217
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64
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—64
Evidence suggests Caffeine mayincreaseEndurance performance.
167 studies (293 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 6 (5–9) mgacross 37 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ketone salts-caffeine-taurine-leucine (KCT) supplementation | Increases - improved | 20-km cycling time-trial performance | Human | thirteen recreationally active men | — | Acute Ketone Salts-Caffeine-Taurine-Leucine Supplementation but not Ketone Salts-Taurine-Leucine, Improves Endurance Cycling Performance.cited 1× |
| ketone salts-caffeine-taurine-leucine (KCT) supplementation | Increases - improved exercise performance effects | exercise performance | Human | thirteen recreationally active men | — | Acute Ketone Salts-Caffeine-Taurine-Leucine Supplementation but not Ketone Salts-Taurine-Leucine, Improves Endurance Cycling Performance.cited 1× |
| caffeine and nitrates supplementation (CAF+nitrates) | No effect - did not offer further benefits | exercise performance | Human | adults | Not specified | Effect of Caffeine and Nitrates Combination on Exercise Performance, Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 1× |
| Caffeine alone | No effect - were not significantly different | countermovement jump with arm swing performance | Human | sixteen semi-professional male soccer players | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute effects of beetroot juice and caffeine co-ingestion during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise test in semi-professional soccer players: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 11× |
| Beetroot juice and caffeine co-ingestion | No effect - were not significantly different | countermovement jump with arm swing performance | Human | sixteen semi-professional male soccer players | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute effects of beetroot juice and caffeine co-ingestion during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise test in semi-professional soccer players: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 11× |
| Caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) | Increases - has been shown to enhance | exercise performance | Human | — | — | High Dose of Caffeine Mouth Rinse Increases Resistance Training Performance in Men.cited 8× |
| caffeine mouth rinsing | Increases - showed potential to mitigate the detrimental effects | sport-specific performance | Human | mentally fatigued athletes | Not available | The counteractive effects of interventions addressing mental fatigue on sport-specific performance among athletes: A systematic review with a meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| optimal dose and timing of caffeine supplementation | No effect - summarized | time trial performance | Human | endurance athletes | — | Energy Availability, Macronutrient Intake, and Nutritional Supplementation for Improving Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes.cited 31× |
| coffee and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) | Increases - demonstrated to improve | physical performance | Human | — | — | Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism-A Concise Review.cited 1× |
| coffee consumption and caffeine supplementation | Increases - may enhance | physical and mental performance | Human | — | — | Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism-A Concise Review.cited 1× |
| coffee and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) consumption | Increases - improving | general exercise performance | Human | — | — | Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism-A Concise Review.cited 1× |
| ingesting moderate caffeine doses (~3 to 6 mg·kg-1) ~60 minutes before exercise | Increases - may improve | physical performance in team-sports | Human | — | — | Acute caffeine supplementation and live match-play performance in team-sports: A systematic review (2000-2021).cited 4× |
| caffeine | Increases - may benefit | gross-skill performance | Human | 213 participants | — | Acute caffeine supplementation and live match-play performance in team-sports: A systematic review (2000-2021).cited 4× |
| caffeine | Increases - can improve | physical and cognitive performance | Human | — | — | Acute caffeine supplementation and live match-play performance in team-sports: A systematic review (2000-2021).cited 4× |
| L-theanine and caffeine combined | Increases - to a lesser extent than caffeine alone | performance in attention-switching tasks and alertness | Human | human participants | Not specified for EGCG. | Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition.cited 33× |
| creatine and caffeine supplementation during resistance training | No effect - determine the separate and combined effects | body composition and muscle performance | Human | trained young adults | — | Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementation During Resistance Training on Body Composition, Strength, Endurance, Rating of Perceived Exertion and Fatigue in Trained Young Adults.cited 17× |
| combined caffeine (CAF) and L-theanine (THE) supplementation | Increases - more effective on cognitive performance | cognitive performance | Human | elite national curling athletes | — | Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 2× |
| combined caffeine (CAF) and L-theanine (THE) supplementation | Increases - best cognitive performance were achieved | cognitive performance | Human | elite national curling athletes | — | Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 2× |
| combined caffeine (CAF) and L-theanine (THE) supplementation | Increases - more effective on shooting performance | shooting performance | Human | elite national curling athletes | — | Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 2× |
| a low dose of caffeine (100-300 mg or 2-4 mg/kg) in the form of chewing gum | Increases - positively impacting | most exercise and physiological performance | Human | — | 100-300 mg or 2-4 mg/kg of caffeine. | Effects of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Exercise Performance and Physiological Responses: A Systematic Review. |
| carbohydrate with caffeine (CAF+CHO) | Increases - were significantly faster | time trial performance | Human | elite paddling athletes | — | Caffeine coingested with carbohydrate on performance recovery in national-level paddlers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.cited 28× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - did not augment | time trial performance | Human | elite paddling athletes | — | Caffeine coingested with carbohydrate on performance recovery in national-level paddlers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.cited 28× |
