diet supplemented with d-Limonene | Decreases - resulted in a decrease in | insulin levels | Human | healthy elderly subjects | Not specified | Impact of diet and nutraceutical supplementation on inflammation in elderly people. Results from the RISTOMED study, an open-label randomized control trial.cited 30× |
| carbohydrate-rich (CHO) diet | No effect - similar | first response insulin areas | Human | first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients | 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). | Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects.cited 25× |
| carbohydrate-rich (CHO) diet | No effect - similar | insulin sensitivity | Human | first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients | 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). | Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects.cited 25× |
| diet rich in olive oil (MUFA diet) | No effect - similar | first response insulin areas | Human | first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients | 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). | Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects.cited 25× |
| diet rich in olive oil (MUFA diet) | No effect - similar | insulin sensitivity | Human | first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients | 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). | Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects.cited 25× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program | Decreases - significantly reduced | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program | Decreases - significantly reduced | insulin | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| low glycemic index (GI) diet in pregnancy | Increases - 20% were in the highest quartile | insulin change (28-week insulin - insulin at booking) | Human | women in the intervention arm | Not specified | Impact of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy on markers of maternal and fetal metabolism and inflammation.cited 20× |
| low glycemic index (GI) diet in pregnancy | Increases - 29% of controls | insulin change (28-week insulin - insulin at booking) | Human | controls | Not specified | Impact of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy on markers of maternal and fetal metabolism and inflammation.cited 20× |
| low glycemic index (GI) diet in pregnancy | Decreases - lower overall rise | insulin concentrations from early pregnancy to 28 weeks gestation | Human | women in the intervention arm of the study | Not specified | Impact of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy on markers of maternal and fetal metabolism and inflammation.cited 20× |
| low glycemic index (GI) diet in pregnancy | Decreases - attenuated response | typical increase in insulin resistance seen in pregnancy with advancing gestation | Human | those who received the low GI advice | Not specified | Impact of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy on markers of maternal and fetal metabolism and inflammation.cited 20× |
| diet (1.651.34 ± 263.25 kcal; 47% carbohydrates, 28% lipids, 25% proteins, 30 g fibers) and nutritional orientation | Decreases - presented a reduction | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | outpatients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | Not specified for alanine; overall diet composition was 1,651.34 ± 263.25 kcal, 25% proteins. | Effects of Dietary Intervention on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic-Nutritional Profile of Outpatients with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: a Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 18× |
| high-amylose starch diet | Decreases - reduction in the overall postprandial plasma insulin concentration | postprandial plasma insulin concentration | Human | 23 hypertriglyceridemic subjects who were overweight mostly because of abdominal adiposity | Approximately 25% of carbohydrate replaced by oat bran (specific dosage not quantified). | Effect of high-amylose starch and oat bran on metabolic variables and bowel function in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia.cited 101× |
| low-amylose starch diet | No effect - No other effects on fasting plasma lipids, glucose, or insulin were noted | fasting plasma lipids, glucose, or insulin | Human | 23 hypertriglyceridemic subjects who were overweight mostly because of abdominal adiposity | Approximately 25% of carbohydrate replaced by oat bran (specific dosage not quantified). | Effect of high-amylose starch and oat bran on metabolic variables and bowel function in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia.cited 101× |
| vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise intervention | Decreases - mean difference | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified | Effects of a vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise intervention | Decreases - significantly lower | insulin levels | Human | participants | Not specified | Effects of a vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| high-carbohydrate enteral diet | Increases - increased | endogenous insulin concentrations | Human | severely burned (>40% total body surface area) children | High-carbohydrate enteral diet (3% fat, 82% carbohydrate, 15% protein). | Efficacy of a high-carbohydrate diet in catabolic illness.cited 86× |
| hypocaloric diet-induced weight reduction | Increases - greater benefits in terms of improving | insulin sensitivity | Human | Obese women with the Hp 1-1 phenotype | Not specified (fish oil supplementation details not provided in the abstract). | Haptoglobin phenotype influences the effectiveness of diet-induced weight loss in middle-age abdominally obese women with metabolic abnormalities.cited 9× |
| long-term high-fat diet loading | Increases - can induce | obesity and insulin resistance | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | Not specified | Lessons from mouse models of high-fat diet-induced NAFLD.cited 138× |
| monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet | Increases - were significantly higher | insulin | Human | Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age | 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. | Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation.cited 13× |
| 8-week low-starch/low-dairy diet | Decreases - reduction in | 2-hour insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with PCOS | Ad libitum low-starch/low-dairy diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Low Starch/Low Dairy Diet Results in Successful Treatment of Obesity and Co-Morbidities Linked to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).cited 30× |
| 8-week low-starch/low-dairy diet | Decreases - reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with PCOS | Ad libitum low-starch/low-dairy diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Low Starch/Low Dairy Diet Results in Successful Treatment of Obesity and Co-Morbidities Linked to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).cited 30× |
| 8-week low-starch/low-dairy diet | Increases - resulted in | improved insulin sensitivity | Human | women with PCOS | Ad libitum low-starch/low-dairy diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Low Starch/Low Dairy Diet Results in Successful Treatment of Obesity and Co-Morbidities Linked to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).cited 30× |
| 4-week high acid load diet | Increases - increased | insulin resistance | Human | healthy participants | Not specified | The effect of body acid-base state and manipulations on body glucose regulation in human. |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) plus walking | Decreases - reduced | insulin resistance | Human | prostate cancer (PCa) patients initiating ADT | ≤20g carbohydrate/day plus walking (≥30 min for ≥5 days/week). | A lifestyle intervention of weight loss via a low-carbohydrate diet plus walking to reduce metabolic disturbances caused by androgen deprivation therapy among prostate cancer patients: carbohydrate and prostate study 1 (CAPS1) randomized controlled trial.cited 48× |
| ω-3 PUFA-enriched diet (920 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 760 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily) | No effect - was not reflected | clinical parameters such as insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines | Human | obese women | 920 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 760 mg docosahexaenoic acid daily. | Oral ω-3 PUFA supplementation modulates inflammation in adipose tissue depots in morbidly obese women: A randomized trial.cited 6× |
| short-term (7-day) low-glycemic index (LGI) diet and aerobic exercise training intervention (EX) | Increases - increased | clamp-derived insulin sensitivity | Human | older, insulin-resistant humans | Eucaloric diet (specific caloric intake not stated), combined with 60 min/day of supervised exercise at 85% HR(max). | Intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity are increased following a short-term low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention.cited 36× |
| short-term (7-day) high GI (HGI) diet and aerobic exercise training intervention (EX) | Increases - increased | clamp-derived insulin sensitivity | Human | older, insulin-resistant humans | Eucaloric diet (specific caloric intake not stated), combined with 60 min/day of supervised exercise at 85% HR(max). | Intramyocellular lipid content and insulin sensitivity are increased following a short-term low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention.cited 36× |
| telmisartan usage in addition to lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise | Decreases - decreased significantly | insulin resistance assessed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance | Human | hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) | — | Even Short-Term Telmisartan Treatment Ameliorated Insulin Resistance But Had No Influence on Serum Adiponectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels in Hypertensive Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. |
| telmisartan usage in addition to lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise | Decreases - decreased significantly | serum insulin level | Human | hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) | — | Even Short-Term Telmisartan Treatment Ameliorated Insulin Resistance But Had No Influence on Serum Adiponectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels in Hypertensive Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. |
| diet vs. mixed carotenoid supplementation | No effect - describing the effects of | insulin resistance, adipokines and the rate of accrual of subcutaneous abdominal fat | Human | children | Not specified | Mixed carotenoid supplementation and dysmetabolic obesity: gaps in knowledge.cited 3× |
| fructose diet | Increases - led to | insulin resistance | Animal | male Sprague Dawley rats | 1 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) | Citrulline and Nonessential Amino Acids Prevent Fructose-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats.cited 29× |
| Polyphenols in the diet | Increases - help to improve | lipid profiles, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation | Human | — | Not specified | Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review.cited 273× |
| high glycemic index (GI) diet | Increases - increases | insulin resistance | Animal | obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice | Not specified (isoenergetic and macronutrient-matched diets differing only in starch type) | Impairment of fat oxidation under high- vs. low-glycemic index diet occurs before the development of an obese phenotype.cited 73× |
| high-glycemic index diet | Increases - increased significantly | peripheral insulin sensitivity | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - was approximately 30% lower | incremental area under the curve for plasma insulin | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Increases - increased significantly | peripheral insulin sensitivity | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| modified Atkins ketogenic diet (MAD) | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting plasma insulin | Human | episodic or chronic drug-resistant migraine patients | Not specified | The Long-Term Treatment of Drug-Resistant Migraine with the Modified Atkins Ketogenic Diet: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study.cited 1× |
| 16-week high-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | area under the insulin curve (AUCI) of 0-10 min | Animal | Wistar rats | — | Effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on the islet morphology and function in rats with long-term high-fat diet. |
| 16-week high-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | relative content of insulin (IRC) | Animal | Wistar rats | — | Effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on the islet morphology and function in rats with long-term high-fat diet. |
| a low-fat diet with 5 grams of fish oil daily (dietary omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 2:1) | No effect - no treatment difference | change in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) | Human | Patients undergoing radical prostatectomy | 5 grams of fish oil daily. | Phase II prospective randomized trial of a low-fat diet with fish oil supplementation in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.cited 60× |
| sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet | Decreases - significant decrease | insulin | Human | overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 3 g/day (capsule form). | The efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. |
