160
284
95
↑160
↓284
—95
Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet maydecreaseGlucose metabolism.
351 studies (539 claims)
Emerging evidence
Typical effective dose 74000 (41000–107000) mgacross 2 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting glucose concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX) | Increases - increased | glucose disposal | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX) | No effect - did not change significantly | glucose disposal | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HC) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting glucose concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HC) | Increases - increased | glucose disposal | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HC) | No effect - did not change significantly | glucose disposal | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| diet regimen | Decreases - highly statistically significant decrease | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| combined laser acupuncture and diet regimen | Decreases - significantly lower | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | postmenopausal obese women | LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. | The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. |
| high fructose diet | Increases - generated | alterations in glucose metabolism | HumanAnimal | murine models | Not specified | Alpha-lipoic acid and its protective role in fructose induced endocrine-metabolic disturbances.cited 10× |
| high fructose diet | Increases - generated | impaired glucose tolerance | HumanAnimal | murine models | Not specified | Alpha-lipoic acid and its protective role in fructose induced endocrine-metabolic disturbances.cited 10× |
| high-fructose diet | Increases - increased | blood glucose | Animal | Wistar albino rats | Not specified (high-fructose diet for 15 weeks; metformin administered once daily for the last 6 weeks) | Impact of high-fructose diet and metformin on histomorphological and molecular parameters of reproductive organs and vaginal microbiota of female rat.cited 1× |
| high-fructose diet | Increases - exhibited significant increases | blood glucose | Animal | Sprague-Dawley rats | Not specified | Rosuvastatin Attenuates Vascular Dysfunction Induced by High-Fructose Diets and Allergic Asthma in Rats.cited 1× |
| high fructose (HF) diet | Increases - significantly higher | serum fasting glucose | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| high-fructose high-fat (HF/HFAT) diet | Increases - significantly higher | serum fasting glucose | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| classic ketogenic diet (cKD) | Increases - induce | metabolic shift from glucose to ketones | Human | — | Not specified | Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Ketogenic Diet in Patients with Genetic Confirmation of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. |
| GC excess with high-fat diet | Decreases - leads to | suppressed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) | HumanAnimalMolecular | — | Not specified | Glucocorticoids and beta-cell function.cited 31× |
| energy-restricted Standard-AGEs diet | Decreases - fasting glucose levels decreased | fasting glucose levels | Human | Rotterdam phenotype-A PCOS patients | Not specified (energy-restricted diets with standard vs. low AGE content). | Comparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles between Low-Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Standard AGEs-Containing Weight-Loss Diets in Overweight Phenotype-A PCOS Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| energy-restricted Low-AGEs diet | Decreases - fasting glucose levels decreased significantly more | fasting glucose levels | Human | Rotterdam phenotype-A PCOS patients | Not specified (energy-restricted diets with standard vs. low AGE content). | Comparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles between Low-Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Standard AGEs-Containing Weight-Loss Diets in Overweight Phenotype-A PCOS Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| Mankai-modulated aFMT in the weight-loss phase compared with control diet aFMT | Increases - resulted in better | glucose tolerance | HumanAnimal | mice | 100 capsules containing autologous fecal microbiota or placebo, administered over the study period. | Effects of Diet-Modulated Autologous Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Weight Regain.cited 121× |
| low-carbohydrate diet with ω-9 fatty acids | Decreases - better results | glucose intolerance | Animal | Male Swiss mice | Not specified | A low-carbohydrate diet with different fatty acids' sources in the treatment of obesity: Impact on insulin resistance and adipogenesis.cited 8× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - was able to induce | obesity and glucose intolerance | Animal | Male Swiss mice | Not specified | A low-carbohydrate diet with different fatty acids' sources in the treatment of obesity: Impact on insulin resistance and adipogenesis.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet with ω-3 fatty acids | Decreases - better results | glucose intolerance | Animal | Male Swiss mice | Not specified | A low-carbohydrate diet with different fatty acids' sources in the treatment of obesity: Impact on insulin resistance and adipogenesis.cited 8× |
| consuming a low-carbohydrate diet pattern | Decreases - improves | glucose intolerance | Animal | obesity | Not specified | A low-carbohydrate diet with different fatty acids' sources in the treatment of obesity: Impact on insulin resistance and adipogenesis.cited 8× |
| high-fat/high-fructose diet plus O. viverrini infection | Increases - increased expression | genes related to the synthesis of fatty acids and glucose | Animal | male golden hamsters | Not specified (described as "high-fat/high-fructose diet"). | High-fat/high-fructose diet and Opisthorchis viverrini infection promote metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via inflammation, fibrogenesis, and metabolic dysfunction. |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil | Decreases - trend for glucose concentrations to be lower | glucose concentrations | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil | Increases - significant effect | glucose response | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil | No effect - no significant effect | TOL glucose response (% change from Time '0') | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly unsaturated vegetable oil | Increases - significant effect | glucose response | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| diet supplemented with a predominantly unsaturated vegetable oil | No effect - no significant effect | TOL glucose response (% change from Time '0') | Animal | exercising Thoroughbred horses | Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. | Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation.cited 7× |
| Vegetarian diet | Decreases - was ranked as the best approach | fasting glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 149× |
| Palaeolithic diet | Decreases - was ranked as the best approach | fasting glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 149× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - was ranked as the best approach | fasting glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 149× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - was ranked as the best dietary approach | fasting glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 149× |
| vegetarian diet | Increases - leads to greater increase | metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) | Human | — | Calorie restriction of -500 kcal/day. | Vegetarian diet-induced increase in linoleic acid in serum phospholipids is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes.cited 15× |
| vegetarian diet | Increases - correlated positively with changes | metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) | Human | subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in vegetarian group (VG) | Calorie restriction of -500 kcal/day. | Vegetarian diet-induced increase in linoleic acid in serum phospholipids is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes.cited 15× |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - can improve | glucose control | Human | — | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - leading to improved | glucose control | Human | — | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - is more effective in improving | glucose control | Human | women with PCOS | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| very low-carbohydrate (VLC) diet | Increases - aims to address the gap in knowledge about | glucose control | Human | people with PCOS | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| VLC diet | Increases - compares two promising approaches to | glucose control | Human | people with PCOS | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| DASH diet | Increases - compares two promising approaches to | glucose control | Human | people with PCOS | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| DASH diet | Increases - aims to address the gap in knowledge about | glucose control | Human | people with PCOS | Not specified | Protocol for a randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing a very low-carbohydrate diet to DASH diet for polycystic ovary syndrome: the SUPER (Supporting Understanding of PCOS Education and Research) trial. |
| hypercaloric diet rich in lipids and simple carbohydrates | Increases - had a higher | glucose | Animal | Male Wistar rats | 250 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. | Effects of carnosine supplementation on markers for the pathophysiological development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in a diet-induced model.cited 2× |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet | Decreases - reduction | blood glucose level | Human | women who were overweight/obese with insulin resistance | 2400 mg/day of DCI. | Unexpected effects of treating insulin-resistant obese women with high-dose D-chiro-inositol: opening Pandora's box. |
| 12-week hypocaloric ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant improvements were observed | Glucose (Gl) | Human | overweight, obese, and healthy-weight females | Less than 30 g of carbohydrates, approximately 60 g of protein, and 140 g of fat per day (80% unsaturated and 20% saturated fat). | Effects of a 12 Week Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Obese and Overweight Females with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disturbance.cited 2× |
| Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil | Decreases - significant decreases | high fasting glucose | Human | participants in the group receiving olive oil supplementation | Not specified (ad libitum Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts). | Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial.cited 195× |
| very high carbohydrate (VHCHO) diet (76% of total energy from carbohydrate) | Increases - significantly higher | muscle glucose transporter 4 content | Animal | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 76% of total energy from carbohydrates | A very high-carbohydrate diet differentially affects whole-body glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance in rats.cited 2× |
| very high carbohydrate (VHCHO) diet (76% of total energy from carbohydrate) | Decreases - smaller area under the curve | plasma glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test | Animal | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 76% of total energy from carbohydrates | A very high-carbohydrate diet differentially affects whole-body glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance in rats.cited 2× |
| LA-enriched diet | No effect - responses differed between genotype groups | plasma fasting glucose concentrations | Human | healthy men homozygotes for the TT or CC genotype of the FADS1 rs174550 | Not specified | Inflammatory response to dietary linoleic acid depends on FADS1 genotype.cited 47× |
| Brazil and cashew nuts intake within an energy-restricted diet | No effect - remained unchanged | glucose profile markers | Human | cardiometabolic risk women | 45 g daily (15 g Brazil nuts + 30 g cashew nuts). | Brazil and cashew nuts intake improve body composition and endothelial health in women at cardiometabolic risk (Brazilian Nuts Study): a randomized controlled trial.cited 19× |
| CM-DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt and meal packs | Decreases - contributing to the improvement | patients' blood glucose | Human | patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes | Not specified (meal packs and 23% low-sodium salt used). | Anti-glycaemic effect of the Chinese modified DASH diet combined with 23% low-sodium salt in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. |
| diet regimens based on low fat and normal/low caloric intake | Decreases - To prevent | hypertension, hyperlipidemia and/or glucose intolerance or overt diabetes | Human | renal allograft recipients | Not specified | Education and counseling of renal transplant recipients.cited 8× |
| exercise and low-fat diet intervention | Decreases - was significantly less than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | three intervention groups | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - were significantly greater than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | HFD group rats | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - was significantly greater than | glucose-insulin index | Animal | HFD-SED group | Not specified (diet composition described as "low-fat" without exact details). | [Effects of exercise and low-fat diet on the TNF-alpha expression of insulin resistance in rats]. |
| energy-restricted diet containing 35% of total calories coming from protein | Increases - lead to a greater improvement | glucose homeostasis | Human | subjects with prediabetes or early stages of T2DM | High-protein diet: 35% of total calories (1.34 [95%CI: 1.27-1.41] g/kg/day); Standard-protein diet: 18% of total calories (0.75 [95%CI: 0.71-0.78] g/kg/day). | High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity.cited 14× |
| HP diet | Decreases - showed higher decrease | glucose | Human | participants | High-protein diet: 35% of total calories (1.34 [95%CI: 1.27-1.41] g/kg/day); Standard-protein diet: 18% of total calories (0.75 [95%CI: 0.71-0.78] g/kg/day). | High-protein energy-restricted diets induce greater improvement in glucose homeostasis but not in adipokines comparing to standard-protein diets in early-onset diabetic adults with overweight or obesity.cited 14× |
| omega-3 (ω-3) diet | Decreases - greater decreases | glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - showed a significant decrease | fasting glucose | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - reduction | fasting glucose | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - provided faster effects | fasting glucose | Human | patients with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - greater than that in the LCHP and ω-3 diet groups | fasting glucose reduction | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - greater decreases | glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| LCHP+ω-3 diet | Decreases - provided greater effects | HbA1c and fasting glucose | Human | patients with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) diet | Decreases - greater decreases | glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose | Human | newly diagnosed participants with T2D | 6 g fish oil/day (containing 3.65 g combined docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid). | Effect of combined use of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial.cited 23× |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - decreased | glucose | Human | 133 patients with obesity | Not specified | Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.cited 2× |
| a very low carbohydrate diet (30% of total daily calorie intake) | Increases - may significantly improve | glucose and lipid profiles | Human | patients with lipoatrophic diabetes | 30% of total daily calorie intake from carbohydrates (reduced from 70%). | A very low carbohydrate diet improved metabolic profile in congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4.cited 1× |
| a switch to a very low carbohydrate (30% of total calorie) diet | Decreases - led to a remarkable improvement | glucose and lipid profiles | Human | 17-year-old girl with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, severe hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia | 30% of total daily calorie intake from carbohydrates (reduced from 70%). | A very low carbohydrate diet improved metabolic profile in congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4.cited 1× |
| AKG-supplemented diet | Increases - led to higher mRNA levels | UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase | Animal | murine cerebral cortex | Not specified | High-fat high-fructose diet and alpha-ketoglutarate affect mouse behavior that is accompanied by changes in oxidative stress response and energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex.cited 3× |
| Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) with normal diet (ND) | Increases - increased | insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucose | Animal | female fetus and adult offspring | — | Prenatal ethanol exposure programs an increased susceptibility of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in female adult offspring rats. |
| Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) with high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | serum IGF-1, glucose and triglyceride (TG) | Animal | female fetus and adult offspring | — | Prenatal ethanol exposure programs an increased susceptibility of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in female adult offspring rats. |
| a new-formulated ketogenic diet (KD) containing vegetal fat | Increases - evidenced an improved | glucose and lipid metabolism | Animal | KD-fed mice | Not specified. | Vegetal oil-based ketogenic diet improves inflammation and fibrosis in experimental metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. |
| low protein high calorie (LPHC) diet | Increases - increased | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Animal | Sprague Dawley rats | — | Dietary regimens appear to possess significant effects on the development of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated metabolic syndrome. |
| low protein high calorie (LPHC) diet | Increases - increased | oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) | Animal | Sprague Dawley rats | — | Dietary regimens appear to possess significant effects on the development of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated metabolic syndrome. |
