An Energy-Restricted Diet Including Yogurt, Fruit, and Vegetables Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice by Modulating the Gut Microbiota.
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
high-fat diet (HFD) | increase | body weight | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 50% | had 50% greater | #1 |
high-fat diet (HFD) | increase | fat deposition | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 475% | had 475% greater | #2 |
50% calorie-restricted HFD (CR-HFD) | decrease | body weight | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 22% | had 22% lower | #3 |
50% calorie-restricted HFD (CR-HFD) | decrease | fat deposition | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 49% | had 49% less | #4 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | body weight | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 31% | had 31% lower | #5 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | fat deposition | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 75% | had 75% less | #6 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | body weight | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 11% | had 11% lower | #7 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | fat deposition | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 96% | had 96% less | #8 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | hepatic steatosis | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 500% | had 500% less | #9 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | glucose | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 75% | had 75% lower | #10 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | increase | hepatic Akkermansia bacteria | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 450% | had 450% more | #11 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | decrease | histopathology scores | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 50% | had 50% lower | #12 |
50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables (CR-YD) | increase | Claudin4 | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 1.35-fold | had 1.35-fold higher levels of | #13 |
fecal microbiota transplantation from CR-YD group (HFD + CR-YD fecal) | decrease | body weight | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 10.6% | had 10.6% lower | #14 |
fecal microbiota transplantation from CR-YD group (HFD + CR-YD fecal) | decrease | steatosis | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 119% | had 119% lower | #15 |
fecal microbiota transplantation from CR-YD group (HFD + CR-YD fecal) | decrease | glucose | 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice | 17.9% | had 17.9% lower | #16 |
BACKGROUND: The importance of the composition of an energy-restricted diet in the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is unknown. OBJECTIVES: In this study we aimed to investigate the benefits of a novel dietary treatment (50% calorie restriction diet composed of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables [CR-YD]) in mice with MetS. METHODS: Forty 7-wk-old male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10/group) that were fed for 14 wk ad libitum with a normal diet (ND; 10%:70%:20% energy from fat: carbohydrate: protein) or for 12 wk with a high-fat diet (HFD; 60:20:20) or the HFD followed by 2 wk of feeding with a 50% calorie-restricted HFD (CR-HFD) or YD (CR-YD, 21.2%:65.4%:13.4% energy). Body weight, fat deposition, hepatic steatosis, serum concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, and glucose homeostasis were assessed. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to validate the roles of gut microbiota in MetS. RESULTS: The HFD group had 50% greater body weight and 475% greater fat deposition than the ND group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HFD group, the CR-HFD and CR-YD groups had 22% and 31% lower body weight and 49% and 75% less fat deposition, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with the CR-HFD group, the CR-YD group had 11% lower body weight, 96% less fat deposition, 500% less hepatic steatosis, 75% lower glucose, and 450% more hepatic Akkermansia bacteria (P < 0.05). The CR-YD group also had 50% lower histopathology scores and 1.35-fold higher levels of Claudin4 than the CR-HFD group (P < 0.05). The HFD + CR-YD fecal group had 10.6% lower body weight, 119% lower steatosis, and 17.9% lower glucose (P < 0.05) than the HFD + CR-HFD fecal group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CR alone, the CR-YD diet has a better therapeutic effect in mice with HFD-induced MetS.