| bloodletting associated with lifestyle and diet advice (LFDA) | Increases - showed | homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance | Human | nondiabetic DIOS patients with hepatic iron >50 μmol/g | Not specified (bloodletting volume: 4.9 ± 1.6 L over the study period). | Metabolic and hepatic effects of bloodletting in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome: A randomized controlled study in 274 patients.cited 44× |
| Diet P - high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | no G allele carriers (CC genotype) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| Diet P - high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | G allele carriers (CG + GG genotypes) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | no G allele carriers (CC genotype) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | G allele carriers (CG + GG genotypes) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| low-inflammatory diet based on the principles and recipes of the Mediterranean diet | No effect - significant changes in | serum calprotectin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels | Human | patients with FAP over 18 years of age who underwent rectum-sparing prophylactic colectomy | Not specified | Preventive Anti-inflammatory Diet to Reduce Gastrointestinal Inflammation in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients: A Prospective Pilot Study.cited 13× |
| the macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet | Increases - could induce a significant improvement in | plasma insulin | Human | patients with T2DM | Not specified | Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet.cited 50× |
| Adding prebiotics to the diet | Decreases - improving | insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified | Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet.cited 50× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Increases - increased | insulin-stimulated 2-deoxiglucose uptake in peripheral monocytes | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| Mediterranean diet | Increases - increased | insulin-stimulated 2-deoxiglucose uptake in peripheral monocytes | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| higher protein diet (HPD) | Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases | insulin | Human | Mexican adults with MeS | 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). | Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 59× |
| standard protein diet (SPD) | Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases | insulin | Human | Mexican adults with MeS | 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). | Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 59× |
| high-fat, high fructose diet (HFFD) | Increases - increased | insulin | Animal | offspring | 50 mg/kg FA daily. | Ferulic acid protects rat offspring from maternal high-fat, high-fructose diet-induced toxicity and developmental retardation through a direct effect on pancreatic islets. |
| long-term MCT diet | Increases - seemed to be protected and only presented with milder insulin resistance | insulin resistance | Animal | VLCAD-/- males | Not specified | Sexual dimorphism of lipid metabolism in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice in response to medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).cited 18× |
| diet (fatty acids and fiber) | No effect - modified the association | insulin resistance | Human | participants with non-diabetes | Not specified | Effect of TCF7L2 on the relationship between lifestyle factors and glycemic parameters: a systematic review.cited 3× |
| Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats) | Decreases - showed a significant improvement | homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 | High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) | Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.cited 6× |
| Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats) | Decreases - showed a significant improvement | insulin levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 | High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) | Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.cited 6× |
| Diet HF (high-fat diet: 38% carbohydrates, 24% proteins, and 38% fats) | Decreases - showed a significant improvement | homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 | High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) | Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.cited 6× |
| Diet HF (high-fat diet: 38% carbohydrates, 24% proteins, and 38% fats) | Decreases - showed a significant improvement | insulin levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 | High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) | Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.cited 6× |
| moderate aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen | Decreases - significantly decreased | Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance- index (HOMA-IR) | Human | obese patients with NASH | Not specified (intervention involved moderate aerobic exercise and diet regimen). | Biochemical parameters response to weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.cited 17× |
| 12-week energy-restricted diet intervention | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | MAO and MHO women | Not specified (intervention was an energy-restricted diet, not alanine supplementation). | A weight loss diet intervention has a similar beneficial effect on both metabolically abnormal obese and metabolically healthy but obese premenopausal women.cited 31× |
| 12-week energy-restricted diet intervention | Decreases - decreased | insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) | Human | MAO and MHO women | Not specified (intervention was an energy-restricted diet, not alanine supplementation). | A weight loss diet intervention has a similar beneficial effect on both metabolically abnormal obese and metabolically healthy but obese premenopausal women.cited 31× |
| very-low-fat, plant-based diet | Decreases - showed improvements | insulin | Human | diet group | Total fat intake averaged ~15% of total calories. | Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial.cited 105× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet and exercise intervention | No effect - examined the effect of | glucose metabolism and insulin secretion | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet and exercise intervention | Increases - showed similar improvements in | hepatic insulin sensitivity | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet and exercise intervention | Increases - showed similar improvements in | peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| high-GI diet (HiGIX) | Increases - became significantly elevated | changes in insulin secretion when corrected for changes in β cell glucose exposure | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-GI diet (LoGIX) | Decreases - attenuated | changes in insulin secretion when corrected for changes in β cell glucose exposure | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-GI diet (LoGIX) | Decreases - reduced | oral glucose-induced insulin secretion | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low glycemic index diet (LGID) | Decreases - significantly decreased | insulin levels | Human | Turkish children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) | Not specified | The effects of low glycemic index diet on epileptic seizure frequency, oxidative stress, mental health, and health-related quality of life in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - greater reductions in insulin resistance | insulin resistance | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines.cited 143× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - greater reductions in insulin resistance | insulin resistance | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines.cited 143× |
| low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | No effect - no significant difference | insulin treatment | Human | women diagnosed with GDM | Target glycemic index ~50 for LGI diet, ~60 for high-fiber diet. | A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a low-glycemic index diet on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus.cited 96× |
| low glycemic index (GI) diet | Decreases - demonstrated lower | insulin use | Human | women with gestational diabetes | Not specified | Evidenced-Based Nutrition for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.cited 39× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | No effect - did not differ significantly | quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) | Human | obese and overweight adolescent girls | Not specified (GI in the LGI group was 43.22±0.54). | The Impact of a Low Glycemic Index Diet on Inflammatory Markers and Serum Adiponectin Concentration in Adolescent Overweight and Obese Girls: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 19× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | No effect - did not differ significantly | serum insulin concentration | Human | obese and overweight adolescent girls | Not specified (GI in the LGI group was 43.22±0.54). | The Impact of a Low Glycemic Index Diet on Inflammatory Markers and Serum Adiponectin Concentration in Adolescent Overweight and Obese Girls: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 19× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - resulted in lower | serum insulin | Human | healthy, overweight women | Not specified (diets matched in macronutrient composition, fiber content, energy content, and energy density). | A low glycemic index diet does not affect postprandial energy metabolism but decreases postprandial insulinemia and increases fullness ratings in healthy women.cited 34× |
| western diet (WD) | Increases - significantly increased | fasting blood glucose and the surrogate marker of insulin resistance, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Animal | C57BL/6 male mice | 0%, 5%, and 10% wt/wt tart cherry supplementation | Montmorencytart cherry supplementation improved markers of glucose homeostasis but has modest effects on indicators of gut health in mice fed a Western diet.cited 5× |
| Western-diet (WD) | Increases - increased | plasma insulin | Animal | female ovariectomized (OVX) ApoE KO mice | Not specified for Western Diet; estradiol dosage not detailed. | Estradiol Protects Female ApoE KO Mice against Western-Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.cited 6× |
| Western diet | Increases - had higher | serum insulin | Animal | Intact mice | Not specified | A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice.cited 23× |
| low carbohydrate diet | No effect - no correlation | insulin receptor (IR) in tumor tissue | Animal | castrated mice | Not specified | A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice.cited 23× |
| low carbohydrate diet | No effect - no correlation | serum insulin | Animal | castrated mice | Not specified | A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice.cited 23× |
| HFHC diet | Increases - developed severe hepatic IR | hepatic insulin resistance | Animal | C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice | Not specified. | Dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from susceptibility of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet in mice.cited 31× |
| HFHC diet | Increases - profound peripheral IR | peripheral insulin resistance | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | Not specified. | Dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from susceptibility of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet in mice.cited 31× |
| HFHC diet | Increases - associated with moderate changes in peripheral IR | peripheral insulin resistance | Animal | DBA/2J mice | Not specified. | Dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from susceptibility of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet in mice.cited 31× |
| fasting mimicking diet (FMD) | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | patients with MASLD | 30 g/day of flaxseed powder. | Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 2× |
| soy foods diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | insulin | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| nonsoy plant-based diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | insulin | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| nondairy animal protein diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | insulin | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| dairy protein diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | insulin | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| DGA-based diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | MetS persons | 17.5 g/day resistant starch from potatoes. | Daily Inclusion of Resistant Starch-Containing Potatoes in a Dietary Guidelines for Americans Dietary Pattern Does Not Adversely Affect Cardiometabolic Risk or Intestinal Permeability in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 9× |
| DGA-based diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin resistance | Human | MetS persons | 17.5 g/day resistant starch from potatoes. | Daily Inclusion of Resistant Starch-Containing Potatoes in a Dietary Guidelines for Americans Dietary Pattern Does Not Adversely Affect Cardiometabolic Risk or Intestinal Permeability in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 9× |