| Western diet (WD) of high fat, sucrose, and cholesterol | Decreases - altered | energy balance and glucose homeostasis, allodynia and cardiac function | Animal | mice | Not specified (low-dose STZ mentioned but exact dosage not provided). | Comparison of western diet-induced obesity and streptozotocin mouse models: insights into energy balance, somatosensory dysfunction, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.cited 2× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) intervention | No effect - remains almost unaltered | expression of proteins involved in glucose transport | Animal | — | — | The specific mitochondrial unfolded protein response in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) intervention | Decreases - significant decline | expression of proteins involved in glucose transport | Animal | — | — | The specific mitochondrial unfolded protein response in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) feeding | Decreases - disturbance of | Glut4-dependent glucose transport | Animal | Male Wistar rats | — | The specific mitochondrial unfolded protein response in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant rats. |
| LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation | No effect - no differences | other lipid measurements and fasting glucose | Human | LP offspring | — | Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. |
| Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil | No effect - no significant differences were found | glucose and insulin-related traits | Human | MetS subjects with different CLOCK genotypes (rs1801260 SNP) | 28% fat (12% MUFA) in the low-fat diet group. | Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome.cited 55× |
| Mediterranean-type diet meal | Increases - were higher after | Plasma glucose | Human | older adults with an increased CVD risk | 30 minutes of walking at 4.6 ± 0.1 km/h post-meal. | Moderate Postmeal Walking Has No Beneficial Effects Over Resting on Postprandial Lipemia, Glycemia, Insulinemia, and Selected Oxidative and Inflammatory Parameters in Older Adults with a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Phenotype: A Randomized Crossover Trial.cited 10× |
| representative typical American diet (TAD) | No effect - did not affect | fasting glucose | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| representative typical American diet (TAD) | No effect - did not affect | oral-glucose tolerance | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| DGA-based diet | No effect - did not affect | fasting glucose | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| DGA-based diet | No effect - did not affect | oral-glucose tolerance | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| high dairy intake diet (HDD) | No effect - were similar | fasting glucose concentrations | Human | overweight adults (aged 45-65 y) | High-dairy diet (HDD): 5-6 portions daily (200 g semi-skimmed yoghurt, 30 g reduced-fat cheese, 250 mL semi-skimmed milk/buttermilk); low-dairy diet (LDD): ≤1 portion daily. | The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.cited 18× |
| high dairy intake diet (HDD) | No effect - were similar | postprandial glucose and insulin responses as well as glucose kinetics | Human | overweight adults (aged 45-65 y) | High-dairy diet (HDD): 5-6 portions daily (200 g semi-skimmed yoghurt, 30 g reduced-fat cheese, 250 mL semi-skimmed milk/buttermilk); low-dairy diet (LDD): ≤1 portion daily. | The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.cited 18× |
| hypocaloric high-protein diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting blood glucose | Human | NAFLD patients | Not specified | Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).cited 29× |
| hypocaloric high-protein diet | Increases - were associated with improvement | glucose homeostasis | Human | NAFLD patients | Not specified | Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).cited 29× |
| higher WHRonly+ polygenetic score with average-protein diet | Increases - showed less increased | fasting glucose | Human | participants | Not specified | Distinct genetic subtypes of adiposity and glycemic changes in response to weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS Lost trial.cited 5× |
| 3-day low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LC/HFD) | Increases - significantly higher | plasma glucose levels during the OGTT | Human | healthy young men | Energy from ~69% fat (total energy intake similar to normal diet). | Short-term low carbohydrate/high-fat diet intake increases postprandial plasma glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy men.cited 62× |
| high carbohydrate, low fat diet versus a low carbohydrate, high fat diet | No effect - effects | biomarkers for glucose homeostasis, chronic inflammation, cellular oxidation, and steroid sex hormone metabolism | Human | overweight or obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors | Not specified (dietary counseling and clinical visits described). | Effect of a low fat versus a low carbohydrate weight loss dietary intervention on biomarkers of long term survival in breast cancer patients ('CHOICE'): study protocol.cited 21× |
| legume-based DASH diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| hypocaloric DASH diet | Decreases - A reduction in | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| NC containing high doses of monacolin K (10 mg) added to the diet | Increases - improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism | lipid profile and glucose metabolism | Human | hypertensive and hyper-cholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk | 10 mg monacolin K daily (one tablet per day). | The short-term supplementation of monacolin K improves the lipid and metabolic patterns of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk.cited 12× |
| diet and exercise | Increases - improvements were observed for | glucose tolerance (glucose AUC of OGTT) | Human | Sedentary, non-smokers who were 45-75 year old adults with elevated fasting glucose but without cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes | 42 kJ/kg body weight/week (~16 km/week) or 67 kJ/kg body weight/week (~22.3 km/week), performed at moderate (50% VO2max) or vigorous (75% VO2max) intensity. | Effects of exercise training alone vs a combined exercise and nutritional lifestyle intervention on glucose homeostasis in prediabetic individuals: a randomised controlled trial.cited 86× |
| diet and exercise group | Decreases - experienced a decrease | fasting glucose | Human | Sedentary, non-smokers who were 45-75 year old adults with elevated fasting glucose but without cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes | 42 kJ/kg body weight/week (~16 km/week) or 67 kJ/kg body weight/week (~22.3 km/week), performed at moderate (50% VO2max) or vigorous (75% VO2max) intensity. | Effects of exercise training alone vs a combined exercise and nutritional lifestyle intervention on glucose homeostasis in prediabetic individuals: a randomised controlled trial.cited 86× |
| luseogliflozin with a normal-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | glucose exposure in terms of the area under the curve over the course of 24 h | Human | Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes | Luseogliflozin 2.5 mg once daily. | Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin improves glycaemic control, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, even on a low-carbohydrate diet.cited 21× |
| luseogliflozin with a low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | glucose exposure in terms of the area under the curve over the course of 24 h | Human | Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes | Luseogliflozin 2.5 mg once daily. | Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin improves glycaemic control, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, even on a low-carbohydrate diet.cited 21× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - were lower | glucose levels | Human | Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes | Luseogliflozin 2.5 mg once daily. | Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin improves glycaemic control, assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, even on a low-carbohydrate diet.cited 21× |
| diet and physical activity | Decreases - have a significant effect on | blood glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | The effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for diabetes remission on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 21× |
| 6-month Western diet (high-fat, high-sugar) intervention | Increases - featured | glucose intolerance | HumanAnimal | Male C57 BL6 mice | High-fat (30% lard, 0.2% cholesterol, ~57% calories) and sucrose-rich (20%) chow, plus high-sugar solution (23.1 g/L D-fructose, 18.9 g/L D-glucose) | Western diet-induced mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic outcomes: Features of gut microbiome-liver-adipose tissue axis.cited 29× |
| fiber-rich diet with brown rice | Decreases - possibly through reducing | glucose excursions | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). | Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.cited 46× |
| brown rice diet | Decreases - was lower | area under the curve for glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). | Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.cited 46× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate, and high-fiber diet | Increases - associated with greater improvement | glucose homeostasis | Human | individuals with the T allele of GIPR rs2287019 | Not specified | Weight-loss diets modify glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor rs2287019 genotype effects on changes in body weight, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial.cited 63× |
| new omega-3 fatty acid and medium-chain triglyceride-rich formula diet | Decreases - slightly decreased | fasting glucose levels | Human | patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia | Not specified (formula diet composition details not provided). | Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides.cited 19× |
| ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting and caloric deficit | Decreases - significant reduction | glucose concentration | Human | 23-year-old man performing strength training | Delayed time-restricted eating (16:8 type) combined with a strict ketogenic diet and caloric deficit. | Keto Menu-Effect of Ketogenic Menu and Intermittent Fasting on the Biochemical Markers and Body Composition in a Physically Active Man-A Controlled Case Study.cited 2× |
| ketogenic diet along with its combination such as oxyresveratrol and zinc | No effect - modified | glucose and ketone levels | AnimalMolecular | tumor-induced animal | Not specified | Ketogenic diet with oxyresveratrol and zinc inhibits glioblastoma and restores memory function and motor coordination. |
| home-delivered diet | Decreases - were found to decrease more significantly | fasting blood glucose | Human | overweight and obese women | Dietary plan composition: 55-60% carbohydrates, 15-20% protein, 25-30% fat. | Which is the best diet to reduce cardiometabolic risk: dietary counseling or home-delivered diet? |
| high-protein low-fat diet (HP-LF, with 30% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 20% fat) | No effect - No differences were observed in | postprandial glucose responses | Human | obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) | High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). | A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.cited 39× |
| low-protein high-fat diet (LP-HF, with 15% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 35% fat) | No effect - No differences were observed in | postprandial glucose responses | Human | obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) | High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). | A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.cited 39× |
| probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | Fasting blood glucose (FPG) | Human | obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified | Efficacy of probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. |
| metformin and a calorie-restricted diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | Fasting blood glucose (FPG) | Human | obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified | Efficacy of probiotics combined with metformin and a calorie-restricted diet in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. |
| low-carbohydrate/higher-fat (LC/CONV) diet | Increases - increased | fasting glucose | Human | diet-controlled overweight/obese women with GDM | CHOICE diet (60% carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein) and LC/CONV diet (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein). | Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Randomized to a Higher-Complex Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet Manifest Lower Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study.cited 112× |
| higher-complex carbohydrate/lower-fat (CHOICE) diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting glucose | Human | diet-controlled overweight/obese women with GDM | CHOICE diet (60% carbohydrate/25% fat/15% protein) and LC/CONV diet (40% carbohydrate/45% fat/15% protein). | Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Randomized to a Higher-Complex Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet Manifest Lower Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, Glucose, and Free Fatty Acids: A Pilot Study.cited 112× |
| 6-week ketogenic diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting glucose levels | Human | women with overweight/obesity | Not specified | Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Microbiota Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Women with Overweight/Obesity. |
| one week of low carbohydrate diet | Decreases - impaired | glucose response to low-dose glucagon | Human | — | Not specified | Glucagon treatment in type 1 diabetes -with focus on restoring plasma glucose during mild hypoglycemia .cited 4× |
| GF Altromin diet during pregnancy | No effect - showed no reduction | glucose tolerance | Animal | 13-week-old female offspring of NOD mice | Not specified | Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice.cited 2× |
| Mediterranean diet (MED) meal | Decreases - related to lower glucose profile | glucose profile | Human | overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Not specified (isocaloric meals were used). | The Mediterranean diet increases glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin compared with a vegetarian diet in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross-over trial.cited 17× |
| mindfulness-based eating and stress management practices added to a diet-exercise program | Decreases - favored the mindfulness arm in changes in fasting glucose at 12 months | fasting glucose | Human | 194 adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention in adults with obesity: A randomized clinical trial.cited 87× |
| mindfulness-based eating and stress management practices added to a diet-exercise program | Decreases - favored the mindfulness arm in changes in fasting glucose at 18 months | fasting glucose | Human | 194 adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention in adults with obesity: A randomized clinical trial.cited 87× |
| hypocaloric diet without daily avocado | Decreases - significant decrease | serum glucose | Human | healthy overweight/obese women and men | 1 Hass avocado daily. | Hass Avocado Inclusion in a Weight-Loss Diet Supported Weight Loss and Altered Gut Microbiota: A 12-Week Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial.cited 35× |
| replacement diet with products made with organic ancient khorasan wheat | Decreases - reduction in | blood glucose | Human | type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients | — | A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| high fat diet | Increases - higher | 2 h glucose concentrations | Human | GG-carriers | High-fat diet (≥37% dietary fat intake) | Dietary Fat Intake Modulates Effects of a Frequent ACE Gene Variant on Glucose Tolerance with association to Type 2 Diabetes.cited 10× |
| high fat diet | Decreases - significantly declined | glucose tolerance | Human | GG-carriers | High-fat diet (≥37% dietary fat intake) | Dietary Fat Intake Modulates Effects of a Frequent ACE Gene Variant on Glucose Tolerance with association to Type 2 Diabetes.cited 10× |
| High fat diet | Increases - evoked lipogenesis via raising | activity and mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, SREBP-1a, -1c and -2 in liver and adipose tissue | Animal | mice | — | Histidine and carnosine alleviated hepatic steatosis in mice consumed high saturated fat diet. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | area under the glucose curve | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg body weight/day | Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | circulating levels of blood glucose | Animal | C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg body weight/day | Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. |
| high-fat-diet (HFD) | Increases - had higher | blood glucose | Animal | mice | Not specified (dietary carbohydrate replaced with PGBR). | Effects of pre-germinated brown rice treatment high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6J mice.cited 9× |
| high-fat-diet (HFD) | Increases - led to significant increases in levels | blood glucose | Animal | mice | Not specified (low-dose treatment mentioned but exact dosage not provided). | Effects of α-Galactooligosaccharides from Chickpeas on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice.cited 27× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - exhibited increased | blood glucose | Animal | mice | — | Prebiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behavior in HFD-fed mice.cited 15× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | brain fasting glucose uptake (GU) | Animal | control mice at 8 months | Not specified | Combined Effect of Fatty Diet and Cognitive Decline on Brain Metabolism, Food Intake, Body Weight, and Counteraction by Intranasal Insulin Therapy in 3×Tg Mice.cited 20× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - blunted | brain fasting glucose uptake (GU) | Animal | 3×Tg-HFD mice at 8 months | Not specified | Combined Effect of Fatty Diet and Cognitive Decline on Brain Metabolism, Food Intake, Body Weight, and Counteraction by Intranasal Insulin Therapy in 3×Tg Mice.cited 20× |
| high fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - acutely diminished | brain glucose uptake across the blood brain barrier via GLUT1 | Human | mice | HFD containing 45% fat | VEGF and GLUT1 are highly heritable, inversely correlated and affected by dietary fat intake: Consequences for cognitive function in humans.cited 43× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - participants in the highest GRS tertile showed increased | fasting glucose | Human | participants in the highest GRS tertile | Not specified | Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial.cited 20× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - participants in the lowest tertile showed decreased | fasting glucose | Human | participants in the lowest GRS tertile | Not specified | Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial.cited 20× |