| Mediterranean diet associated with antioxidant intake | Increases - showed a significant improvement | insulin sensitivity | Human | Group B patients | Not specified (antioxidant complex supplement was administered daily). | Effect of Mediterranean Diet and Antioxidant Formulation in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Study.cited 91× |
| hypocaloric diet associated with microencapsulated fish oil supplementation | Decreases - effective in reducing | insulin resistance | Human | women with metabolic syndrome | 3 g/day of microencapsulated fish oil (containing 0.41 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). | Hypocaloric diet associated with the consumption of jam enriched with microencapsulated fish oil decreases insulin resistance.cited 4× |
| low-protein diet (LPD) plus inulin | Decreases - reduction | serum insulin | Human | CKD patients | LPD (0.6 g/kg/day) plus inulin (19 g/day) for the intervention group; LPD alone for controls. | Prebiotic Therapy with Inulin Associated with Low Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Evaluation of Nutritional, Cardiovascular and Psychocognitive Parameters.cited 16× |
| LF diet | Decreases - lowered | fasting insulin | Human | subjects | 20-30 energy percentage (E%) fat. | The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.cited 59× |
| CTR diet | Decreases - indicated associations to lowering of | insulin sensitivity | Human | — | 20-30 energy percentage (E%) fat. | The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.cited 59× |
| MUFA diet | Decreases - lowered | fasting insulin | Human | subjects | 20-30 energy percentage (E%) fat. | The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.cited 59× |
| LF diet | Increases - increased | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| LF diet | Increases - increased | insulin | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| control diet | Increases - increased | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| control diet | Increases - increased | insulin | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| MUFA diet | Decreases - reduced | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| MUFA diet | Decreases - reduced | insulin | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| MUFA diet | No effect - no significant group differences were detected | insulin concentrations during the OGTT | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| maternal Western hypercaloric diet (HCD) programming during the perinatal period | Decreases - exhibited | less insulin resistance | Animal | programmed male offspring fed HCD in adulthood | Not specified (dams fed HCD for 1 month pre-mating and throughout pregnancy/lactation; offspring fed HCD or RD for 3 months post-weaning). | Maternal Western diet programs cardiometabolic dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms predominantly in the male offspring.cited 5× |
| olive oil diet rich in MUFA, but with a low ALA content | Decreases - significant decreases | insulin levels | Human | eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome | ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. | Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 71× |
| hypoenergetic diet with low energy density enriched in rapeseed oil, resulting in high MUFA content and an ALA intake of 3.5 g/d | Decreases - significant decreases | insulin levels | Human | eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome | ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. | Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 71× |
| hypocaloric low glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - No significant difference in decrease | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | women with PCOS vs. women without PCOS | Hypocaloric LGI diet (specific caloric intake not detailed). | Does a restricted energy low glycemic index diet have a different effect on overweight women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome?cited 26× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - greater reduction | fasting insulin | Human | white Americans with a higher genetic risk score for diabetes | Not specified | Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.cited 29× |
| low-protein weight-loss diet | Decreases - greater decrease | fasting insulin | Human | white Americans with a lower genetic risk score for diabetes | Not specified | Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.cited 29× |
| low-protein weight-loss diet | Decreases - greater decrease | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | white Americans with a lower genetic risk score for diabetes | Not specified | Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.cited 29× |
| high protein diet | Decreases - reduces | insulin requirement | Human | insulin-treated type-2 diabetic patients | Not specified | Feasibility and efficacy of an isocaloric high-protein vs. standard diet on insulin requirement, body weight and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy.cited 39× |
| high protein diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | insulin requirement | Human | insulin treated type-2 diabetic patients | Not specified | Feasibility and efficacy of an isocaloric high-protein vs. standard diet on insulin requirement, body weight and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy.cited 39× |
| High Protein Diet (HPD) | Decreases - could improve | insulin resistance | Human | overweight/obese patients with PCOS | Not specified | A Randomized Trial of the Efficacy of Three Weight Loss Diet Interventions in Overweight/Obese with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.cited 4× |
| High Protein and High Dietary Fiber Diet (HPD+HDF) | Decreases - could improve | insulin resistance | Human | overweight/obese patients with PCOS | Not specified | A Randomized Trial of the Efficacy of Three Weight Loss Diet Interventions in Overweight/Obese with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.cited 4× |
| Calorie Restricted Diet (CRD) | Decreases - could improve | insulin resistance | Human | overweight/obese patients with PCOS | Not specified | A Randomized Trial of the Efficacy of Three Weight Loss Diet Interventions in Overweight/Obese with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.cited 4× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - difference in IR between the two groups was statistically significant | insulin resistance (IR) | Human | T2DM patients | Not specified | Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 66× |
| high protein (HP) diet | Decreases - more effective in reducing | insulin resistance (insulin) | Human | insulin-resistant obese women | Not specified | A High Protein Diet Is More Effective in Improving Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Variability Compared to a Mediterranean Diet-A Cross-Over Controlled Inpatient Dietary Study.cited 40× |
| high protein (HP) diet | Decreases - more effective in reducing | insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | insulin-resistant obese women | Not specified | A High Protein Diet Is More Effective in Improving Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Variability Compared to a Mediterranean Diet-A Cross-Over Controlled Inpatient Dietary Study.cited 40× |
| high protein (HP) diet | Decreases - can achieve better control of | insulin resistance | Human | morbidly obese women with insulin resistance | Not specified | A High Protein Diet Is More Effective in Improving Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Variability Compared to a Mediterranean Diet-A Cross-Over Controlled Inpatient Dietary Study.cited 40× |
| high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels | Human | non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels | Human | T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels | Human | non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels | Human | T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) | Not specified | The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet.cited 11× |
| Diet-Coke (artificially-sweetened beverage) co-ingested with a mixed meal | Decreases - significantly lower | plasma insulin concentration AUC | Human | eight college-aged, healthy males | 20 oz of Diet Coke (AS) consumed with a mixed meal. | Comparison of aspartame- and sugar-sweetened soft drinks on postprandial metabolism.cited 7× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Increases - improved | biochemical parameters altered during the onset of sucrose-induced insulin resistance | Animal | fruit flies | — | Novel ketogenic diet formulation improves sucrose-induced insulin resistance in canton strain Drosophila melanogaster. |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant reductions | fasting insulin (FINS) | Human | overweight or obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients | Not specified. | Impact of short-term ketogenic diet on sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 1× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant reductions | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight or obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients | Not specified. | Impact of short-term ketogenic diet on sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 1× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - reduces | insulin | Animal | — | Not specified | Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models.cited 30× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Increases - demonstrated increased | insulin resistance | Human | rodent studies | Not Assessed | Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery.cited 8× |
| ketogenic diet | Increases - improvement in | insulin sensitivity | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - improvement in | insulin sensitivity | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| progressive resistance training (PRT) combined with a protein-enriched diet facilitated through lean red meat | Increases - greater increase in | serum insulin-like growth factor I | Human | elderly women | — | Protein-enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: a cluster randomized controlled trial.cited 138× |
| moderately restricted carbohydrate (MRC) diet | No effect - will examine the effects | insulin resistance | Human | Iranian women with metabolic syndrome | Not specified | The effect of "moderately restricted carbohydrate" diet on gut microbiota composition and metabolic parameters in women with metabolic syndrome: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| high-salt diet (8% NaCl) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Animal | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.3% NaCl (normal), 2% NaCl (moderate), 8% NaCl (high) | Effects of high salt intake on glucose metabolism, liver function, and the microbiome in rats: influence of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. |
| high-salt diet (8% NaCl) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Animal | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.3% NaCl (normal), 2% NaCl (moderate), 8% NaCl (high) | Effects of high salt intake on glucose metabolism, liver function, and the microbiome in rats: influence of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. |
| short-term intake of eucaloric diet containing a high percentage of fats | Decreases - attenuated | first-phase insulin release | Human | healthy males | Approximately 70% fats (LCHF), 50% fats (ICIF), and 25% fats (control). | Short-term high-fat diet alters postprandial glucose metabolism and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in healthy males.cited 12× |
| short-term intake of a eucaloric low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LCHF) | Decreases - significantly lower | first-phase insulin secretion indexes | Human | healthy young males | Approximately 70% fats (LCHF), 50% fats (ICIF), and 25% fats (control). | Short-term high-fat diet alters postprandial glucose metabolism and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in healthy males.cited 12× |
| full-fat dairy diet | Decreases - decreased | Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI) | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | 3.3 servings/day of either low-fat or full-fat dairy. | The impact of diets rich in low-fat or full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial.cited 24× |
| low-fat dairy diet | Decreases - decreased | Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI) | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | 3.3 servings/day of either low-fat or full-fat dairy. | The impact of diets rich in low-fat or full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial.cited 24× |
| Gluten free diet (GFD) | No effect - showed no effects | fasting insulin | Human | subjects diagnosed with MES | Not specified | The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 22× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | Decreases - had a marginally lower | insulin dose | Human | non-coeliac children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes | Not specified (self-selected GFD adherence verified by stool immunoreactive gluten and food questionnaires). | Gluten-free diet in children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: A 12-month intervention trial.cited 21× |
| gluten-free diet | No effect - compared with | insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 z-scores | Human | TG+ subjects | Not specified | Celiac autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes: a two-year follow-up.cited 42× |