| low-fat diet | No effect - the genetic association was not significant | fasting glucose | Human | participants in the low-fat diet group | Not specified | Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial.cited 20× |
| low-fat diet | Increases - benefit more by eating | glucose metabolism | Human | participants with a higher genetic risk | Not specified | Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial.cited 20× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - impaired | glucose control | AnimalMolecular | mice | — | Telmisartan prevents diet-induced obesity and preserves leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier in high-fat diet-fed mice. |
| High-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - exhibited | glucose intolerance | Animal | male offspring of HFD-fed fathers | Not specified | N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduces testis ROS in obese fathers but fails in protecting offspring from acquisition of epigenetic traits at cyp19a1 and IGF11/H19 ICR loci. |
| high fat diet | Increases - developed | glucose intolerance | Animal | mice | Not specified in the abstract. | Effect of stevia on the gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in a murine model of diet-induced obesity.cited 24× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | No effect - exhibited altered | glucose metabolism | Animal | Male C57/Bl6 mice | 100 mg/kg, administered orally. | Silymarin administration after cerebral ischemia improves survival of obese mice by increasing cortical BDNF and IGF1 levels. |
| high fat diet | Decreases - reduced | glucose tolerance | Animal | Male C57BL/6J mice | Anthocyanin-rich tart cherry extract dissolved in drinking water (5% sucrose). | Effect of Anthocyanin-Rich Tart Cherry Extract on Inflammatory Mediators and Adipokines Involved in Type 2 Diabetes in a High Fat Diet Induced Obesity Mouse Model.cited 41× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | No effect - maintained | glucose tolerance | Animal | C3H mice | — | Analysis of hepatic gene expression profile in a spontaneous mouse model of type 2 diabetes under a high sucrose diet. |
| high-sucrose diet (HSD) | Increases - increased | glucose intolerance | Animal | NSY mice | — | Analysis of hepatic gene expression profile in a spontaneous mouse model of type 2 diabetes under a high sucrose diet. |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - significantly altered | glucose tolerance | Animal | female 5 week old C57BL6/J mice | — | Head to Head Comparison of Short-Term Treatment with the NAD(+) Precursor Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and 6 Weeks of Exercise in Obese Female Mice. |
| High-fat diet | Decreases - impaired | glucose uptake | Animal | Male C57BL/6 mice | — | Enhanced pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene and protein expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice treated with telmisartan. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - resulted in | impaired glucose tolerance | HumanAnimal | C57BL/6J male mice | Not specified. | Fermented beetroot modulates gut microbial carbohydrate metabolism in prediabetes and prevents high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia in a prediabetic model. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - experienced | impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose | Human | 50 monkeys fed with high-fat diet | Not specified | Comparison of the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus between rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta lasiotis) and human being.cited 16× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - significant decline | postprandial glucose clearance rate (KGluc5-20) | Human | monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance | Not specified | Comparison of the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus between rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta lasiotis) and human being.cited 16× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - promoted | inflammation, glucose intolerance, AGE receptor upregulation, oxidative stress, and kidney dysfunction | Animal | rats | 100 mg/kg/day | Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects on kidney injury manifestations in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - increased | triglyceride-glucose index | Animal | five-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats | Not specified for LFD; high-dose COC (HCOC) and low-dose COC (LCOC) were administered but exact dosages not provided. | High-dose oral contraceptives induce hyperinsulinemia without altering immune activation in diet-induced obesity which persists even following a dietary low-fat diet intervention.cited 1× |
| high-CHO, low-GI diet | No effect - no effect was noted | glucose metabolism | Human | variably controlled NIDDM subjects | Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). | Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM.cited 95× |
| high-mono high-GI diet | No effect - no effect was noted | glucose metabolism | Human | variably controlled NIDDM subjects | Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). | Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM.cited 95× |
| high-CHO, high-GI diet | No effect - no effect was noted | glucose metabolism | Human | variably controlled NIDDM subjects | Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). | Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM.cited 95× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet (db-HC) with calorie restriction | Decreases - improved | glucose intolerance | Animal | db/db mice | Not specified. | Calorie Restriction Using High-Fat/Low-Carbohydrate Diet Suppresses Liver Fat Accumulation and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dedifferentiation in Obese Diabetic Mice.cited 2× |
| low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (db-HF) with calorie restriction | Decreases - improved | glucose intolerance | Animal | db/db mice | Not specified. | Calorie Restriction Using High-Fat/Low-Carbohydrate Diet Suppresses Liver Fat Accumulation and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dedifferentiation in Obese Diabetic Mice.cited 2× |
| withdrawal from high-sucrose diet (HSD replacement by standard chow) | Decreases - showed reduced | fasting serum levels of glucose | Animal | HS/CT rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| high-protein diet (HPD, 34.3% protein) | Decreases - showed reduced | fasting serum levels of glucose | Animal | HS/HP rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| high-sucrose diet (HSD, 25% sucrose) | Increases - characterized by | glucose intolerance | Animal | post-weaning male Wistar rats | 34.3% protein in diet. | Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats.cited 22× |
| low sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56 %, sodium chloride 23 %, 5 g/day) combined with Chinese Modified DASH diet | Increases - increased significantly | blood glucose control rates | Human | patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes | Low-sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56%, sodium chloride 23%, 5 g/day) combined with a Chinese Modified DASH diet. | Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.cited 1× |
| low sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56 %, sodium chloride 23 %, 5 g/day) combined with Chinese Modified DASH diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes | Low-sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56%, sodium chloride 23%, 5 g/day) combined with a Chinese Modified DASH diet. | Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.cited 1× |
| low sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56 %, sodium chloride 23 %, 5 g/day) combined with Chinese Modified DASH diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | postprandial blood glucose | Human | patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes | Low-sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56%, sodium chloride 23%, 5 g/day) combined with a Chinese Modified DASH diet. | Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.cited 1× |
| 23 % low-sodium formula combined with CM-DASH diet pattern | Increases - has a good short-term benefit of | blood pressure and glucose control | Human | community patients with hypertension complicated with diabetes | Low-sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56%, sodium chloride 23%, 5 g/day) combined with a Chinese Modified DASH diet. | Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.cited 1× |
| LoGIx diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | adults with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary intervention only, no dosage mentioned). | Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.cited 40× |
| HiGIx diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | adults with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary intervention only, no dosage mentioned). | Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults.cited 40× |
| RISTOMED diet supplemented with d-Limonene | Decreases - resulted in a decrease in | glucose levels | Human | healthy elderly subjects | Not specified | Impact of diet and nutraceutical supplementation on inflammation in elderly people. Results from the RISTOMED study, an open-label randomized control trial.cited 30× |
| diet with 60 energy% of fat | Increases - displayed | glucose intolerance | Animal | rats | 30%, 45%, and 60% energy from fat | Dietary fat proportionately enhances oxidative stress and glucose intolerance followed by impaired expression of the genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis.cited 9× |
| vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise intervention | Decreases - significantly lower | fasting plasma glucose | Human | participants | Not specified | Effects of a vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise intervention | Decreases - mean difference | fasting plasma glucose | Human | — | Not specified | Effects of a vegetarian diet combined with aerobic exercise on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| diet containing untreated pomegranate peel (raw PP, UTPP) | Increases - had the highest concentration | blood glucose | Animal | Arabi male lambs | Not specified | Use of tannase-producing bacteria isolated from the rumen to improve the nutritional value of pomegranate peel for fattening lambs.cited 2× |
| conventional low-fat diet | Decreases - decrease | fasting serum glucose | Human | patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) | Not specified (low-fat, vegetarian diet). | Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet.cited 121× |
| low-fat vegan diet | Decreases - significantly greater reduction | fasting serum glucose | Human | patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) | Not specified (low-fat, vegetarian diet). | Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet.cited 121× |
| low-protein diet (LPD) or very-low protein diet (VLPD) in combination with supplemental ketoanalogues (KA) | Decreases - were all in favor of | blood glucose | Human | adults with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) | Not specified | Ketoanalogue Supplementation in Patients with Non-Dialysis Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 17× |
| diet rich in bilberries | No effect - no differences were found | glucose metabolism | Human | subjects with metabolic syndrome | Equivalent to 400 g fresh bilberries daily. | Bilberries reduce low-grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome.cited 124× |
| monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet | No effect - were not significantly different | glucose | Human | Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age | 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. | Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation.cited 13× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate, low-glycaemic index diet (HC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Decreases - reductions in fasting glucose | fasting glucose | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated/low-saturated fat diet (LC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Decreases - reductions in fasting glucose | fasting glucose | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| HFHF diet | No effect - no significant differences | plasma glucose levels | Animal | rats | Not specified | Synbiotic goat milk kefir improves health status in rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. |
| cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) diet enrichment | Decreases - showing protection | postprandial plasma glucose responses | Human | hypercholesterolemic adults | 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. | Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial.cited 13× |
| high-glycemic index diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - was approximately 30% lower | incremental area under the curve for blood glucose | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| healthy diet with regional foods alongside 1 kg of P. ostreatus per week | Decreases - decreased | glucose levels | Human | women | 1 kg of Pleurotus ostreatus per week (four portions of 250 g). | Dietary Supplementation with Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes), Reduces Visceral Fat and Hyperlipidemia in Inhabitants of a Rural Community in Mexico.cited 1× |
| healthy diet with regional foods alongside 1 kg of P. ostreatus per week | Decreases - decreased | glucose levels | Human | men | 1 kg of Pleurotus ostreatus per week (four portions of 250 g). | Dietary Supplementation with Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes), Reduces Visceral Fat and Hyperlipidemia in Inhabitants of a Rural Community in Mexico.cited 1× |
| healthy diet with regional foods without the inclusion of edible mushrooms | Decreases - decreased | glucose levels | Human | men | 1 kg of Pleurotus ostreatus per week (four portions of 250 g). | Dietary Supplementation with Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes), Reduces Visceral Fat and Hyperlipidemia in Inhabitants of a Rural Community in Mexico.cited 1× |
| cocoa flavanols in the diet | Increases - had positive effects | cognition, blood lipid levels, and glucose metabolism | Human | — | 50 g dark chocolate per day (intervention group: 410 mg flavanols; control group: 86 mg flavanols). | The short-term effect of dark chocolate flavanols on cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial (FlaSeCo).cited 11× |
| 16-week high-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | glucose infusion rate (GIR) | Animal | Wistar rats | — | Effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on the islet morphology and function in rats with long-term high-fat diet. |
| diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs) | Decreases - lower | insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test | Human | offspring of obese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal fat deposition | Not specified (diet composition described as "rich in monounsaturated fat"). | Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects.cited 174× |
| antihypertensive monotherapy combined with increased zinc supply in the diet or supplementation | No effect - regulate | glucose status | Human | patients with hypertension | Not specified for copper. | Effect of hypotensive therapy combined with modified diet or zinc supplementation on biochemical parameters and mineral status in hypertensive patients.cited 18× |
| the macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet | Decreases - could induce a significant improvement in | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients with T2DM | Not specified | Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet.cited 50× |
| Adding prebiotics to the diet | Increases - improving | glucose tolerance | Human | — | Not specified | Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet.cited 50× |
| WG rye diet (± SDG supplements) | No effect - did not affect | glucose metabolism | Human | men with MetS risk profile | 280 mg SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) supplemented with the rye diet at weeks 4-8. | Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.cited 62× |
| a low-carbohydrate/high-fat 'ketogenic' diet | Decreases - reducing | blood glucose | Animal | a mouse model of hyperglycemia | Not specified | A ketogenic diet enhances aerobic exercise adaptation and promotes muscle mitochondrial remodeling in hyperglycemic mice. |
| a ketogenic diet | Decreases - rapidly normalized | blood glucose | Animal | STZ-KETO mice | Not specified | A ketogenic diet enhances aerobic exercise adaptation and promotes muscle mitochondrial remodeling in hyperglycemic mice. |
| personalized diet (RISTOMED diet) | Decreases - reduced | plasma levels of glucose | Human | 62 healthy persons aged 65-85 years | 2 capsules of VSL#3 per day (specific B12 dosage not specified). | Impact of personalized diet and probiotic supplementation on inflammation, nutritional parameters and intestinal microbiota - The "RISTOMED project": Randomized controlled trial in healthy older people.cited 82× |
| a diet high in AGEs | Decreases - can negatively influence | glucose control | Human | human participants | Not specified | Blood and Tissue Advanced Glycation End Products as Determinants of Cardiometabolic Disorders Focusing on Human Studies.cited 6× |
| whole-food plant-based diet (PBD) | Decreases - resulted in a significant decrease in | fasting blood glucose | Human | participants with cardiovascular risk factors | Not specified (dietary intervention included eight 90-minute group meetings and two 120-minute cooking sessions). | Does a Plant-Based Diet Stand Out for Its Favorable Composition for Heart Health? Dietary Intake Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 19× |
| structured hypocaloric diet | Increases - increased the probability of having | normal fasting glucose | Human | group 1 (structured hypocaloric diet) | Not specified | Dietary changes associated with improvement of metabolic syndrome components in postmenopausal women receiving two different nutrition interventions.cited 11× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) | Increases - increased peak | blood glucose | Human | eight sedentary, overweight/obese men | Three meals per day at 0800 h, 1230 h, and 1800 h (±30 min), with macronutrient composition of 67% fat, 15% carbohydrate, and 18% protein for HFD. | Effects of Providing High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Meals on Daily and Postprandial Physical Activity and Glucose Patterns: a Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 13× |
| high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet | No effect - had similar | glucolipid responses to mixed meal and oral glucose loads | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet | No effect - had similar | glucose oxidation rates | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-protein (PRO) diet | No effect - had similar | glucolipid responses to mixed meal and oral glucose loads | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-protein (PRO) diet | No effect - had similar | glucose oxidation rates | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - reduced | glucose | Human | female T carriers | 70% carbohydrate diet. | Effects of the C161T polymorphism in the gene of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ on changes of plasma lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high carbohydrate diet in a healthy Chinese Han young population.cited 2× |
| high carbohydrate diet (HC) | Increases - induced | glucose-induced liver disease | Molecular | Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) | Not specified | Astaxanthin attenuates glucose-induced liver injury in largemouth bass: role of p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.cited 1× |
| HC diet supplemented astaxanthin (HCA) | Increases - exhibited an improvement | glucose tolerance | Molecular | Largemouth bass | Not specified | Astaxanthin attenuates glucose-induced liver injury in largemouth bass: role of p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.cited 1× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (Precitene Diabet) | Increases - significantly increased | mean glucose | Human | type 2 diabetes patients admitted to the hospital for neurologic disorders or head and neck cancer surgery | Not specified | Glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients: evaluation of 2 enteral nutrition formulas (low carbohydrate-high monounsaturated fat vs high carbohydrate).cited 35× |
| low-carbohydrate-high-mono-unsaturated-fat (Glucerna) diet | No effect - no significant variations | mean glucose | Human | type 2 diabetes patients admitted to the hospital for neurologic disorders or head and neck cancer surgery | Not specified | Glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients: evaluation of 2 enteral nutrition formulas (low carbohydrate-high monounsaturated fat vs high carbohydrate).cited 35× |
| high carbohydrate (HC) diet | Decreases - had remission | pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance | Human | pre-diabetes women and men | 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat (daily dietary composition). | Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial.cited 40× |
| high protein (HP) diet | Decreases - had remission | pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance | Human | pre-diabetes women and men | 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat (daily dietary composition). | Remission of pre-diabetes to normal glucose tolerance in obese adults with high protein versus high carbohydrate diet: randomized control trial.cited 40× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | steady-state plasma glucose | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - decreased | steady-state plasma glucose | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| higher protein diet (HPD) | Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases | glucose | Human | Mexican adults with MeS | 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). | Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 59× |
| standard protein diet (SPD) | Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases | glucose | Human | Mexican adults with MeS | 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). | Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 59× |
| lipid-lowering diet containing olive oil | Increases - improved | intravenous glucose tolerance | Human | hyperlipidemic patients | Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). | Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.cited 32× |
| lipid-lowering diet containing low erucic rapeseed (canola) oil | Increases - improved | intravenous glucose tolerance | Human | hyperlipidemic patients | Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). | Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.cited 32× |
| high-fat, high fructose diet (HFFD) | Increases - increased | offspring's blood glucose | Animal | offspring | 50 mg/kg FA daily. | Ferulic acid protects rat offspring from maternal high-fat, high-fructose diet-induced toxicity and developmental retardation through a direct effect on pancreatic islets. |
| long-term MCT diet | No effect - induced a marked alteration | glucose homeostasis | Animal | mice with very-long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency | Not specified | Sexual dimorphism of lipid metabolism in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice in response to medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).cited 18× |
| 0.25% carnosine plus 0.25% AA in diet | Decreases - resulted in lower levels of | plasma glucose | HumanAnimalMolecular | diabetic mice | 0.5 μM carnosine plus 0.5 μM AA (in vitro); 0.25% carnosine plus 0.25% AA in diet (in vivo). | Combination of carnosine and asiatic acid provided greater anti-inflammatory protection for HUVE cells and diabetic mice than individual treatments of carnosine or asiatic acid alone.cited 6× |
| NCs containing red yeast rice and coenzyme Q10 added to diet | Decreases - A significant reduction | BP, TC, TG, LDLC and glucose levels | Human | 104 subjects with MetS without history of cardio-vascular diseases | Once-daily oral formulation (specific dosage not detailed). | Effect of Monacolin K and COQ10 supplementation in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects with metabolic syndrome.cited 18× |
| NCs containing red yeast rice and coenzyme Q10 added to diet | Decreases - a greater reduction | serum glucose | Human | 52 subjects treated with NCs | Once-daily oral formulation (specific dosage not detailed). | Effect of Monacolin K and COQ10 supplementation in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects with metabolic syndrome.cited 18× |
| diet program | Decreases - A significant reduction | BP, TC, TG, LDLC and glucose levels | Human | 52 patients following a diet program | Once-daily oral formulation (specific dosage not detailed). | Effect of Monacolin K and COQ10 supplementation in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects with metabolic syndrome.cited 18× |
| Diet | Decreases - can reduce | the onset of high glucose | Human | — | Not specified | Optimizing glycation control in diabetes: An integrated approach for inhibiting nonenzymatic glycation reactions of biological macromolecules.cited 4× |
| moderately carbohydrate restricted diet (MCRD) | No effect - no differences were observed | glucose variability | Human | women with GDM | Macronutrient composition for MCRD: fat 40.6 E%, carbohydrate 40.5 E%, protein 18.9 E%; for HND: fat 39.5 E%, carbohydrate 42.4 E%, protein 18.1 E%. | Glycemic control in women with GDM: insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial on plant-based Nordic healthy diet versus moderately carbohydrate restricted diet. |
| moderately carbohydrate restricted diet (MCRD) | Decreases - was lower | mean glucose | Human | women with GDM | Macronutrient composition for MCRD: fat 40.6 E%, carbohydrate 40.5 E%, protein 18.9 E%; for HND: fat 39.5 E%, carbohydrate 42.4 E%, protein 18.1 E%. | Glycemic control in women with GDM: insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial on plant-based Nordic healthy diet versus moderately carbohydrate restricted diet. |
| moderately carbohydrate restricted diet (MCRD) | No effect - maintained | time in glucose target range (%TIR) | Human | women with GDM | Macronutrient composition for MCRD: fat 40.6 E%, carbohydrate 40.5 E%, protein 18.9 E%; for HND: fat 39.5 E%, carbohydrate 42.4 E%, protein 18.1 E%. | Glycemic control in women with GDM: insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial on plant-based Nordic healthy diet versus moderately carbohydrate restricted diet. |
| Healthy Nordic Diet (HND) | No effect - no differences were observed | glucose variability | Human | women with GDM | Macronutrient composition for MCRD: fat 40.6 E%, carbohydrate 40.5 E%, protein 18.9 E%; for HND: fat 39.5 E%, carbohydrate 42.4 E%, protein 18.1 E%. | Glycemic control in women with GDM: insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial on plant-based Nordic healthy diet versus moderately carbohydrate restricted diet. |
| Healthy Nordic Diet (HND) | No effect - maintained | time in glucose target range (%TIR) | Human | women with GDM | Macronutrient composition for MCRD: fat 40.6 E%, carbohydrate 40.5 E%, protein 18.9 E%; for HND: fat 39.5 E%, carbohydrate 42.4 E%, protein 18.1 E%. | Glycemic control in women with GDM: insights from a randomized controlled pilot trial on plant-based Nordic healthy diet versus moderately carbohydrate restricted diet. |
| fetal exposure to an obesogenic maternal diet | No effect - alterations in | signaling pathways related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism | Human | fetus | Not specified | Influence of maternal obesity on the skeletal muscle of offspring.cited 3× |
| high saturated fat diet for 8 months | Increases - increased gradually | fasting blood glucose levels | Animal | both groups | Not specified (high saturated fat diet) | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDHK4) deficiency attenuates the long-term negative effects of a high-saturated fat diet.cited 55× |
| high saturated fat diet for 8 months | Decreases - remained significantly lower | fasting blood glucose levels | Animal | PDHK4 knockout mice | Not specified (high saturated fat diet) | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDHK4) deficiency attenuates the long-term negative effects of a high-saturated fat diet.cited 55× |
| high saturated fat diet for 8 months | Increases - was better | glucose tolerance | Animal | PDHK4 knockout mice | Not specified (high saturated fat diet) | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDHK4) deficiency attenuates the long-term negative effects of a high-saturated fat diet.cited 55× |
| high saturated fat diet | Increases - induces | glucose intolerance | Animal | wild-type and PDHK4 knockout mice | Not specified (high saturated fat diet) | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDHK4) deficiency attenuates the long-term negative effects of a high-saturated fat diet.cited 55× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet and exercise intervention | No effect - examined the effect of | glucose metabolism and insulin secretion | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| high-GI diet (HiGIX) | Increases - became significantly elevated | changes in insulin secretion when corrected for changes in β cell glucose exposure | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-GI diet (LoGIX) | Decreases - attenuated | changes in insulin secretion when corrected for changes in β cell glucose exposure | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-GI diet (LoGIX) | Decreases - reduced | oral glucose-induced insulin secretion | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-GI diet (LoGIX) | Decreases - suppressed | postprandial response of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide | Human | obese, prediabetic individuals | Low-GI diet (40 ± 0.3 units). | A low-glycemic index diet combined with exercise reduces insulin resistance, postprandial hyperinsulinemia, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in obese, prediabetic humans.cited 106× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet | Decreases - was lower | 8-h plasma glucose profile (area under the curve above fasting) | Human | subjects with well-controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and normal lipid profile | Not specified (diets were matched for macronutrient composition and fiber). | Low-glycemic index foods improve long-term glycemic control in NIDDM.cited 209× |
| low-glycemic index (GI) diet | No effect - did not show important differences | mean fasting plasma glucose | Human | subjects with well-controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and normal lipid profile | Not specified (diets were matched for macronutrient composition and fiber). | Low-glycemic index foods improve long-term glycemic control in NIDDM.cited 209× |
| low glycemic index diet (LGID) | Decreases - significantly decreased | Glucose levels | Human | Turkish children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) | Not specified | The effects of low glycemic index diet on epileptic seizure frequency, oxidative stress, mental health, and health-related quality of life in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - resulted in lower | plasma glucose | Human | healthy, overweight women | Not specified (diets matched in macronutrient composition, fiber content, energy content, and energy density). | A low glycemic index diet does not affect postprandial energy metabolism but decreases postprandial insulinemia and increases fullness ratings in healthy women.cited 34× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | Increases - resulted in higher | plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations | Human | healthy, overweight women | Not specified (diets matched in macronutrient composition, fiber content, energy content, and energy density). | A low glycemic index diet does not affect postprandial energy metabolism but decreases postprandial insulinemia and increases fullness ratings in healthy women.cited 34× |
| whole-grain (WG) diet | Decreases - were lower | glucose | Human | overweight and obese individuals with increased waist circumference and one or more other MetS criteria | Not specified | Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial.cited 54× |
| whole-grain (WG) diet | Decreases - effect was stronger | glucose | Human | compliant individuals | Not specified | Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial.cited 54× |
| Western diet | Increases - associated with significantly higher | blood glucose | Animal | Intact mice | Not specified | A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice.cited 23× |
| western diet (WD) | Increases - significantly increased | fasting blood glucose and the surrogate marker of insulin resistance, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | Animal | C57BL/6 male mice | 0%, 5%, and 10% wt/wt tart cherry supplementation | Montmorencytart cherry supplementation improved markers of glucose homeostasis but has modest effects on indicators of gut health in mice fed a Western diet.cited 5× |
| Western-diet (WD) | Increases - increased | glucose intolerance | Animal | female ovariectomized (OVX) ApoE KO mice | Not specified for Western Diet; estradiol dosage not detailed. | Estradiol Protects Female ApoE KO Mice against Western-Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.cited 6× |
| Western-diet (WD) | Increases - increased | plasma glucose | Animal | female ovariectomized (OVX) ApoE KO mice | Not specified for Western Diet; estradiol dosage not detailed. | Estradiol Protects Female ApoE KO Mice against Western-Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.cited 6× |
| western diet | Increases - elevated | plasma glucose and cholesterol levels | Animal | C57BL/6J (WT) mice | Not specified | Lymphatic Valve Dysfunction in Western Diet-Fed Mice: New Insights Into Obesity-Induced Lymphedema.cited 12× |
| Diet alone | Decreases - decreased significantly | Fasting blood glucose levels | Human | pregnant women diagnosed with GDM | 200 µg/day | Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 3× |
| diet plus selenium supplementation (200 µg/day) | Decreases - were lower in selenium recipients compared to those who only received diet | fasting, 1st and 2nd hour blood glucose levels | Human | pregnant women diagnosed with GDM | 200 µg/day | Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 3× |
| diet plus selenium supplementation (200 µg/day) | Decreases - the decrease was greater in selenium recipients | Fasting blood glucose levels | Human | pregnant women diagnosed with GDM | 200 µg/day | Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 3× |
| diet plus selenium supplementation (200 µg/day) | Decreases - decreased significantly | Fasting blood glucose levels | Human | pregnant women diagnosed with GDM | 200 µg/day | Selenium Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 3× |
| fasting mimicking diet (FMD) | Decreases - decreased | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients with MASLD | 30 g/day of flaxseed powder. | Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 2× |
| soy foods diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | glucose | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| nonsoy plant-based diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | glucose | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| nondairy animal protein diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | glucose | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| dairy protein diet | No effect - showed no significant differences | glucose | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| DGA-based diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting glucose | Human | MetS persons | 17.5 g/day resistant starch from potatoes. | Daily Inclusion of Resistant Starch-Containing Potatoes in a Dietary Guidelines for Americans Dietary Pattern Does Not Adversely Affect Cardiometabolic Risk or Intestinal Permeability in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 9× |
| hypocaloric diet associated with microencapsulated fish oil supplementation | Decreases - effective in reducing | blood glucose | Human | women with metabolic syndrome | 3 g/day of microencapsulated fish oil (containing 0.41 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). | Hypocaloric diet associated with the consumption of jam enriched with microencapsulated fish oil decreases insulin resistance.cited 4× |
| low-protein diet (LPD) plus inulin | Decreases - reduction | fasting glucose levels | Human | CKD patients | LPD (0.6 g/kg/day) plus inulin (19 g/day) for the intervention group; LPD alone for controls. | Prebiotic Therapy with Inulin Associated with Low Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Evaluation of Nutritional, Cardiovascular and Psychocognitive Parameters.cited 16× |
| LF diet | Increases - increased | fasting glucose | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| control diet | Increases - increased | fasting glucose | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| MUFA diet | Decreases - reduced | fasting glucose | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| MUFA diet | No effect - no significant group differences were detected | glucose concentrations during the OGTT | Human | nondiabetic, obese men and premenopausal women | MUFA diet provided 35-45% of energy from fat, with >20% from monounsaturated fatty acids. | Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets.cited 77× |