| gluten-containing diet | Decreases - had lower | insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 z-scores | Human | TG+ children | Not specified | Celiac autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes: a two-year follow-up.cited 42× |
| gluten-free diet | No effect - no significant change | insulin requirements | Human | asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes and biopsy-confirmed celiac disease | Not specified | Screening and Treatment Outcomes in Adults and Children With Type 1 Diabetes and Asymptomatic Celiac Disease: The CD-DIET Study.cited 22× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | Increases - predisposing individuals to the development of | insulin resistance | Human | individuals | Not specified | MAFLD and Celiac Disease in Children.cited 6× |
| balanced Mediterranean diet | Increases - enhancing | endogenous insulin clearance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| balanced Mediterranean diet | Decreases - improving | insulin resistance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - enhancing | endogenous insulin clearance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - improving | insulin resistance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-fat (LF) diet | Increases - improved | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | persons with obesity | <40% energy from carbohydrates (low-carbohydrate diet), <30% energy from fat (low-fat diet) | Effects of macronutrient intake in obesity: a meta-analysis of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on markers of the metabolic syndrome.cited 35× |
| low-carbohydrate (LC) diet | Increases - improved | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | persons with obesity | <40% energy from carbohydrates (low-carbohydrate diet), <30% energy from fat (low-fat diet) | Effects of macronutrient intake in obesity: a meta-analysis of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on markers of the metabolic syndrome.cited 35× |
| low-fat diet (20% from energy) | Decreases - predicted reductions | insulin | Human | rs12255372 TT (risk genotype) carriers | Low-fat diet (20% energy from fat), high-fat diet (40% energy from fat). | TCF7L2 genetic variants modulate the effect of dietary fat intake on changes in body composition during a weight-loss intervention.cited 65× |
| low-fat diet (LFD) | Decreases - were reduced | insulin doses | Human | LFD | LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. | In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss.cited 132× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - were reduced | insulin doses | Human | LCD group | LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. | In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss.cited 132× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | wild-type group (G1359G) | Not specified | Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets.cited 5× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | wild-type group (G1359G) | Not specified | Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets.cited 5× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - achieved similar | insulin reduction | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - achieved similar | insulin reduction | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - significant decreases | insulin resistance | Human | children aged 9-17 years diagnosed with NAFLD | Not specified | The effect of a Mediterranean diet vs. a low-fat diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a randomized trial.cited 18× |
| Mediterranean Diet | Decreases - significant decreases | insulin resistance | Human | children aged 9-17 years diagnosed with NAFLD | Not specified | The effect of a Mediterranean diet vs. a low-fat diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a randomized trial.cited 18× |
| low-fat diet (LFD) | Increases - improved | insulin-sensitivity | Human | pre-menopausal overweight and obese women | KD provided ~75% energy for weight maintenance, with ketone salts (KS) or placebo (PL) twice daily. | Self-reported menses physiology is positively modulated by a well-formulated, energy-controlled ketogenic diet vs. low fat diet in women of reproductive age with overweight/obesity.cited 4× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - were | median serum insulin concentrations | Animal | Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia | Not specified | Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet.cited 4× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - had significantly lower | serum insulin concentrations | Animal | Dogs with complete resolution of HTGL after dietary intervention | Not specified | Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet.cited 4× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - Resolution of HTGL by dietary intervention is associated with a decrease in | serum insulin concentrations | Animal | Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia | Not specified | Associations among serum insulin, calprotectin, and C-reactive protein concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with idiopathic hyperlipidemia before and after feeding an ultra-low-fat diet.cited 4× |
| Weight-maintaining ketogenic diet | No effect - remained unchanged | adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin | Human | overweight obese subjects | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| Weight-maintaining ketogenic diet | No effect - remained unchanged | liver sensitivity to insulin | Human | overweight obese subjects | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| Weight-maintaining ketogenic diet | No effect - remained unchanged | Whole body (muscle) sensitivity to insulin | Human | overweight obese subjects | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| low carbohydrate ketogenic diet | No effect - has no beneficial effect | insulin sensitivity | Human | null | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern enriched in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | No effect - produces a worse response | insulin levels | Human | minor C allele of the APOA5 gene (rs662799) carriers | Not specified. | APOA-5 genetic variant and a hypocaloric diet enriched in ω-6 fatty acids with Mediterranean pattern. |
| hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern enriched in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | non-C allele carriers | Not specified. | APOA-5 genetic variant and a hypocaloric diet enriched in ω-6 fatty acids with Mediterranean pattern. |
| High-caloric diet | Increases - increased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | Animal | male Wistar rats | 60 mg/kg/day (containing 12.48% aspalathin). | Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts.cited 4× |
| High-caloric diet | Decreases - downregulated | insulin dependence | Animal | male Wistar rats | 60 mg/kg/day (containing 12.48% aspalathin). | Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts.cited 4× |
| High-caloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin independence | Animal | male Wistar rats | 60 mg/kg/day (containing 12.48% aspalathin). | Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts.cited 4× |
| High-caloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin independence via adenosine monophosphate activated kinase | Animal | male Wistar rats | 60 mg/kg/day (containing 12.48% aspalathin). | Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts.cited 4× |
| high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids | No effect - leads to | deregulation of insulin pathway | Animal | Wistar rats | — | Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) attenuates both central and peripheral inflammatory effects of diet-induced obesity in rats.cited 39× |
| complex diet supplement | Increases - had better | insulin sensitivity | Human | obese mares | — | Adiposity in mares induces insulin dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction which can be mitigated by nutritional intervention. |
| Asian ketogenic diet (AKD) | Increases - experienced improvements | hormones associated with insulin sensitivity and appetite | Human | individuals diagnosed with MetS | Not specified (dietary intervention, not supplement-based). | Asian Low-Carbohydrate Diet with Increased Whole Egg Consumption Improves Metabolic Outcomes in Metabolic Syndrome: A 52-Week Intervention Study.cited 5× |
| Asian ketogenic diet (AKD) | Decreases - demonstrated significant improvements | insulin resistance | Human | individuals diagnosed with MetS | Not specified (dietary intervention, not supplement-based). | Asian Low-Carbohydrate Diet with Increased Whole Egg Consumption Improves Metabolic Outcomes in Metabolic Syndrome: A 52-Week Intervention Study.cited 5× |
| ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts (KEMEPHY) | Decreases - significant decrease | insulin blood levels | Human | overweight women with diagnosis of PCOS | Not specified (ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts). | Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 148× |
| low-calorie diet and placebo | Decreases - showed a slight decline | insulin curves | Human | 20 women of the beta subgroup | 2400 mg of white Japanese mulberry extract daily. | White mulberry supplementation as adjuvant treatment of obesity.cited 7× |
| regular-fat cheese diet | No effect - did not differ significantly | insulin concentrations | Human | subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors | 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. | High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.cited 48× |
| healthy low-carbohydrate diet achieved through behavioral intervention and key food supplementation | No effect - differences in 6-month changes | fasting insulin | Human | participants | <40g net carbohydrates for the first 3 months, <40-60g net carbohydrates for months 3-6. | Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 2× |
| healthy low-carbohydrate diet achieved through behavioral intervention and key food supplementation | No effect - differences in 6-month changes | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | participants | <40g net carbohydrates for the first 3 months, <40-60g net carbohydrates for months 3-6. | Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 2× |
| olive leaf extract (OLE) supplementation in adjunct with a weight loss diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance | Human | obese women | Not specified | Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial.cited 5× |
| olive leaf extract (OLE) supplementation in adjunct with a weight loss diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | serum levels of insulin | Human | obese women | Not specified | Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial.cited 5× |
| combined high-protein diet and exercise intervention | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity | Human | middle-aged adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 7× |
| exercise combined with high-protein diet | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity | Human | middle-aged adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 7× |
| high-fat, high-energy diet | No effect - maintained | fasting serum insulin concentrations | Human | both groups | LcS-fermented milk drink twice daily. | Probiotic supplementation prevents high-fat, overfeeding-induced insulin resistance in human subjects.cited 80× |
| high-fat, high-energy diet | Decreases - decreased | whole-body insulin sensitivity | Human | control group | LcS-fermented milk drink twice daily. | Probiotic supplementation prevents high-fat, overfeeding-induced insulin resistance in human subjects.cited 80× |
| vegan diet | No effect - no significant differences | fasting plasma insulin levels | Human | community-dwelling older adults | Not specified beyond dietary composition (60% animal protein in omnivorous diet). | A Well-Balanced Vegan Diet Does not Compromise Daily Mixed Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates when Compared with an Omnivorous Diet in Active Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.cited 2× |
| vegan diet | No effect - no significant differences | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | community-dwelling older adults | Not specified beyond dietary composition (60% animal protein in omnivorous diet). | A Well-Balanced Vegan Diet Does not Compromise Daily Mixed Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates when Compared with an Omnivorous Diet in Active Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.cited 2× |
| vegan diet | Decreases - lowers | insulin | Human | 21 (11 female,10 male) healthy participants | Individual caloric needs met; exact amounts not specified. | A 48-Hour Vegan Diet Challenge in Healthy Women and Men Induces a BRANCH-Chain Amino Acid Related, Health Associated, Metabolic Signature.cited 24× |
| vegan diet | Increases - potentiating | insulin and blood sugar control | Human | 21 (11 female,10 male) healthy participants | Individual caloric needs met; exact amounts not specified. | A 48-Hour Vegan Diet Challenge in Healthy Women and Men Induces a BRANCH-Chain Amino Acid Related, Health Associated, Metabolic Signature.cited 24× |
| vegan diet | Increases - increased | insulin sensitivity | Human | — | Not specified | The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Health Indicators and Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. |
| high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD) | Decreases - provoked disruptions | expression of proteins regulating food intake, the endocannabinoid system, the insulin pathway, and inflammation | Animal | rats | Not specified | A Combined GLP-1/PPARa/CB1-Based Therapy to Restore the Central and Peripheral Metabolic Dysregulation Induced by a High-Fructose High-Fat Diet. |