| behavioral intervention promoting a low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - significantly greater 6-month reductions | fasting plasma glucose | Human | individuals with elevated untreated HbA1c | Target <40 net grams of carbohydrates during the first 3 months; <60 net grams for months 3 to 6. | Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Intervention on Hemoglobin A1c: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 25× |
| maternal Western hypercaloric diet (HCD) programming during the perinatal period | Decreases - exhibited | lower glucose levels | Animal | programmed male offspring fed HCD in adulthood | Not specified (dams fed HCD for 1 month pre-mating and throughout pregnancy/lactation; offspring fed HCD or RD for 3 months post-weaning). | Maternal Western diet programs cardiometabolic dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation via epigenetic mechanisms predominantly in the male offspring.cited 5× |
| new Nordic diet (NND) | Affects - indicating effects of potential health benefit, including changes in | glucose utilization | Human | 146 subjects | Not specified | Biomarkers of Individual Foods, and Separation of Diets Using Untargeted LC-MS-based Plasma Metabolomics in a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 26× |
| high-GI diet | No effect - there were no significant differences | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | men | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| high-GI diet | Increases - induced significantly higher | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | women | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| high-GI diet | Increases - the difference increased up to | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | women | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| low-GI diet | Increases - induced significantly higher | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | women | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| low-GI diet | Increases - the difference increased up to | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | women | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| low-GI diet | No effect - there were no significant differences | 8-h average plasma glucose concentrations | Human | men | — | The effects of Mediterranean diets with low or high glycemic index on plasma glucose and insulin profiles are different in adult men and women: Data from MEDGI-Carb randomized clinical trial.cited 15× |
| low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet | No effect - did not differ | glucose | Human | young and healthy adults | Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. | Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study.cited 63× |
| High-protein diet | Decreases - had lower | blood glucose | Animal | WTD/HPD rats | 52% of calories from protein | High-protein diet selectively reduces fat mass and improves glucose tolerance in Western-type diet-induced obese rats.cited 22× |
| High-protein diet | Increases - improved | glucose tolerance | Animal | WTD rats | 52% of calories from protein | High-protein diet selectively reduces fat mass and improves glucose tolerance in Western-type diet-induced obese rats.cited 22× |
| high protein diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | fasting plasma glucose | Human | insulin treated type-2 diabetic patients | Not specified | Feasibility and efficacy of an isocaloric high-protein vs. standard diet on insulin requirement, body weight and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy.cited 39× |
| high-protein diet | No effect - changes in | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | T2DM patients | Not specified | Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 66× |
| high-protein (HP) diet | Decreases - produced greater decreases | glucose | Human | women with PCOS | High-protein diet (>40% energy from protein, 30% from fat) vs. standard-protein diet (<15% energy from protein, 30% from fat). | Effects of increased dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratios in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 46× |
| high-protein (HP) diet (45% and 55% fish protein rich in ω3 fatty acids) | Decreases - noteworthy control | serum glucose | Animal | alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats | 45% and 55% fish protein-rich diet | Fish protein intake is a novel dietary approach for managing diabetes-associated complications in diabetic Wistar rat model.cited 3× |
| glucose-free, high-protein diet (GFHPD) | Decreases - displayed a reduced | systemic glucose metabolism | HumanAnimalMolecular | AOM/DSS-treated mice | Not specified | Colorectal Cancer Progression Is Potently Reduced by a Glucose-Free, High-Protein Diet: Comparison to Anti-EGFR Therapy.cited 4× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | No effect - may result in | abnormal glucose homeostasis | Human | — | Not specified | Ketogenic Diets and Exercise Performance.cited 43× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - reduces | absolute glucose | Animal | — | Not specified | Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models.cited 30× |
| ketogenic diet | Decreases - has shown beneficial effects in reducing | blood glucose | Animal | — | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| ketogenic diet | Decreases - reduced | blood glucose | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| ketogenic diet | Increases - improvement in | glucose tolerance | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - reduced | blood glucose | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - improvement in | glucose tolerance | Animal | C57 BL/6 J mice with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice.cited 26× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - effectively reducing | blood glucose levels | Animal | obesity and diabetes | Not specified | Gut Microbiota Modulates Fgf21 Expression and Metabolic Phenotypes Induced by Ketogenic Diet. |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - greater reduction | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | overweight or obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients | Not specified. | Impact of short-term ketogenic diet on sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 1× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant reductions | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | overweight or obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients | Not specified. | Impact of short-term ketogenic diet on sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 1× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - led to a notable reduction in | fasting glucose | Human | women diagnosed with PCOS | Not specified | The effects of ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.cited 1× |
| Ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - showed a reduction in | glucose | Animal | KD-fed groups | Not specified (high-fat, low-carbohydrate, adequate protein diet). | Effects of the ketogenic diet on dentate gyrus and CA3 KCC2 expression in male rats with electrical amygdala kindling-induced seizures. |
| ketogenic diet | No effect - ineffective at improving glucose homeostasis | glucose homeostasis | Animal | obese male and female mice | 60% cocoa butter (high-fat diet), 85% cocoa butter (ketogenic diet), 10% cocoa butter (low-fat diet) | An isoproteic cocoa butter-based ketogenic diet fails to improve glucose homeostasis and promote weight loss in obese mice.cited 6× |
| low-fat and high-complex carbohydrate diet | Increases - improved glucose tolerance | glucose tolerance | Animal | obese male and female mice | 60% cocoa butter (high-fat diet), 85% cocoa butter (ketogenic diet), 10% cocoa butter (low-fat diet) | An isoproteic cocoa butter-based ketogenic diet fails to improve glucose homeostasis and promote weight loss in obese mice.cited 6× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Increases - demonstrated increased | glucose intolerance | Human | rodent studies | Not Assessed | Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery.cited 8× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - can alleviate | glucose metabolism disorders caused by alcohol use disorders | Molecular | — | Not specified | A ketogenic diet regulates microglial activation to treat drug addiction. |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | No effect - can be used as a medical treatment | glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome | Human | — | Not specified | The use of ketogenic diets in children living with drug-resistant epilepsy, glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: A scoping review. |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | No effect - is the first line intervention for | glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome | Human | — | Not specified | Food and Food Products on the Italian Market for Ketogenic Dietary Treatment of Neurological Diseases.cited 16× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - decreased | glucose values | Human | 39-year-old woman with autoimmune-positive insulin-dependent diabetes | Not specified | Case report: Ketogenic diet alleviated anxiety and depression associated with insulin-dependent diabetes management.cited 1× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) combined with an insulin pump | Increases - increased | time in optimal glucose range | Human | 39-year-old woman with autoimmune-positive insulin-dependent diabetes | Not specified | Case report: Ketogenic diet alleviated anxiety and depression associated with insulin-dependent diabetes management.cited 1× |
| short-term intake of eucaloric diet containing a high percentage of fats | Increases - excessively increased | postprandial glucose concentrations | Human | healthy males | Approximately 70% fats (LCHF), 50% fats (ICIF), and 25% fats (control). | Short-term high-fat diet alters postprandial glucose metabolism and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in healthy males.cited 12× |
| short-term intake of a eucaloric low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LCHF) | Increases - significantly higher | incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of plasma glucose concentration during MTT | Human | healthy young males | Approximately 70% fats (LCHF), 50% fats (ICIF), and 25% fats (control). | Short-term high-fat diet alters postprandial glucose metabolism and circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in healthy males.cited 12× |
| full-fat dairy diet | No effect - no intervention effect | glucose tolerance | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | 3.3 servings/day of either low-fat or full-fat dairy. | The impact of diets rich in low-fat or full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial.cited 24× |
| low-fat dairy diet | No effect - no intervention effect | glucose tolerance | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | 3.3 servings/day of either low-fat or full-fat dairy. | The impact of diets rich in low-fat or full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial.cited 24× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | No effect - evaluate changes | blood glucose variability | Human | GFD-treated and the regular diet group | Not specified | The Celiac Disease and Diabetes-Dietary Intervention and Evaluation Trial (CD-DIET) protocol: a randomised controlled study to evaluate treatment of asymptomatic coeliac disease in type 1 diabetes.cited 23× |
| Gluten free diet (GFD) | Decreases - reduced | fasting blood glucose | Human | subjects diagnosed with MES | Not specified | The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 22× |
| branched-chain amino acids plus a high-fiber, high-protein diet | No effect - does not raise | levels of glucose | Human | patients with cirrhosis | 1.2g/kg protein and 30g fiber daily, plus 110g oral BCAAs daily for the intervention group. | Effect of a high-protein, high-fiber diet plus supplementation with branched-chain amino acids on the nutritional status of patients with cirrhosis.cited 44× |
| balanced Mediterranean diet | No effect - not affected | fasting plasma glucose | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| balanced Mediterranean diet | No effect - not affected | glucose tolerance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| balanced Mediterranean diet | Increases - enhancing | β-cell glucose sensitivity | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | No effect - not affected | fasting plasma glucose | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | No effect - not affected | glucose tolerance | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - enhancing | β-cell glucose sensitivity | Human | morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes | Not specified | Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals.cited 32× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - effective | blood glucose | Human | patients with T2DM | Not specified | Changes in intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes on a low-fat diet during 6 months of follow-up.cited 9× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | fasting plasma glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | Changes in intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes on a low-fat diet during 6 months of follow-up.cited 9× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | plasma glucose 2 h after challenge | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified | Changes in intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes on a low-fat diet during 6 months of follow-up.cited 9× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - presented similar mean reduction in | fasting blood glucose | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - achieved similar | fasting glucose | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - presented similar mean reduction in | fasting blood glucose | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - achieved similar | fasting glucose | Human | obese/overweight adults with impaired glucose regulation | LCD: 20%-25% energy from carbohydrates, 30%-45% energy from fat, 40%-45% energy from protein. | Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and metabolic risk factors in obese/overweight individuals with impaired glucose regulation: A randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| low-fat diet (LFD) | No effect - were not different | fasting plasma glucose | Human | pre-menopausal overweight and obese women | KD provided ~75% energy for weight maintenance, with ketone salts (KS) or placebo (PL) twice daily. | Self-reported menses physiology is positively modulated by a well-formulated, energy-controlled ketogenic diet vs. low fat diet in women of reproductive age with overweight/obesity.cited 4× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | glucose levels | Human | wild-type group (G1359G) | Not specified | Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets.cited 5× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | glucose levels | Human | wild-type group (G1359G) | Not specified | Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets.cited 5× |
| low-fat diet (20% from energy) | Decreases - predicted reductions | plasma glucose | Human | rs12255372 TT (risk genotype) carriers | Low-fat diet (20% energy from fat), high-fat diet (40% energy from fat). | TCF7L2 genetic variants modulate the effect of dietary fat intake on changes in body composition during a weight-loss intervention.cited 65× |
| 60 g soy nut diet for 8 weeks | Decreases - significantly decreased | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | 60 g soy nut daily as part of daily protein intake. | The effect of soy nut on serum total antioxidant, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 16× |
| Weight-maintaining ketogenic diet | No effect - decreased slightly or remained unchanged | Glucose tolerance | Human | overweight obese subjects | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| low carbohydrate ketogenic diet | No effect - has no beneficial effect | glucose tolerance | Human | null | Ketone ester of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-OH-B), 8 g every 8 hours (for one group) | Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects.cited 3× |
| maternal high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - demonstrated elevated | blood glucose levels | Human | adult male offspring from dams fed a HFD | Not specified | Maternal high fat diet promotes enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness and impaired bronchodilation response in adult male offspring. |
| high-carbohydrate/high-GI diet | Increases - was associated with the largest AUC of glucose during 2 h OGTT | AUC of glucose during 2 h OGTT | Human | risk G allele (CG/GG vs CC genotype) carriers of MTNR1B-rs10830963 | Not specified | MTNR1B genotype and effects of carbohydrate quantity and dietary glycaemic index on glycaemic response to an oral glucose load: the OmniCarb trial.cited 3× |
| high-carbohydrate/high-GI diet | Increases - showed greater increment of glucose during 0-60 min | glucose during 0-60 min | Human | risk G-allele carriers | Not specified | MTNR1B genotype and effects of carbohydrate quantity and dietary glycaemic index on glycaemic response to an oral glucose load: the OmniCarb trial.cited 3× |
| high-carbohydrate/high-GI diet | Increases - showed greater increment of glucose during 0-90 min | glucose during 0-90 min | Human | risk G-allele carriers | Not specified | MTNR1B genotype and effects of carbohydrate quantity and dietary glycaemic index on glycaemic response to an oral glucose load: the OmniCarb trial.cited 3× |
| Asian ketogenic diet (AKD) | Increases - improved | glucose tolerance | Human | individuals diagnosed with MetS | Not specified (dietary intervention, not supplement-based). | Asian Low-Carbohydrate Diet with Increased Whole Egg Consumption Improves Metabolic Outcomes in Metabolic Syndrome: A 52-Week Intervention Study.cited 5× |
| ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts (KEMEPHY) | Decreases - significant decrease | glucose blood levels | Human | overweight women with diagnosis of PCOS | Not specified (ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts). | Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 148× |
| Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) | Increases - improvements in | glucose tolerance | Human | patients with mitochondrial myopathy (MM) | Not specified | Ketogenic diet in adult patients with mitochondrial myopathy.cited 1× |
| low-calorie diet and placebo | Decreases - showed a slight decline | blood glucose curves | Human | 20 women of the beta subgroup | 2400 mg of white Japanese mulberry extract daily. | White mulberry supplementation as adjuvant treatment of obesity.cited 7× |
| fish + walnut diet | Decreases - reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) was significantly higher | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | overweight or obese females | Fish (300 g/week), walnuts (18 walnuts/week), or a combination (150 g fish + 9 walnuts/week). | Effect of Weight Reduction Diets Containing Fish, Walnut or Fish plus Walnut on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women.cited 11× |
| regular-fat cheese diet | No effect - did not differ significantly | glucose concentrations | Human | subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors | 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. | High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.cited 48× |
| diet-induced obesity | Decreases - associated with impaired | whole-body glucose metabolism | Animal | diet-induced obese mice | — | Intestinal Epithelial NAD+ Biosynthesis Regulates GLP-1 Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Mice. |
| healthy low-carbohydrate diet achieved through behavioral intervention and key food supplementation | No effect - differences between groups in 6-month changes | fasting glucose | Human | participants | <40g net carbohydrates for the first 3 months, <40-60g net carbohydrates for months 3-6. | Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 2× |
| high-fat diet and l-NAME | Increases - manifested | glucose intolerance | Animal | C57BL/6N mice | — | Vascular remodelling in a mouse model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. |
| combined high-protein diet and exercise intervention | Increases - improved | glucose tolerance | Human | middle-aged adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 7× |
| exercise combined with high-protein diet | Decreases - decreased | 2-h glucose of OGTT | Human | middle-aged adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 7× |
| high-fat, high-energy diet | Increases - increased | fasting plasma glucose concentrations | Human | control group | LcS-fermented milk drink twice daily. | Probiotic supplementation prevents high-fat, overfeeding-induced insulin resistance in human subjects.cited 80× |
| high-fat, high-energy diet | Increases - increased | Glucose AUC values | Human | control group | LcS-fermented milk drink twice daily. | Probiotic supplementation prevents high-fat, overfeeding-induced insulin resistance in human subjects.cited 80× |
| vegan diet | No effect - no significant differences | fasting plasma glucose levels | Human | community-dwelling older adults | Not specified beyond dietary composition (60% animal protein in omnivorous diet). | A Well-Balanced Vegan Diet Does not Compromise Daily Mixed Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates when Compared with an Omnivorous Diet in Active Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.cited 2× |
| vegan diet | Increases - improves | glucose homeostasis | Human | T2D patients | Not Assessed | The Impact of Vegan Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.cited 40× |
| vegan diet | Decreases - decreases | high glucose values | Human | T2D patients | Not Assessed | The Impact of Vegan Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.cited 40× |
| hemp protein supplementation within a Mediterranean diet context together with exercise | No effect - no statistically significant changes | glucose plasma levels | Human | patients prone to developing metabolic syndrome | Not specified | Mediterranean Diet Combined with Regular Aerobic Exercise and Hemp Protein Supplementation Modulates Plasma Circulating Amino Acids and Improves the Health Status of Overweight Individuals. |
| CS extract supplementation with a high-fat diet | Increases - improves | glucose homeostasis | Animal | — | — | Corn silk extract improves cholesterol metabolism in C57BL/6J mouse fed high-fat diets. |
| hypocaloric diet containing 1.2 g protein/kg/day | No effect - prevented the WL-induced improvements in | insulin-stimulated glucose uptake | Human | postmenopausal women with obesity | 0.8 g protein/kg/day (standard-protein) vs. 1.2 g protein/kg/day (high-protein). | High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women.cited 87× |
| standard diet | Decreases - decrease | frequency of glucose >100 mg/dL | Human | children and adolescents with obesity | Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). | Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity.cited 120× |
| standard diet | Decreases - decrease | glucose levels | Human | children and adolescents with obesity | Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). | Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity.cited 120× |
| Mediterranean style diet (MSD) | Increases - improves | BMI, glucose and lipid profile | Human | children and adolescents with obesity and any MetS component | Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). | Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity.cited 120× |
| Mediterranean style diet (MSD) | Decreases - significantly decrease | glucose | Human | children and adolescents with obesity | Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). | Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity.cited 120× |
| Western-styled diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA) | No effect - remained comparable to | blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations | Animal | wild-type C57BL/6J mice | Not explicitly stated, but chronic ingestion over 13 weeks. | Chronic Intake of Energy Drinks and Their Sugar Free Substitution Similarly Promotes Metabolic Syndrome.cited 6× |
| habitual diet with limited avocado intake | Increases - associated with unfavorable changes | glucose concentrations | Human | HAB group | 1 avocado per day | Effect of daily avocado consumption for 6 mo compared with habitual diet on red blood cell fatty acid profiles and association with cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with abdominal obesity: a randomized trial.cited 2× |
| healthy Nordic diet (HND) | Increases - related with | 2 h Glucose | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary advice included low-fat dairy as part of the Nordic diet). | Analysis of the SYSDIET Healthy Nordic Diet randomized trial based on metabolic profiling reveal beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and blood lipids.cited 14× |
| diet supplemented with chickpeas | No effect - no significant difference | glucose tolerance | Human | free-living adults | Diet included canned drained chickpeas, bread, and shortbread biscuits with 30% chickpea flour (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a controlled diet supplemented with chickpeas on serum lipids, glucose tolerance, satiety and bowel function.cited 34× |
| MUFA or PUFA-enriched diet | No effect - There was no effect on | glucose | Human | middle-aged men and women with MetS | Participants consumed 3 MUFA-enriched or PUFA-enriched muffins daily, with additional supplementation to ensure 25%-50% increases in dietary fat intake from these sources. | Poly is more effective than monounsaturated fat for dietary management in the metabolic syndrome: The muffin study.cited 27× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - induced improvement of | fasting plasma glucose | Human | type 2 diabetic men | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Increases - was able to improve | glucose utilization | Human | type 2 diabetes | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - induced lower | postprandial plasma glucose profiles | Human | type 2 diabetic men | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Increases - induced improvement of | whole-body glucose utilization measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp | Human | type 2 diabetic men | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension (BRADA) diet | Decreases - reduced | fasting plasma glucose concentrations | Human | hypertensive patients who were seeing primary health care providers in a low-income region of Brazil | Not specified (monthly planned menus provided). | Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial.cited 23× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - lowered | average blood glucose levels | Human | 15 NIDDM subjects | 50% of energy as carbohydrate and 30% of energy as fat (10% as monounsaturated fatty acids). | Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects.cited 116× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - lowered | fasting blood glucose | Human | 15 NIDDM subjects | 50% of energy as carbohydrate and 30% of energy as fat (10% as monounsaturated fatty acids). | Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects.cited 116× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids | Decreases - lowered | peak blood glucose responses | Human | 15 NIDDM subjects | 50% of energy as carbohydrate and 30% of energy as fat (10% as monounsaturated fatty acids). | Effects on blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects.cited 116× |
| diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) | Decreases - determined the lowest levels | fasting blood glucose | Human | healthy young males | 38% fat (22% MUFA) in the MUFA diet. | [The diet rich in monounsaturated fat modifies in a beneficial way carbohydrate metabolism and arterial pressure].cited 22× |
| short-term increase in plasma TGs induced by either an i.v. lipid infusion or a high-fat diet | Decreases - produces a deterioration | glucose control | Human | — | Not specified. | The impact of triglycerides on glucose tolerance: Lipotoxicity revisited.cited 38× |
| addition of 8 grams of FOS in the diet for 14 days | Decreases - caused a reduction | serum glucose | Human | subjects with diabetes type II | 60 g/kg (experimental), 3 g/kg (experimental), 8 g/day (human study). | Fructo-oligosaccharide effects on blood glucose: an overview.cited 17× |
| Reducing digestible carbohydrates in the diet | Decreases - improve | glucose metabolism disorders caused by dietary factors | Animal | — | Not specified | Low intake of digestible carbohydrates ameliorates duodenal absorption of carbohydrates in mice with glucose metabolism disorders induced by artificial sweeteners.cited 10× |
| Chinese heart-healthy (CHH) diet | No effect - No effect | blood glucose | Human | Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg | Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). | Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| Chinese heart-healthy (CHH) diet | Decreases - showed a borderline significant effect | blood glucose | Human | Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg | Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). | Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| Chinese heart-healthy (CHH) diet | Decreases - was likely to reduce | blood glucose | Human | Chinese adults with mild hypertension | Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). | Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| usual diet | Increases - increased | blood glucose | Human | Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg | Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). | Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| HF diet | Increases - led to | glucose intolerance | Animal | Male C57Bl/6 mice | — | Pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on the glucose metabolism and the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue behavior in C57Bl/6 mice. |
| HF diet | No effect - abnormal | glucose tolerance test (GTT) | HumanAnimalMolecular | C57BL 6J mice | Not specified in the abstract. | Betaine for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and fatty liver in a high-fat dietary model of insulin resistance in C57BL mice. |
| HF diet | Increases - yielded an increase in | oral glucose intolerance | Animal | C57BL/6 mice | — | Comparative effects of telmisartan, sitagliptin and metformin alone or in combination on obesity, insulin resistance, and liver and pancreas remodelling in C57BL/6 mice fed on a very high-fat diet. |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Increases - improve | blood glucose | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were lower | fasting plasma glucose | Human | female patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were lower | fasting plasma glucose | Human | male patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were significantly lower than before | fasting plasma glucose | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-glycemic index diet and exercise | Decreases - decreased | fasting plasma glucose | Human | insulin-resistant adults | Low-glycemic-index diet (LGI = 40) and aerobic exercise (5 days/week, 60 min/day, 80-85% heart rate max). | A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults.cited 59× |
| 50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | Decreases - had 75% lower | glucose | Animal | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | — | An Energy-Restricted Diet Including Yogurt, Fruit, and Vegetables Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota.cited 8× |
| western diet feeding | Increases - induced | diabetic-like glucose dysregulation | AnimalMolecular | mice | Not specified. | Western diet-induced ultrastructural changes in mouse pancreatic acinar cells.cited 1× |
| HPF diet | Decreases - could significantly reduce | fasting plasma glucose | Human | healthy subjects | Not specified. | The combination of isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO)-based dietary fiber and hypocaloric high-protein diet could improve the anthropometric profile and fasting plasma glucose of healthy adults: A repeated single-arm clinical trial.cited 1× |
| high-fat and high-fructose diet | Increases - exhibited elevated | glucose | Animal | Mice on the high-fat diet | Not specified | Exploring the therapeutic potential of silymarin-based herbal remedy (prebiotic) and probiotic blend in a mouse model of NAFLD: Insights into gut microbiota modulation and liver health.cited 3× |
| fast food diet (FFD) | No effect - group by time interaction was not significant for glucose | glucose | Animal | C57BL/6 J mice | Not specified (fast food diet composition not detailed). | Partial validation of a six-month high-fat diet and fructose-glucose drink combination as a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 3× |
| low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet | No effect - has limited impact | blood glucose-related biomarker levels | Human | adults | — | The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| a reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fibre, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods | Decreases - significant reductions | areas under the curve for glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Not specified | A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes.cited 111× |
| VA-deficient diet (VAD) | Decreases - showed a decrease of | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion | AnimalMolecular | Male C57BL/6 mice | 30 IU/g/d retinol for 10 days | Vitamin A influences the incretin hormone profiles by activating the retinoic acid receptor β. |
| weight loss induced by diet | Increases - positively influence | obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and disturbed glucose homeostasis | Human | subjects with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and/or sleep disorders | Not specified | Sleep Apnea, Obesity, and Disturbed Glucose Homeostasis: Epidemiologic Evidence, Biologic Insights, and Therapeutic Strategies.cited 53× |
| HSF/HC diet | Increases - significantly increased | fasting plasma glucose | Animal | BALB/c male mice | 9% and 17% DTP supplementation in diet | Effect of dry tomato peel supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic markers in mice fed high-saturated-fat/high-cholesterol diets.cited 16× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fiber diet | Increases - produced a significant increase | postprandial blood glucose | Human | patients on glibenclamide | 60% energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat (high-carbohydrate diet); 40% energy from carbohydrate, 40% from fat (low-carbohydrate diet). | Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs?cited 29× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fiber diet | No effect - no difference was recorded | postprandial blood glucose | Human | group on diet alone | 60% energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat (high-carbohydrate diet); 40% energy from carbohydrate, 40% from fat (low-carbohydrate diet). | Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs?cited 29× |
| multibotanical plus soy diet counseling | No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change | glucose | Human | peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms | 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). | The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin.cited 18× |
| high-sucrose/low-fat diet | Decreases - impaired | glucose metabolism | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| high-sucrose/low-fat diet | Decreases - reduced | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| high-saturated fat/low-sugar diet | No effect - no concomitant improvement | glucose metabolism | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| Physical activity and a healthy diet (healthy lifestyle) | Decreases - improve | blood glucose levels | Human | people at high risk of T2DM | Not specified (part of a structured Yoga programme). | Yoga programme for type-2 diabetes prevention (YOGA-DP) among high risk people in India: a multicentre feasibility randomised controlled trial protocol.cited 8× |
| SAMP8 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) | Decreases - exhibited impaired | glucose tolerance | Animal | SAMP8 mice | Not specified (pharmacological treatment with FB23, an FTO inhibitor). | FTO inhibition mitigates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disturbances and cognitive decline in SAMP8 mice.cited 1× |
| low-glycemic index pulse-based diet | Decreases - greater reduction | total area under the curve for insulin response to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test | Human | women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). | A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 62× |
| contemporary diet based on Paleolithic food groups | Decreases - revealed favorable changes in | weight, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles | Human | — | Not specified | [Evaluation of biological and clinical potential of paleolithic diet].cited 4× |
| high-sucrose diet (HSD) | Increases - significant increase | glucose concentration | Animal | fruit flies | — | Novel ketogenic diet formulation improves sucrose-induced insulin resistance in canton strain Drosophila melanogaster. |