| hypocaloric diet containing 1.2 g protein/kg/day | No effect - prevented the WL-induced improvements in | insulin-stimulated glucose uptake | Human | postmenopausal women with obesity | 0.8 g protein/kg/day (standard-protein) vs. 1.2 g protein/kg/day (high-protein). | High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.cited 87× |
| hypocaloric diet containing 1.2 g protein/kg/day | No effect - prevented the WL-induced improvements in | muscle insulin signaling | Human | postmenopausal women with obesity | 0.8 g protein/kg/day (standard-protein) vs. 1.2 g protein/kg/day (high-protein). | High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.cited 87× |
| low fat (15% kcal), high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet | No effect - no significant between group changes | insulin | Human | men with prostate cancer | 15% kcal from fat, high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet. | Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer.cited 68× |
| low fat (15% kcal), high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet | No effect - no significant between group changes | insulin-like growth factor binding proteins | Human | men with prostate cancer | 15% kcal from fat, high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet. | Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer.cited 68× |
| low fat (15% kcal), high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet | No effect - no significant between group changes | insulin-like growth factor I and II | Human | men with prostate cancer | 15% kcal from fat, high fiber, soy protein supplemented diet. | Growth inhibitory effect of low fat diet on prostate cancer cells: results of a prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial in men with prostate cancer.cited 68× |
| Western-styled diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA) | Increases - exhibited significantly greater | insulin | Animal | wild-type C57BL/6J mice | Not explicitly stated, but chronic ingestion over 13 weeks. | Chronic Intake of Energy Drinks and Their Sugar Free Substitution Similarly Promotes Metabolic Syndrome.cited 6× |
| isoenergetic low advanced glycation end products (AGEs) diet | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity | Human | — | High AGE diet: 806.3 ± 223.5 μg RE/day; Low AGE diet: 649.1 ± 235.8 μg RE/day. | Disparity in the micronutrient content of diets high or low in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) does not explain changes in insulin sensitivity.cited 2× |
| citrate-enhanced diet | No effect - did not prevent | HFHS-induced insulin resistance | Animal | mice | 67 mg g-1 diet | Citrate enrichment in a Western diet reduces weight gain via browning of adipose tissues without resolving diet-induced insulin resistance in mice.cited 5× |
| a normocaloric low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio diet | Increases - improvement | whole body insulin sensitivity | Human | obese youth 9-19 y of age with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified (normocaloric diet with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 4:1). | A Low ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA Ratio (n-6:n-3 PUFA) Diet to Treat Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth.cited 58× |
| combination of low-fat diet and IGF-1R blockade | Decreases - reduction in | serum insulin | AnimalMolecular | severe combined immunodeficient mice | Not specified for the low-fat diet; ganitumab dosage not detailed. | Effect of a low-fat diet combined with IGF-1 receptor blockade on 22Rv1 prostate cancer xenografts.cited 12× |
| Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet | Decreases - reductions | homeostatic model assessment score for insulin resistance | Human | women with metabolic syndrome and elevated plasma LDL cholesterol | — | A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome. |
| Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet | Decreases - reductions | plasma insulin | Human | women with metabolic syndrome and elevated plasma LDL cholesterol | — | A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome. |
| Control diet with Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) exposure | Increases - exhibited | hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR) | Animal | C57BL/6 N mice (3 weeks old) | Not specified (hypercaloric fatty diet plus high fructose). | A rapid juvenile murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Chronic intermittent hypoxia exacerbates Western diet-induced NASH.cited 16× |
| habitual diet with limited avocado intake | Increases - associated with unfavorable changes | insulin concentrations | Human | HAB group | 1 avocado per day | Effect of daily avocado consumption for 6 mo compared with habitual diet on red blood cell fatty acid profiles and association with cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with abdominal obesity: a randomized trial.cited 2× |
| reduced sodium diet | Increases - improved responses | GLS response to insulin | Human | overweight/obese insulin-resistant (O-IR) normotensive subjects | Not specified (reduced sodium diet vs. usual sodium diet). | Role of skeletal muscle perfusion and insulin resistance in the effect of dietary sodium on heart function in overweight.cited 5× |
| reduced sodium diet | Increases - showed improvements | insulin resistance [glucose infusion rate (GIR)] | Human | overweight/obese insulin-resistant (O-IR) normotensive subjects | Not specified (reduced sodium diet vs. usual sodium diet). | Role of skeletal muscle perfusion and insulin resistance in the effect of dietary sodium on heart function in overweight.cited 5× |
| reduced sodium diet | Increases - improved responses | muscle perfusion response to insulin | Human | overweight/obese insulin-resistant (O-IR) normotensive subjects | Not specified (reduced sodium diet vs. usual sodium diet). | Role of skeletal muscle perfusion and insulin resistance in the effect of dietary sodium on heart function in overweight.cited 5× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - induced lower | postprandial plasma insulin profiles | Human | type 2 diabetic men | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| a proper diet | Increases - increases | cellular sensitivity to insulin | Human | — | Not specified | The Influence of Lifestyle and Treatment on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetes.cited 60× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) | No effect - did not differ | insulin concentrations | Human | Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication | Fat intake constituted 20.3% of total energy in the MUFA diet (specific sunflower oil dosage not detailed). | A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity.cited 50× |
| a 2-week diet that increased the proportion of SFA (<40% to 60% of dietary fat) | No effect - no change | insulin resistance | Human | overweight young adults | Increased proportion of saturated fat from <40% to 60% of dietary fat, maintaining total fat, carbohydrate, protein, and calorie intake. | Changes in markers for cardio-metabolic disease risk after only 1-2 weeks of a high saturated fat diet in overweight adults.cited 5× |
| HF diet | Increases - led to | insulin resistance | Animal | Male C57Bl/6 mice | — | Pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on the glucose metabolism and the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue behavior in C57Bl/6 mice. |
| maternal Western diet (WD) | Increases - aggravated | insulin resistance | Human | male offspring | — | Mitochondrial dysfunction characterises the multigenerational effects of maternal obesity on MASLD. |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were significantly lower than before | insulin | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were significantly lower than before | insulin resistance index | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were lower | insulin resistance index | Human | female patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| higher-complex carbohydrate/lower-fat (CHOICE) diet | Increases - improved | insulin resistance | Human | diet-controlled overweight/obese women with GDM | CHOICE diet (60% carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein) and LC/CONV diet (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein). | Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Randomized to a Higher-Complex Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet Manifest Lower Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study.cited 112× |
| higher-complex carbohydrate/lower-fat (CHOICE) diet | Increases - improved | insulin suppression of AT lipolysis | Human | diet-controlled overweight/obese women with GDM | CHOICE diet (60% carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein) and LC/CONV diet (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein). | Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Randomized to a Higher-Complex Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet Manifest Lower Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study.cited 112× |
| weight loss diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | insulin | Human | patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | Not specified | Combined cranberry supplementation and weight loss diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.cited 11× |
| low-CHO diet (40% of total diet energy content as CHO) | No effect - did not reduce | number of women needing insulin | Human | women with GDM | Low-CHO diet (40% of total energy as carbohydrates) vs. control diet (55% of total energy as carbohydrates). | Low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.cited 61× |
| low-CHO diet (40% of total diet energy content as CHO) | No effect - was not significantly different | rate of women requiring insulin | Human | women with GDM | Low-CHO diet (40% of total energy as carbohydrates) vs. control diet (55% of total energy as carbohydrates). | Low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.cited 61× |
| low-glycemic index diet and exercise | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma insulin | Human | insulin-resistant adults | Low-glycemic-index diet (LGI = 40) and aerobic exercise (5 days/week, 60 min/day, 80-85% heart rate max). | A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults.cited 59× |
| habitual diet | Increases - Increases from baseline in fasting insulin levels were reported | fasting insulin levels | Human | control group | Two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) using balanced shakes and dietary supplements, followed by 5 days of habitual diet. | Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study.cited 20× |
| habitual diet (control group) | Decreases - was lower | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 | Human | male soldiers during an 8-wk military combat course | Not specified for collagen; energy supplementation was 5.1 MJ·d⁻¹. | Supplementary Energy Increases Bone Formation during Arduous Military Training.cited 15× |
| DASH or WFPB diet | Decreases - can result in significant, rapid changes | insulin requirements | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| DASH or WFPB diet | Increases - can result in significant, rapid changes | insulin sensitivity | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) | Decreases - was lower | daily insulin usage | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) | Decreases - was lower | daily insulin usage | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) | Decreases - was lower | daily insulin usage | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) | Decreases - was lower | insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) | Increases - was higher | insulin sensitivity index | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| High-fat and High-fructose diet | Increases - exhibited | hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, abnormal liver function test, increased hepatic oxidative stress, and steatosis | Animal | Male Sprague Dawley rats | L. acidophilus 1 × 10^9 CFU/ml containing 0.4 g Se/day, orally | Selenium-Enriched Probiotic Alleviates Western Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats via Modulation of Autophagy Through AMPK/SIRT-1 Pathway.cited 11× |
| low-fat vegan diet | Increases - associated with | increased insulin sensitivity | Human | — | Not specified | A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial.cited 283× |
| low-fat vegan diet | Decreases - reduced | insulin use | Human | patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) | Not specified (low-fat, vegetarian diet). | Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet.cited 121× |
| low-fat vegan diet | Increases - increased | predicted insulin sensitivity index (PREDIM) | Human | overweight adults | Not specified (participants followed a low-fat vegan diet without specific caloric or macronutrient details). | Effect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 126× |
| no diet changes | No effect - no significant change | predicted insulin sensitivity index (PREDIM) | Human | overweight adults | Not specified (participants followed a low-fat vegan diet without specific caloric or macronutrient details). | Effect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 126× |