| Combined high-fructose, high-fat, high-cholesterol diet and ethanol administration (FFC-EtOH) | Increases - induced more | glucose intolerance | Animal | Male C57BL6/J mice | High-fructose, high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (FFC) for 4 weeks, followed by 5% ethanol in drinking water plus weekly 2.5 g/kg ethanol gavage for 12 weeks | Concomitant western diet and chronic-binge alcohol dysregulate hepatic metabolism.cited 7× |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | fasting glucose | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | glucose AUC | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet including condensed milk (39.5%), beef tallow (20%), and fructose (17.5%) together with 25% fructose in drinking water | Decreases - impaired | glucose tolerance | Animal | male Wistar rats (8-9 weeks old) | Diet composition: 39.5% condensed milk, 20% beef tallow, 17.5% fructose, plus 25% fructose in drinking water | High-carbohydrate high-fat diet–induced metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular remodeling in rats.cited 259× |
| 35% SP diet | Decreases - demonstrated superior efficacy | fasting blood glucose (FPG) | Human | patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) | 35% and 100% SP diets (percentage of total protein intake). | Comparison of the effects of different percentages of soy protein in the diet on patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: systematic reviews and network meta-analysis.cited 2× |
| ~60 g/d almonds (ALM) added to NCEP step II diet | Decreases - decreased | post-interventional fasting serum glucose | Human | 27 of 33 patients with the baseline HbA1c ≤8 | ~60g/d of almonds. | Almonds ameliorate glycemic control in Chinese patients with better controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial.cited 39× |
| berry diet rich in antioxidants and bioactive phytochemicals | Decreases - decrease of | serum glucose | Human | human participants | Not specified. | Current evidence on the health-beneficial effects of berry fruits in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.cited 25× |
| therapeutic high-protein, high-fiber weight loss diet | Decreases - significant reductions were observed | glucose | Human | overweight dogs | Body weight-dependent amount (specific dosage not detailed) | Effect of a weight loss diet with or without Spirulina supplementation on serum lipids and antioxidant capacity of overweight dogs. |
| Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods | Decreases - significant reductions | glucose | Human | mildly hypercholesterolemic men | Not specified in the abstract. | Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.cited 28× |
| low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) | Decreases - improved within the LCKD group only | glucose levels | Human | Overweight or obese outpatients from the Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics in Durham, North Carolina | Low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, 500-1000 kcal/d deficit) combined with orlistat (120 mg orally 3 times daily). | A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss.cited 110× |
| uncooked cornstarch in addition to a high-fiber diet | No effect - showed more stable | glucose levels throughout monitoring | Human | two young women suffering from severe postprandial and fasting hypoglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) | 1.25 g/kg body weight and 1.8 g/kg body weight. | Implementation of Low Glycemic Index Diet Together with Cornstarch in Post-Gastric Bypass Hypoglycemia: Two Case Reports.cited 14× |
| fibre diet supplementation | Decreases - reduced | fasting plasma glucose | Human | subjects with IRH | 20 g of fibre (fructose-oligosaccharides) per day. | Idiopathic reactive hypoglycaemia - prevalence and effect of fibre on glucose excursions.cited 15× |
| fibre diet supplementation | Decreases - reduced | frequency of glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L | Human | subjects with IRH | 20 g of fibre (fructose-oligosaccharides) per day. | Idiopathic reactive hypoglycaemia - prevalence and effect of fibre on glucose excursions.cited 15× |
| fibre diet supplementation | Increases - improved | reactive glucose pattern during the 4 h-OGTT | Human | subjects with IRH | 20 g of fibre (fructose-oligosaccharides) per day. | Idiopathic reactive hypoglycaemia - prevalence and effect of fibre on glucose excursions.cited 15× |
| usual diet | Increases - significant increase | blood glucose | Human | adult users of a health service in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 40 g oats/day | EFFECTS OF OATS ON LIPID PROFILE, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND WEIGHT LOSS.cited 7× |
| AGE-rich diet | Increases - exhibited elevated | fasting blood glucose levels | Animal | C57BL/6 mice | Not specified (AGE-rich diet). | Effect of Advanced Glycation end Products (AGEs) on Sperm Parameters and Function in C57Bl/6 Mice.cited 7× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) feeding | Increases - was higher | blood glucose | Animal | wt mice | — | The antiobese effect of AT1 receptor blockade is augmented in mice lacking Mas. |
| food pattern mimicking the diet with which humans evolved | Increases - positively influences | glucose control and associated endocrine systems | Human | — | Not specified | A healthy diet with and without cereal grains and dairy products in patients with type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a random-order cross-over pilot study--Alimentation and Diabetes in Lanzarote--ADILAN. |
| thylakoid membranes of spinach supplementation along with a hypocaloric diet | Decreases - significant decreases were observed in | fasting blood glucose | Human | women with obesity and diagnosed with PCOS | 5 g/day thylakoid-rich spinach extract. | The effect of calorie-restriction along with thylakoid membranes of spinach on the gut-brain Axis Pathway and oxidative stress biomarkers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Randomized, Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 4× |
| periodized (14 days on/14 days off) 5% low protein-high carbohydrate (pLPHC) diet | Increases - improves | glucose tolerance | Animal | mice | 5% low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet (periodized 14 days on/14 days off) | The Gut Microbiome on a Periodized Low-Protein Diet Is Associated With Improved Metabolic Health.cited 14× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients on corticosteroid therapy | Not specified (dietary intake followed DASH guidelines). | Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan on the Metabolic Side Effects of Corticosteroid Medications.cited 10× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - resulted in decreased | fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Human | pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | Not specified (DASH diet included low-fat dairy as part of a broader dietary pattern). | A randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of DASH diet on insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes.cited 122× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - positive relationship | lower serum levels of glucose | Human | adults from 27 counties of Khuzestan province, Iran | Not specified | The Association between DASH Diet Adherence and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.cited 8× |
| standard chow diet | Increases - improved | glucose tolerance | Animal | obese mice | Not specified (daily oral administration via gavage). | Evaluation of a Standard Dietary Regimen Combined with Heat-Inactivated Lactobacillus gasseri HM1, Lactoferrin-Producing HM1, and Their Sonication-Inactivated Variants in the Management of Metabolic Disorders in an Obesity Mouse Model.cited 3× |
| 28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | Decreases - decreased | contents of glucose | Animal | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | 0.16% MCS supplementation in the 28%P/46%C diet. | Momordica charantia saponins administration in low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet improves growth, blood biochemical, intestinal health and microflora composition of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio).cited 4× |
| plant-based diet | No effect - No studies assessed the impact | microbial composition and glucose parameters | Human | — | — | Effectiveness of Prebiotics and Mediterranean and Plant-Based Diet on Gut Microbiota and Glycemic Control in Patients with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 3× |
| WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) | Decreases - decreased | urinary glucose | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| replacement diet with products made with organic khorasan wheat | Decreases - significant amelioration | glucose | Human | patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) | — | An organic khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) | Decreases - significantly lower | blood glucose levels | Human | diabetic patients | Not specified | Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes.cited 188× |
| low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) | No effect - investigate the efficacy | fasting glucose level | Human | cancer participants | Not specified | Efficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet as an Adjuvant Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 31× |
| fructose-restricted diet (<7.5 g/meal and <10 g/d) with glucose supplementation | No effect - not significantly different | glucose tolerance | Human | adult overweight individuals with a fatty liver index ≥ 60 | Fructose-restricted diet (<7.5 g/meal and <10 g/d), supplemented with glucose or fructose sachets 3 times daily. | Effects of fructose restriction on liver steatosis (FRUITLESS); a double-blind randomized controlled trial.cited 37× |
| Fish-HFDS diet | Decreases - lower | fasting blood glucose concentration | Animal | C57BL/6 male mice | Not specified | Differential effects of fish-oil and cocoa-butter based high-fat/high-sucrose diets on endocrine pancreas morphology and function in mice.cited 1× |
| diet and exercise intervention | Decreases - lower | blood glucose levels | Animal | rat model of Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified (diet and exercise intervention details not provided). | Renal Protective Effects of a Diet and Exercise Intervention in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. |
| 5:2 diet | No effect - no significant difference | fasting blood glucose | Human | overweight and obese individuals | Not specified (5:2 diet protocol—2 fasting days per week). | Effect of the 5:2 Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and/or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - significantly more improved | fasting glucose | Human | T2D group (overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes) | Two days per week of fasting for six months. | The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes-A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - decreased | glucose | Human | T2D group (overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes) | Two days per week of fasting for six months. | The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes-A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| low carbohydrate diet (<20g daily intake) versus standard low protein (0.8g/kg/day) and low salt diet | Decreases - consistent declines in fasting blood glucose | fasting blood glucose | Human | patients with T2DM and DKD | <20g carbohydrates daily (VLCBD) vs. 0.8g/kg/day protein (control). | Safety and efficacy of very low carbohydrate diet in patients with diabetic kidney disease-A randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| Mediterranean diet (MD) | Decreases - causes small favorable changes | blood glucose | Human | — | Not specified | The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Gaps in the Evidence and Research Challenges.cited 18× |
| Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - reduced | fasting glucose | Human | Australian patients post coronary event | Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). | Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study.cited 23× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - reducing | fasting plasma glucose levels | Human | kidney transplant recipients | — | Dietary interventions on the prevention and management of diabetes in post-kidney transplantation - A systematic review.cited 10× |
| Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - associated with decreases in | glucose | Human | adults with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) | Non-MedDiet plus 50 g/day of nuts (comparator group) | Effects of Mediterranean Diet on plasma metabolites and their relationship with insulin resistance and gut microbiota composition in a crossover randomized clinical trial.cited 37× |
| Mediterranean diet | No effect - remained unchanged | glucose | Human | stable patients who experienced coronary events in the previous 2 years | Not specified (red wine included as part of the Mediterranean Diet). | Effects of high adherence to mediterranean or low-fat diets in medicated secondary prevention patients.cited 53× |
| low-fat Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet | No effect - remained unchanged | glucose | Human | stable patients who experienced coronary events in the previous 2 years | Not specified (red wine included as part of the Mediterranean Diet). | Effects of high adherence to mediterranean or low-fat diets in medicated secondary prevention patients.cited 53× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Decreases - significantly reduced | glucose response | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - improvement | oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - correlated directly | oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| Mediterranean diet (Med-D) | Increases - improves | postprandial glucose metabolism | Human | overweight/obese individuals | Not specified | Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?cited 51× |
| inadequately balanced gluten-free diet | Decreases - negatively affect | glucose and lipid metabolism | Human | patients with celiac disease | Not Assessed | Multidimensional Disadvantages of a Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease: A Narrative Review.cited 23× |
| fruit rich diet (FRD) with consumption of at least 4 servings of fruits daily | Increases - had significantly higher | glucose | Human | adults with NAFLD | At least 4 servings of fruits daily (FRD group) vs. less than 2 servings/day (control group). | The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial.cited 19× |
| low-energy, high-protein diet | Decreases - reductions in | glucose | Human | obese men with obstructive sleep apnea | Not specified | One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males.cited 10× |
| use of user-friendly continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) with low-carbohydrate diet coaching | Decreases - decreased slightly | average daily glucose levels | Human | adults with prediabetes with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels between 5.7% and 6.4% and a BMI >30 kg/m2 | <100 g/day of carbohydrates. | Continuous Glucose Monitoring With Low-Carbohydrate Diet Coaching in Adults With Prediabetes: Mixed Methods Pilot Study.cited 23× |
| use of user-friendly continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) with low-carbohydrate diet coaching | Decreases - decreased slightly | percentage of time above glucose goal | Human | adults with prediabetes with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels between 5.7% and 6.4% and a BMI >30 kg/m2 | <100 g/day of carbohydrates. | Continuous Glucose Monitoring With Low-Carbohydrate Diet Coaching in Adults With Prediabetes: Mixed Methods Pilot Study.cited 23× |
| diet with MCT | Decreases - Postprandial blood glucose excursions were less after one month on the diet with MCT than after the LCT diet | Postprandial blood glucose excursions | Human | Five subjects with NIDDM | 77.5% of fat kcal substituted as MCT. | Dietary substitution of medium chain triglycerides in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an ambulatory setting: impact on glycemic control and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism.cited 12× |
| low-glycemic load (GL) diet | Increases - improved | maternal glucose homeostasis | Human | obese, pregnant women | Not specified | Effect of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet Intervention on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Pregnant Women.cited 8× |
| high crude protein (CP) diet (24%) | Decreases - were decreased | glucose transport | Animal | 21-day postweaned pigs | Phase 1: Low CP (17%) with 1.4% SID Lys or High CP (24%) with 1.4% SID Lys. Phase 2: Low CP (17%) with 1.35% SID Lys or High CP (24%) with 1.35% SID Lys. | Effects of dietary protein level on intestinal function and inflammation in nursery pigs.cited 2× |
| high-monounsaturated-fat diet | Decreases - resulted in lower mean plasma glucose levels | mean plasma glucose levels | Human | 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy | High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.cited 329× |
| ketogenic diet protocol | Decreases - significant decreases | glucose levels | Human | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | Not specified | Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet.cited 52× |