| low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet | Increases - exhibited greater prominence | elevated plasma insulin | Human | North America | — | The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet | No effect - had no significant effect | homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | adults | — | The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet | No effect - had no significant effect | insulin levels | Human | adults | — | The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| VA-deficient diet (VAD) | Decreases - showed a decrease of | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion | AnimalMolecular | Male C57BL/6 mice | 30 IU/g/d retinol for 10 days | Vitamin A influences the incretin hormone profiles by activating the retinoic acid receptor β. |
| purpose-built diet | Increases - substantially induced | insulin resistance | Animal | rat model | 250 and 500 mg/kg of nerolidol. | Downregulation of hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis by nerolidol in purpose built western-diet-induced multiple-hit pathogenesis of NASH animal model.cited 13× |
| HSF/HC diet | Increases - significantly increased | fasting plasma insulin | Animal | BALB/c male mice | 9% and 17% DTP supplementation in diet | Effect of dry tomato peel supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic markers in mice fed high-saturated-fat/high-cholesterol diets.cited 16× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fiber diet | Increases - were significantly higher | Postprandial insulin levels | Human | group on diet alone | 60% energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat (high-carbohydrate diet); 40% energy from carbohydrate, 40% from fat (low-carbohydrate diet). | Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs?cited 29× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fiber diet | No effect - no significant differences were observed | Postprandial insulin levels | Human | other group | 60% energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat (high-carbohydrate diet); 40% energy from carbohydrate, 40% from fat (low-carbohydrate diet). | Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs?cited 29× |
| multibotanical plus soy diet counseling | No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change | insulin | Human | peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms | 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). | The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin.cited 18× |
| high-sucrose/low-fat diet | Decreases - reduced | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| high-sucrose/low-fat diet | Increases - fasting hyperinsulinemia | insulin levels | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| ricotta cheese (210 g/day) plus the habitual diet | Decreases - improved | fasting insulin levels | Human | men in the intervention group | 210 g/day of ricotta cheese. | Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich food.cited 60× |
| recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - lower | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients | — | Positive effects of football on fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 58× |
| recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet | Increases - indicated an improvement in | insulin sensitivity | Human | type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients | — | Positive effects of football on fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 58× |
| Mediterranean-based diet enriched in extra-virgin olive oil (MedDiet + EVOO) | Increases - modulated | PI3K-Akt, NF-kappa B, HIF-1, and insulin resistance metabolic pathways | Human | 150 participants included in the PREDIMED study (Reus Center) | Not specified in the abstract. | Mediterranean diet enriched in extra-virgin olive oil or nuts modulates circulating exosomal non-coding RNAs.cited 29× |
| calcium-rich diet | Decreases - could have beneficial effects on | insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified. | Does calcium intake affect cardiovascular risk factors and/or events?cited 11× |
| cafeteria diet (CD) feeding | Increases - induced | insulin resistance | Animal | spontaneously hypertensive rats | — | Chronic blockade of angiotensin AT₁ receptors improves cardinal symptoms of metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obesity in rats. |
| low-glycemic index pulse-based diet | Decreases - greater reduction | insulin resistance | Human | women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). | A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 62× |
| low-glycemic index pulse-based diet | Decreases - greater reduction | total area under the curve for insulin response to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test | Human | women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). | A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 62× |
| contemporary diet based on Paleolithic food groups | Decreases - revealed favorable changes in | weight, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles | Human | — | Not specified | [Evaluation of biological and clinical potential of paleolithic diet].cited 4× |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | fasting insulin | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | insulin AUC | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| switching back to control diet | Decreases - was lost within 14 days | improved insulin sensitivity | Animal | mice | 14-day cycles of LPHC (5% energy from protein) alternating with 14-day control diet | Periodized low protein-high carbohydrate diet confers potent, but transient, metabolic improvements.cited 12× |
| various levels of milk by-products in weaned pig's diet | No effect - no differences | insulin like growth factor 1 | Animal | weaned pigs | Phase 1: 5%, 10%, 20%, or 30%; Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% of milk by-products in the diet. | Effect of various levels of milk by-products on growth performance, blood profiles, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. |
| berry diet rich in antioxidants and bioactive phytochemicals | Increases - increase of | insulin sensitivity | Human | human participants | Not specified. | Current evidence on the health-beneficial effects of berry fruits in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.cited 25× |
| low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) | Decreases - improved within the LCKD group only | insulin levels | Human | Overweight or obese outpatients from the Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics in Durham, North Carolina | Low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, 500-1000 kcal/d deficit) combined with orlistat (120 mg orally 3 times daily). | A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss.cited 110× |
| usual diet | No effect - no significant change | fasting insulin | Human | adolescent boys with NAFLD | Not specified (intervention was a diet low in free sugars). | Dietary sugar restriction reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis in adolescent boys with fatty liver disease.cited 53× |
| time-restricted feeding (TRF; 16/8) with a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian (LOV) diet | Decreases - showed significant reductions | insulin levels | Human | overweight and obese patients with MAFLD | Time-restricted feeding (16/8 protocol) combined with a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian diet. | Effects of time restricted feeding combined with Lacto Ovo vegetarian diet on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized clinical trial. |
| high-fat diet feeding | Decreases - impaired | insulin sensitivity | Animal | Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg body weight/day. | Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Wistar male rats.cited 22× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) feeding | Decreases - became insulin resistant | insulin sensitivity | Animal | wt mice | — | The antiobese effect of AT1 receptor blockade is augmented in mice lacking Mas. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) feeding | No effect - did not impair | insulin sensitivity | Animal | Mas-ko mice | — | The antiobese effect of AT1 receptor blockade is augmented in mice lacking Mas. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) feeding | Increases - can cause | systemic insulin resistance | Animal | Male Wistar rats | — | The specific mitochondrial unfolded protein response in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. |
| thylakoid membranes of spinach supplementation along with a hypocaloric diet | Decreases - significant decreases were observed in | homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance | Human | women with obesity and diagnosed with PCOS | 5 g/day thylakoid-rich spinach extract. | The effect of calorie-restriction along with thylakoid membranes of spinach on the gut-brain Axis Pathway and oxidative stress biomarkers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Randomized, Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 4× |
| thylakoid membranes of spinach supplementation along with a hypocaloric diet | Decreases - significant decreases were observed in | insulin | Human | women with obesity and diagnosed with PCOS | 5 g/day thylakoid-rich spinach extract. | The effect of calorie-restriction along with thylakoid membranes of spinach on the gut-brain Axis Pathway and oxidative stress biomarkers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Randomized, Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 4× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - needed to commence insulin therapy after intervention | percentage of women needing insulin therapy | Human | pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus | Not specified (DASH diet included low-fat dairy products as part of a broader dietary pattern). | The effect of DASH diet on pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 76× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - led to a significant reduction | serum insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified (diet composition: 52% carbohydrates, 18% proteins, 30% total fats, with DASH emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy). | Effects of DASH diet on lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.cited 93× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - resulted in decreased | serum insulin levels | Human | pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | Not specified (DASH diet included low-fat dairy as part of a broader dietary pattern). | A randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of DASH diet on insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes.cited 122× |
| Paleolithic diet with supervised exercise sessions | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified (dietary intervention only). | Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes.cited 51× |
| Paleolithic diet | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR) | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified (dietary intervention only). | Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes.cited 51× |
| plant-based diet | Decreases - underlie the benefits of | ameliorating insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified | A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.cited 187× |
| plant-based diet | Decreases - were also reduced | insulin | Human | participants | Not specified (diet consisted of raw fruits, vegetables, seeds, and avocado; all animal products excluded). | A defined, plant-based diet utilized in an outpatient cardiovascular clinic effectively treats hypercholesterolemia and hypertension and reduces medications.cited 31× |
| Diet I - high-fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| Diet I - high-fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| Diet II - low fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| Diet II - low fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| low-glycemic index, low-carbohydrate diet | No effect - did not affect | insulin sensitivity | Human | overweight adults | Four diets varying in glycemic index (40% or 65%) and carbohydrate content (40% or 58% of energy). | Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial.cited 151× |
| replacement diet with products made with organic khorasan wheat | Decreases - significant amelioration | insulin | Human | patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) | — | An organic khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) | No effect - investigate the efficacy | insulin | Human | cancer participants | Not specified | Efficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet as an Adjuvant Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 31× |
| Fish-HFDS diet | Increases - increased | plasma insulin concentration | Animal | C57BL/6 male mice | Not specified | Differential effects of fish-oil and cocoa-butter based high-fat/high-sucrose diets on endocrine pancreas morphology and function in mice.cited 1× |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - significantly reduces | homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance levels | Human | overweight and obese individuals | Not specified (5:2 diet protocol—2 fasting days per week). | Effect of the 5:2 Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and/or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. |
| 5:2 diet | No effect - no significant difference | insulin | Human | overweight and obese individuals | Not specified (5:2 diet protocol—2 fasting days per week). | Effect of the 5:2 Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and/or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin levels | Human | control group (overweight/obese individuals without type 2 diabetes) | Two days per week of fasting for six months. | The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes-A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - efficient to reduce | markers of insulin secretion and resistance | Human | subjects with and without T2D (overweight/obese individuals) | Two days per week of fasting for six months. | The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes-A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Human | Australian patients post coronary event | Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). | Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study.cited 23× |
| Mediterranean diet (MD) | Decreases - decreased | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index | Human | individuals with low-plasma OEA/PEA at baseline | Not specified | Mediterranean diet consumption affects the endocannabinoid system in overweight and obese subjects: possible links with gut microbiome, insulin resistance and inflammation.cited 47× |
| Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - associated with decreases in | insulin | Human | adults with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) | Non-MedDiet plus 50 g/day of nuts (comparator group) | Effects of Mediterranean Diet on plasma metabolites and their relationship with insulin resistance and gut microbiota composition in a crossover randomized clinical trial.cited 37× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - may help lower | insulin levels | Human | NEN patients | Not specified | Nutritional aspects in neuroendocrine neoplasms. bridging the gap between dietary interventions and cancer care strategies: a scoping review.cited 1× |
| Mediterranean diet | No effect - changes in | insulin resistance | Human | children and adolescents with MASLD | Not specified | Efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 2× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Decreases - significantly reduced | insulin response | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - improves | insulin sensitivity | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - improvement | oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - correlated directly | oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Decreases - correlated inversely | plasma insulin IAUC | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet | Increases - improvements | insulin secretion | Human | — | Not specified | Global research dynamics in the Mediterranean diet and diabetes mellitus: a bibliometric study from 2014 to 2024.cited 1× |
| Mediterranean diet | Increases - improvements | insulin sensitivity | Human | — | Not specified | Global research dynamics in the Mediterranean diet and diabetes mellitus: a bibliometric study from 2014 to 2024.cited 1× |
| Mediterranean diet | Increases - exhibited a significant increase in | Insulin Sensitivity | Human | Responders (patients who achieved T2DM remission) | Not specified | Effect of long-term Mediterranean versus low-fat diet on neutrophil count, and type 2 diabetes mellitus remission in patients with coronary heart disease: results from the CORDIOPREV study. |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) | No effect - showed no significant difference | fasting serum insulin | Human | overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y | Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). | No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet.cited 174× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) | No effect - showed no significant difference | homeostasis model assessment for relative insulin resistance | Human | overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y | Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). | No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet.cited 174× |
| fruit rich diet (FRD) with consumption of at least 4 servings of fruits daily | Increases - had significantly higher | homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | adults with NAFLD | At least 4 servings of fruits daily (FRD group) vs. less than 2 servings/day (control group). | The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial.cited 19× |
| low-energy, high-protein diet | Decreases - reductions in | insulin | Human | obese men with obstructive sleep apnea | Not specified | One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males.cited 10× |
| extra-virgin olive oil + a traditional Brazilian diet (OliveOil+DietBra) | Decreases - had significantly lower levels | fasting insulin | Human | adults with T2DM and class II/III obesity | 37.88 ± 12.50 mL/day (olive oil group) and 37.71 ± 12.23 mL/day (OliveOil+DietBra group). | Positive Effects of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation and DietBra on Inflammation and Glycemic Profiles in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Class II/III Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 3× |
| sumac supplementation along with calorie restricted diet (CRD) | Decreases - significantly reduced | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | overweight and obese women with depression | 3 g/day of sumac. | Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation has beneficial effects on appetite in overweight/obese women with depression: A randomized controlled trial.cited 4× |
| sumac supplementation along with calorie restricted diet (CRD) | Increases - increased significantly | quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) | Human | overweight and obese women with depression | 3 g/day of sumac. | Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation has beneficial effects on appetite in overweight/obese women with depression: A randomized controlled trial.cited 4× |
| sumac supplementation along with calorie restricted diet (CRD) | Decreases - significantly reduced | serum levels of insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with depression | 3 g/day of sumac. | Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation has beneficial effects on appetite in overweight/obese women with depression: A randomized controlled trial.cited 4× |
| a GF diet | Decreases - suggested a role in reducing | insulin-resistance | Human | — | Not specified | Possible Prevention of Diabetes with a Gluten-Free Diet.cited 29× |
| very low-calorie diet treatments | No effect - was not associated with | insulin resistance | Human | patients with T2DM | Not specified in the abstract. | The association of soluble CD163, a novel biomarker of macrophage activation, with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its underlying physiological disorders: A systematic review.cited 16× |
| high-monounsaturated-fat diet | Decreases - reduced insulin requirements | insulin requirements | Human | 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy | High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.cited 329× |
| low-dAGE diet | Increases - exhibited improvement | insulin-sensitivity | Human | overweight and obese Asian Indian adults | Not specified | Effect of low vs high dietary-advanced glycation end products on insulin-sensitivity and inflammatory- markers among overweight/obese Asian-Indian adults-A randomised controlled trial.cited 1× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | Increases - significantly higher | fasting insulin | Human | 47 overweight and obese men and women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | Decreases - decrease | insulin sensitivity | Human | 47 overweight and obese men and women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | Decreases - significantly lower | insulin sensitivity | Human | women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | Decreases - 14.7% lower | insulin sensitivity | Human | women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | No effect - no difference | insulin sensitivity | Human | men | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| high-calcium diet (HCD) [1200-1300 mg/day, supplemented with non-fat powdered milk (60 g/day)] | Decreases - significantly reduced | insulin | Human | Brazilian obese subjects of multiethnic origin | 1200-1300 mg/day (supplemented with non-fat powdered milk, 60 g/day). | Effect of a high-calcium energy-reduced diet on abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese Brazilian subjects.cited 25× |
| low-starch/low-dairy diet | Decreases - had a reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with PCOS | Ad libitum (no specific dosage mentioned). | Effect of a low-starch/low-dairy diet on fat oxidation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 17× |
| high-MUFA diet | Decreases - comparable improvement | fasting insulin | Human | overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.cited 136× |
| very low calorie diet (VLCD) | Decreases - significant improvement | insulin resistance | Human | 22 severe obese subjects | 800 kcal/day (VLCD phase). | Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a potential biomarker to predict weight loss and improvement of insulin sensitivity by a very low calorie diet of obese human subjects.cited 28× |
| low adherence to the Mediterranean diet | Increases - significantly associated with higher IR risk | insulin resistance (IR) risk | Human | Spanish workers | Not explicitly quantified, but excessive alcohol consumption was linked to higher IR risk. | Association Between Alcohol Consumption, Other Healthy Habits and Sociodemographic Variables and the Values of Different Insulin Resistance Risk Scales in 139,634 Spanish Workers. |
| MIND diet | Increases - higher | insulin sensitivity | Human | individuals with obesity | Not specified | Evaluating the association between the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, mental health, and cardio-metabolic risk factors among individuals with obesity.cited 18× |
| MIND diet | Decreases - inverse association | odds of insulin resistance (IR) | Human | adolescents with overweight/obesity | Not specified | The relationship between the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and metabolic health status in adolescents with overweight and obesity: results from a cross-sectional study in Iran. |
| ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | Decreases - decreased more | insulin levels | Human | KDO3 subjects | Not specified | Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet.cited 52× |
| calorie-restricted, low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | 24-h insulin | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) | Decreases - decreased | 24-h insulin | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| well-formulated ketogenic diet | Decreases - significant improvements | fasting insulin levels | Human | children with obesity and metabolic disorders | Not specified | Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diet in Children with Obesity: Part 1-Diet Impact on Anthropometric Indicators and Indicators of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance. |
| low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet | Decreases - showed small, possibly to likely beneficial effects | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Human | at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel | Not specified. | A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel.cited 17× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet | Decreases - showed small, possibly to likely beneficial effects | insulin | Human | at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel | Not specified. | A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel.cited 17× |
| incorporating mycoprotein into the diet | No effect - no changes | insulin sensitivity (IS) | Human | Twenty healthy adults | Mycoprotein was consumed twice daily (lunch and dinner) as the primary protein source. | Daily mycoprotein consumption for 1 week does not affect insulin sensitivity or glycaemic control but modulates the plasma lipidome in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial.cited 28× |
| incorporating mycoprotein into the diet | No effect - no changes | serum insulin responses | Human | Twenty healthy adults | Mycoprotein was consumed twice daily (lunch and dinner) as the primary protein source. | Daily mycoprotein consumption for 1 week does not affect insulin sensitivity or glycaemic control but modulates the plasma lipidome in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial.cited 28× |
| Yacon-supplemented diet | Increases - slight increase | fasting plasma insulin levels | Animal | — | — | Hypolipidemic effect of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots on diabetic rats: biochemical approach.cited 29× |
| Yacon-supplemented diet | Increases - showed an increased | insulin-positive pancreatic cell mass | Animal | rats | — | Hypolipidemic effect of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots on diabetic rats: biochemical approach.cited 29× |
| very low calorie diet (VLCD) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) | Increases - entirely accounted for | insulin-stimulated glucose uptake | Human | diabetic patients | Not specified | Improved glucose metabolism after gastric bypass: evolution of the paradigm.cited 35× |
| a switch to a very low carbohydrate (30% of total calorie) diet | Decreases - came down | daily insulin requirement | Human | 17-year-old girl with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, severe hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia | 30% of total daily calorie intake from carbohydrates (reduced from 70%). | A very low carbohydrate diet improved metabolic profile in congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4.cited 1× |