| low-dAGE diet | Decreases - significant reduction | 30-minutes plasma post-glucose-challenge-value | Human | overweight and obese Asian Indian adults | Not specified | Effect of low vs high dietary-advanced glycation end products on insulin-sensitivity and inflammatory- markers among overweight/obese Asian-Indian adults-A randomised controlled trial.cited 1× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | No effect - no change | fasting glucose | Human | 47 overweight and obese men and women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - reduced | 24-h mean sensor glucose | Human | patients with metformin-treated T2D | Energy-matched CRHP diet (31% carbohydrates, 29% protein, 40% fat) vs. CD diet (54% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 30% fat). | The clinical effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on glycaemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study.cited 9× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - improved | diurnal glucose profile | Human | patients with metformin-treated T2D | Energy-matched CRHP diet (31% carbohydrates, 29% protein, 40% fat) vs. CD diet (54% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 30% fat). | The clinical effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on glycaemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study.cited 9× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | mean absolute glucose (MAG) change | Human | patients with metformin-treated T2D | Energy-matched CRHP diet (31% carbohydrates, 29% protein, 40% fat) vs. CD diet (54% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 30% fat). | The clinical effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on glycaemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study.cited 9× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) | Human | patients with metformin-treated T2D | Energy-matched CRHP diet (31% carbohydrates, 29% protein, 40% fat) vs. CD diet (54% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 30% fat). | The clinical effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on glycaemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study.cited 9× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | standard deviation (SD) around the sensor glucose level | Human | patients with metformin-treated T2D | Energy-matched CRHP diet (31% carbohydrates, 29% protein, 40% fat) vs. CD diet (54% carbohydrates, 16% protein, 30% fat). | The clinical effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on glycaemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study.cited 9× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - reduced | fasting plasma glucose | Human | participants with type 2 diabetes | CRHP diet: 30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40% fat (by energy percentage). | A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet improves HbA1c and liver fat content in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.cited 107× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - reduced | postprandial plasma glucose AUC | Human | participants with type 2 diabetes | CRHP diet: 30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40% fat (by energy percentage). | A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet improves HbA1c and liver fat content in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.cited 107× |
| carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet | Decreases - reduced | postprandial plasma glucose net AUC | Human | participants with type 2 diabetes | CRHP diet: 30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40% fat (by energy percentage). | A carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet improves HbA1c and liver fat content in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.cited 107× |
| a 5.5-month diet-exercise program with mindfulness training | No effect - evidenced maintenance | fasting glucose | Human | 194 obese individuals | Not specified | Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindful eating, sweets consumption, and fasting glucose levels in obese adults: data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial.cited 91× |
| high-MUFA diet | Decreases - comparable improvement | fasting glucose | Human | overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.cited 136× |
| very low calorie diet (VLCD) | Increases - improved | postprandial glucose | Human | diabetic patients | Not specified | Improved glucose metabolism after gastric bypass: evolution of the paradigm.cited 35× |
| very low calorie diet (VLCD) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) | Increases - entirely accounted for | insulin-stimulated glucose uptake | Human | diabetic patients | Not specified | Improved glucose metabolism after gastric bypass: evolution of the paradigm.cited 35× |
| MIND diet | Increases - may improve | blood glucose status | Human | RA patients | Not specified | Association between Mediterranean-dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay diet and biomarkers of oxidative stress, metabolic factors, disease severity, and odds of disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients.cited 5× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet | Decreases - showed small, possibly to likely beneficial effects | glucose | Human | at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel | Not specified. | A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel.cited 17× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | serum glucose | Human | at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel | Not specified. | A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel.cited 17× |
| Low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet | Decreases - resulted in lower | glucose levels | Human | 14 recreational male athletes | >50 En% carbohydrates. | A 2 Week Cross-over Intervention with a Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Compared to a High Carbohydrate Diet Attenuates Exercise-Induced Cortisol Response, but Not the Reduction of Exercise Capacity, in Recreational Athletes.cited 13× |
| incorporating mycoprotein into the diet | No effect - no changes | blood glucose responses | Human | Twenty healthy adults | Mycoprotein was consumed twice daily (lunch and dinner) as the primary protein source. | Daily mycoprotein consumption for 1 week does not affect insulin sensitivity or glycaemic control but modulates the plasma lipidome in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial.cited 28× |
| low-GI diet | Decreases - significantly reduce | 2 h postprandial glucose | Human | patients with gestational diabetes | Not specified | Influence of low-glycemic index diet for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 17× |
| low-GI diet | No effect - demonstrated no substantial influence on | fasting plasma glucose | Human | patients with gestational diabetes | Not specified | Influence of low-glycemic index diet for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 17× |
| low-GI diet | Decreases - reduction and maintenance of healthy blood glucose levels | blood glucose levels | Human | adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Assessing intentions to eat low-glycemic index foods by adults with diabetes using a new questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour.cited 8× |
| lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) | No effect - no significant changes were observed | glucose homoeostasis parameters | Human | obese middle-aged individuals | 20 mg/d | Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.cited 16× |
| dietary supplements based on the integration of functional components (ω-3 fatty acids, β-glucans, phytosterols, and vitamin E) into the usual diet | Decreases - effective in reducing | peak levels of postprandial glucose | Human | the population | Not specified | Study of the effects of a diet supplemented with active components on lipid and glycemic profiles.cited 6× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium | No effect - no significant intervention effect | fasting plasma glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2 | 7 grams of psyllium powder daily. | Short-Term Supplementation of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Psyllium Reduces Fasting Plasma Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.cited 12× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet supplemented with psyllium | No effect - No statistical differences were detected | postprandial glucose concentrations | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with body mass index (BMI) 25-35 kg/m2 | 7 grams of psyllium powder daily. | Short-Term Supplementation of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet with Psyllium Reduces Fasting Plasma Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - appears to result in a greater reduction | BMI, blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose levels, lipid profiles, cardiovascular risk, renal markers, and overall metabolic parameters | Human | overweight/obese patients with poorly controlled T2DM | Carbohydrate intake restricted to less than 130 g/day; hypocaloric with a 500 kcal/day energy deficit. | Comparative Evaluation of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Mediterranean Diet in Overweight/Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 16-Week Intervention Study.cited 7× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - affects positively | concentration of blood glucose | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not Assessed | The use of low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes - benefits and risks.cited 14× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - decreased significantly | fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Human | Chinese patients with T2DM | Not specified (proportions of calories from major nutrients met LCD and LFD requirements). | A Low-Carbohydrate Diet Realizes Medication Withdrawal: A Possible Opportunity for Effective Glycemic Control.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - decreased significantly | postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG) | Human | Chinese patients with T2DM | Not specified (proportions of calories from major nutrients met LCD and LFD requirements). | A Low-Carbohydrate Diet Realizes Medication Withdrawal: A Possible Opportunity for Effective Glycemic Control.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | No effect - changed | fasting blood glucose level | Human | — | Not specified | The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis.cited 58× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LC) | No effect - showed no significant change | fasting glucose | Human | overweight/obese Chinese females | Not specified | Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females.cited 25× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - significant decreases | fasting plasma glucose | Human | 1,141 obese patients | Not specified | Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors.cited 199× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - effect on glucose control has been confirmed | glucose control | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) | Not specified | Low-carbohydrate diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (LoCaT): study protocol for a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. |
| low carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - resulted in less glucose variability | glucose variability | Human | patients with type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g carbohydrates per day (LCD) vs. ≥250 g carbohydrates per day (HCD). | Short-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trial.cited 59× |
| low carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - resulted in less glucose variability | glucose variability | Human | patients with type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g carbohydrates per day (LCD) vs. ≥250 g carbohydrates per day (HCD). | Short-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trial.cited 59× |
| low carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - without altering mean glucose levels | mean glucose levels | Human | patients with type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g carbohydrates per day (LCD) vs. ≥250 g carbohydrates per day (HCD). | Short-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trial.cited 59× |
| low carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Increases - resulted in more time with glucose values in the range of 3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L | time with glucose values in the range of 3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L | Human | patients with type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g carbohydrates per day (LCD) vs. ≥250 g carbohydrates per day (HCD). | Short-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trial.cited 59× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - substantially declined | mean sensor glucose | Human | adults with overweight or obesity | Carbohydrate intake < 50 g/day | Low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater weight loss and better glucose homeostasis than exercise: a randomized clinical trial.cited 14× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - resulted in lower incremental rises | plasma glucose (PG) after the first glucagon bolus | Human | patients with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g/day for the low-carbohydrate diet. | Low-Carbohydrate Diet Impairs the Effect of Glucagon in the Treatment of Insulin-Induced Mild Hypoglycemia: A Randomized Crossover Study.cited 51× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - resulted in lower incremental rises | plasma glucose (PG) after the second glucagon bolus | Human | patients with insulin pump-treated type 1 diabetes | ≤50 g/day for the low-carbohydrate diet. | Low-Carbohydrate Diet Impairs the Effect of Glucagon in the Treatment of Insulin-Induced Mild Hypoglycemia: A Randomized Crossover Study.cited 51× |
| behavioral counseling interventions to improve diet and increase physical activity | Decreases - were associated with small, statistically significant reductions | fasting glucose levels | Human | people with elevated blood pressure or lipid levels | Median of 6 contact hours and 12 sessions over 12 months (varied by low, medium, or high contact time). | Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.cited 86× |
| high-CHO, low-fat diet | No effect - would appear to be best | average level of blood glucose | Human | type II diabetic persons | Not specified | The high-carbohydrate diet in diabetes management.cited 1× |
| Addition of Swedish massage to daily routines; exercise, diet and medication regimens | Decreases - is an effective intervention to reduce | blood glucose level | Human | diabetic children | 15 minutes, 3 times a week | How effective is Swedish massage on blood glucose level in children with diabetes mellitus?cited 2× |
| diet reduced in carbohydrate by 32% (RCHO) | Decreases - decreased | average blood glucose | Human | hyperglycemic participants | Not specified (dietary intervention, not a supplement). | A reduced carbohydrate diet improves glycemic regulation in hyperglycemic older people in a retirement home: the SAGE study. |
| diet reduced in carbohydrate by 32% (RCHO) | Decreases - decreased | average blood glucose | Human | hyperglycemic participants | Not specified (dietary intervention, not a supplement). | A reduced carbohydrate diet improves glycemic regulation in hyperglycemic older people in a retirement home: the SAGE study. |
| cafeteria-style Western diet (CAF) | No effect - was not associated with long-term changes in | glucose tolerance | Animal | rats | Cafeteria-style Western Diet (various high-fat/high-sugar foods) ad libitum. | Western diet consumption impairs memory function via dysregulated hippocampus acetylcholine signaling.cited 2× |
| low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet ad libitum for 7 days | Decreases - decreased | blood glucose | Human | 1615 participants in a 10-day residential dietary intervention program | Ad libitum consumption of a low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet. | Effects of 7 days on an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet: the McDougall Program cohort.cited 46× |
| calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Decreases - decreased | glucose | Human | sedentary obese older adults | 3 oz (85 g) or 6 oz (170.1 g) of lean fresh beef daily within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet. | Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults.cited 9× |
| RO diet | Increases - tended to increase | glucose disappearance rate (K-value) | Human | hyperlipidaemic subjects | Not specified | Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study.cited 58× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - caused a decrease | fasting plasma (fP) glucose | Human | healthy and unhealthy adults | Not specified | Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?cited 17× |
| Paleolithic diet (PD) | Decreases - caused a decrease | fasting plasma (fP) glucose | Human | healthy and unhealthy adults | Not specified | Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?cited 17× |
| Paleolithic diet | Decreases - Beneficial effects on | weight, waist circumference, satiety, leptin, HbA1c and glucose control | Human | randomised controlled trial participants with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Effects of a Paleolithic diet compared to a diabetes diet on leptin binding inhibition in secondary analysis of a randomised cross-over study. |
| high cholesterol diet (HCD) | Increases - increased | serum glucose levels | AnimalMolecular | zebrafish | Final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml in vitro; dosage in vivo not specified. | Grape skin and loquat leaf extracts and acai puree have potent anti-atherosclerotic and anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish.cited 30× |
| fructose (60%) enriched diet | Increases - exhibited | serum glucose | Animal | rats | 200 mg/kg body weight. | Fennel seeds extract prevents fructose-induced cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome via targeting abdominal obesity, hyperuricemia and NF-κβ inflammatory pathway.cited 1× |
| cafeteria diet (CAF) | No effect - no increase | blood glucose | Animal | Wistar rats | Not specified | Effects of supplementation with kombucha and green banana flour on Wistar rats fed with a cafeteria diet.cited 5× |
| modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol (6%) and high-fat (65%) diet (AHF) | Decreases - reduced | fasting glucose tolerance | Animal | Rats fed the AHF diet | High-fat diet (65% fat) and alcohol (6%) | Pharmacological attenuation of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis induced hypersensitivity in rats.cited 17× |
| modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol (6%) and high-fat (65%) diet (AHF) | Increases - reached significantly higher concentrations | peak blood glucose levels | Animal | Rats fed the AHF diet | High-fat diet (65% fat) and alcohol (6%) | Pharmacological attenuation of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis induced hypersensitivity in rats.cited 17× |
| overfeeding a high-fat diet (140% caloric intake, 44% from fat) for 8 weeks | Decreases - increases in larger droplets correlated inversely with | glucose disposal rate | Human | twenty-nine males | 140% caloric intake (44% from fat) | Intramyocellular Lipid Droplet Size Rather Than Total Lipid Content is Related to Insulin Sensitivity After 8 Weeks of Overfeeding.cited 25× |
| low-dietary AGE (L-dAGEs) diet | Decreases - Reductions in glucose levels were observed | glucose levels | Human | patients with diabetes | Not specified | Dietary Restriction of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. |
| low-AGE diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting blood glucose | Human | elderly T2DM patients with DKD | Not specified | Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products in an Elderly Population with Diabetic Nephropathy: An Exploratory Investigation.cited 12× |
| long-term high-GI diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | glucose clearance following a glucose load | Animal | mice | Not specified (isoenergetic and macronutrient-matched diets differing only in starch type) | Impairment of fat oxidation under high- vs. low-glycemic index diet occurs before the development of an obese phenotype.cited 73× |