| low-GI diet | Decreases - had significant reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | obese children | Not specified | Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in obese children.cited 2× |
| low-GI diet | No effect - demonstrated no substantial influence on | insulin requirement | Human | patients with gestational diabetes | Not specified | Influence of low-glycemic index diet for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 17× |
| Hipcref diet | Decreases - higher reduction | fasting insulin | Human | Overweight/obese Malaysian adults | Not specified (diet charts based on personal preferences). | Effect of an individualised high-protein, energy-restricted diet on anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters in overweight and obese Malaysian adults: a 6-month randomised controlled study.cited 8× |
| Hipcref diet | Decreases - higher reduction | insulin resistance | Human | Overweight/obese Malaysian adults | Not specified (diet charts based on personal preferences). | Effect of an individualised high-protein, energy-restricted diet on anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters in overweight and obese Malaysian adults: a 6-month randomised controlled study.cited 8× |
| high fat diet alone | Increases - produces | obesity, insulin resistance, and some degree of fatty liver with minimal inflammation and no fibrosis | HumanAnimal | — | Not specified for high-fat diet; high-fructose corn syrup amounts relevant to American consumption levels. | Fructose as a key player in the development of fatty liver disease.cited 160× |
| isocaloric healthy Nordic diet | No effect - no significant changes were observed | insulin sensitivity | Human | people with metabolic syndrome | Low-fat dairy products included as part of the diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET).cited 187× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium | Decreases - significantly decreased | fasting plasma insulin | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2 | 7 grams of psyllium powder daily. | Short-Term Supplementation of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Psyllium Reduces Fasting Plasma Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.cited 12× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium | Increases - increased significantly | insulin sensitivity, evaluated by HOMA-IR | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2 | 7 grams of psyllium powder daily. | Short-Term Supplementation of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Psyllium Reduces Fasting Plasma Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.cited 12× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium | No effect - No statistical differences were detected | postprandial insulin concentrations | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2 | 7 grams of psyllium powder daily. | Short-Term Supplementation of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Psyllium Reduces Fasting Plasma Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.cited 12× |
| DASH diet (DASH) vs DASH diet with physical activity guidance (DASHPED) | No effect - did not differ | insulin sensitivity | Human | older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension | Not specified | DASH diet vs. DASH diet plus physical activity in older patients with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure: A randomized clinical trial.cited 2× |
| Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet | Increases - improved | insulin sensitivity | Human | polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women | Not specified | The Effect of Prebiotics, Alone or as Part of Synbiotics, on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - No differences were observed | concentrations of insulin | Human | patients with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g/day for the low-carbohydrate diet. | Low-Carbohydrate Diet Impairs the Effect of Glucagon in the Treatment of Insulin-Induced Mild Hypoglycemia: A Randomized Crossover Study.cited 51× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - showed no significant difference | dosages of insulin used | Human | Chinese patients with T2DM | Not specified (proportions of calories from major nutrients met LCD and LFD requirements). | A Low-Carbohydrate Diet Realizes Medication Withdrawal: A Possible Opportunity for Effective Glycemic Control.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LC) | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting insulin | Human | overweight/obese Chinese females | Not specified | Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females.cited 25× |
| low carbohydrate (LC) diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting insulin | Human | mostly obese participants with T2D | Not specified | Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets, in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 18× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - no significant difference | Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | adolescents with overweight and obesity | Not specified | Low-Carbohydrate Diet is More Helpful for Weight Loss Than Low-Fat Diet in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - had the greatest effect on improving | insulin parameters | Human | — | Not specified | Dietary Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with Celiac Disease.cited 3× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - increased the activity | insulin pathway proteins such as IR, IRS1, and AKT | Animal | Male Swiss mice | Not specified | A low-carbohydrate diet with different fatty acids' sources in the treatment of obesity: Impact on insulin resistance and adipogenesis.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - may be possible to target | insulin resistance | Human | — | < 20% energy or < 60 g/day of carbohydrates. | Impact of dietary macronutrient distribution on BMI and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review.cited 71× |
| Low-Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) | Increases - increased risk | insulin resistance | Human | — | Not specified. | The Low-Carbohydrate Diet: Short-Term Metabolic Efficacy Versus Longer-Term Limitations.cited 41× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - improved | insulin resistance | Human | adults with overweight or obesity | Carbohydrate intake < 50 g/day | Low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater weight loss and better glucose homeostasis than exercise: a randomized clinical trial.cited 14× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - contributes to the reduction | insulin taken in the course of drug therapy | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not Assessed | The use of low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes - benefits and risks.cited 14× |
| low carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Increases - improvement of | markers of the insulin-resistant phenotype | Human | — | Not specified | Low carbohydrate diet: are concerns with saturated fat, lipids, and cardiovascular disease risk justified?cited 19× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - significant decreases | plasma insulin | Human | 1,141 obese patients | Not specified | Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors.cited 199× |
| low carbohydrate diet (<20g daily intake) | Decreases - significant reductions in total daily insulin dose | total daily insulin dose | Human | patients with T2DM and DKD | <20g carbohydrates daily (VLCBD) vs. 0.8g/kg/day protein (control). | Safety and efficacy of very low carbohydrate diet in patients with diabetic kidney disease-A randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| low-carbohydrate (LC) diet | Decreases - reductions | total daily insulin use | Human | adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) | 25-75 g/day of carbohydrates. | Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with type 1 diabetes management: A single arm non-randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| mild weight loss induced by a Mediterranean-like diet adapted for Asians | Decreases - decreased significantly | insulin | Human | Chinese females with NAFLD | Not specified for fiber alone. | Effect of an Asian-adapted Mediterranean diet and pentadecanoic acid on fatty liver disease: the TANGO randomized controlled trial.cited 20× |
| calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Decreases - decreased | insulin | Human | sedentary obese older adults | 3 oz (85 g) or 6 oz (170.1 g) of lean fresh beef daily within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet. | Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults.cited 9× |
| calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Decreases - decrease was positively correlated | insulin | Human | sedentary obese older adults | 3 oz (85 g) or 6 oz (170.1 g) of lean fresh beef daily within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet. | Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults.cited 9× |
| RO diet | No effect - did not change | insulin sensitivity | Human | hyperlipidaemic subjects | Not specified | Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study.cited 58× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - caused a decrease | fP insulin | Human | healthy and unhealthy adults | Not specified | Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?cited 17× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - caused a decrease | fP insulin | Human | healthy and unhealthy adults | Not specified | Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?cited 17× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - caused a decrease | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Human | healthy and unhealthy adults | Not specified | Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?cited 17× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Increases - improved | hepatic insulin sensitivity | Human | healthy, obese, postmenopausal women | Ad libitum intake (no specific dosage provided). | Strong and persistent effect on liver fat with a Paleolithic diet during a two-year intervention.cited 37× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - deteriorated | hepatic insulin sensitivity | Human | healthy, obese, postmenopausal women | Ad libitum intake (no specific dosage provided). | Strong and persistent effect on liver fat with a Paleolithic diet during a two-year intervention.cited 37× |
| fructose (60%) enriched diet | Increases - exhibited | insulin | Animal | rats | 200 mg/kg body weight. | Fennel seeds extract prevents fructose-induced cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome via targeting abdominal obesity, hyperuricemia and NF-κβ inflammatory pathway.cited 1× |
| fructose (60%) enriched diet | Increases - exhibited | insulin resistance | Animal | rats | 200 mg/kg body weight. | Fennel seeds extract prevents fructose-induced cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome via targeting abdominal obesity, hyperuricemia and NF-κβ inflammatory pathway.cited 1× |
| diet that is reduced in carbohydrates | Decreases - may optimize improvements in | insulin resistance | Human | youth | Not specified | The Effectiveness of Different Diet Strategies to Reduce Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Youth.cited 41× |
| modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol (6%) and high-fat (65%) diet (AHF) | Increases - appeared hypertrophied | Insulin expressing islet of Langerhans cells | Animal | Rats fed the AHF diet | High-fat diet (65% fat) and alcohol (6%) | Pharmacological attenuation of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis induced hypersensitivity in rats.cited 17× |
| modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol (6%) and high-fat (65%) diet (AHF) | Increases - 3.5 fold higher incidence | single and small 2-10 cell insulin-positive cell clusters | Animal | Rats fed the AHF diet | High-fat diet (65% fat) and alcohol (6%) | Pharmacological attenuation of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis induced hypersensitivity in rats.cited 17× |
| The Mediterranean diet and its key components, olive oil, nuts, and red wine | Decreases - have been inversely associated with | insulin resistance and T2D | Human | — | Not specified | Dietary Polyphenols, Mediterranean Diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence.cited 171× |
| low-AGE diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | overweight women | Not specified | Consumption of a diet low in advanced glycation end products for 4 weeks improves insulin sensitivity in overweight women.cited 105× |
| aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen | Decreases - reduction | Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance-index (HOMA-IR) | Human | type-2 diabetic male patients with NAFLD | Not specified (intervention involved aerobic exercise and diet regimen). | Weight reduction improves markers of hepatic function and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver.cited 35× |
| aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen | Decreases - effective to improve | liver condition and insulin resistance | Human | type-2 diabetics with NAFLD | Not specified (intervention involved aerobic exercise and diet regimen). | Weight reduction improves markers of hepatic function and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver.cited 35× |
| fructose-rich diet (FRD) | Decreases - impaired | insulin secretion | Animal | mice | — | Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated impairment of mouse islet function. |