| caffeine supplements | Increases - improves or increases | endurance performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria.cited 3× |
| caffeine supplements | Increases - improves | short-term performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria.cited 3× |
| caffeine supplements | Increases - improves | strength performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria.cited 3× |
| riding against a virtual opponent after ingestion of caffeine | Increases - further improved | 4-km cycling TT performance | Human | eleven well-trained cyclists | — | Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue.cited 3× |
| caffeine | Increases - improves | cycling time trial (TT) performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue.cited 3× |
| caffeine | Increases - is ergogenic | performance when riding against a virtual opponent | Human | — | — | Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue.cited 3× |
| Pre-exercise caffeine intake | Increases - increased | overall basketball performance (number of body impacts, number of free throws, rebounds, and assists) during simulated games | Human | — | — | Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players-A Systematic Review.cited 9× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - maintaining a high level of physical and mental performance | physical and mental performance | Human | athletes | — | Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players-A Systematic Review.cited 9× |
| pre-exercise ingestion of 3 and 6 mg/kg caffeine | Increases - effective in increasing | several physical performance variables | Human | basketball players | — | Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players-A Systematic Review.cited 9× |
| caffeine | Increases - positively affect overall basketball performance | overall basketball performance | Human | — | — | Acute Effects of Caffeine on Overall Performance in Basketball Players-A Systematic Review.cited 9× |
| caffeine before a short nap opportunity | Increases - would be more beneficial | repeated sprint performance | Human | sleep-deprived athletes | Caffeine (5 mg·kg⁻¹). | Caffeine Use or Napping to Enhance Repeated Sprint Performance After Partial Sleep Deprivation: Why Not Both?cited 19× |
| caffeine | No effect - without improving | performance | Human | — | Caffeine (5 mg·kg⁻¹). | Caffeine Use or Napping to Enhance Repeated Sprint Performance After Partial Sleep Deprivation: Why Not Both?cited 19× |
| acute supplementation of 3 mg⋅kg-1 caffeine | Increases - can effectively reduce the negative impact of insufficient sleep the night before | aerobic endurance performance | Human | college soccer players | 3 mg/kg, single acute dose. | Effect of caffeine supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance in sleep-restricted male college soccer players. |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - offsets the negative effects | 10-km running performance | Human | ten healthy recreational male runners | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment in 10-km running performance following one night of partial sleep deprivation: a randomized controlled crossover trial. |
| caffeine | Increases - improved | TT performance | Human | ten healthy recreational male runners | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment in 10-km running performance following one night of partial sleep deprivation: a randomized controlled crossover trial. |
| caffeine | Increases - improved | TT performance | Human | ten healthy recreational male runners | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute caffeine supplementation offsets the impairment in 10-km running performance following one night of partial sleep deprivation: a randomized controlled crossover trial. |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - had not found differences between sexes | aerobic performance | Human | men and women athletes | — | Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review.cited 73× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - ergogenicity was higher in men than women | anaerobic performance | Human | men athletes | — | Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review.cited 73× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - effects to improve sprint performance was higher in men than women | sprint performance | Human | men athletes | — | Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review.cited 73× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | anaerobic performance | Human | Olympic-level boxers | — | Caffeine Supplementation Improves Anaerobic Performance and Neuromuscular Efficiency and Fatigue in Olympic-Level Boxers.cited 41× |
| Caffeine supplementation | Increases - has shown to be an effective ergogenic aid enhancing | athletic performance | Human | — | — | The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females.cited 5× |
| pre-exercise caffeine supplementation | No effect - assess the effect of | strength performance | Human | strength-trained females | — | The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females.cited 5× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - may enhance | athletic performance | Human | professional athletes | Not specified | Does caffeine supplementation affect sleep in athletes? A systematic review of nine randomized controlled trials. |
| Caffeine supplementation | Increases - has become increasingly more popular as an ergogenic aid | athletic performance | Human | athletes | Not specified | Caffeine and glucose homeostasis during rest and exercise in diabetes mellitus.cited 16× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - did not influence | countermovement jump test (CMJ) performance | Human | — | Not specified | Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.cited 6× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - did not influence | Wingate test performance | Human | — | Not specified | Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.cited 6× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | No effect - failed to increase | CMJ performance | Human | — | Not specified | Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.cited 6× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | No effect - failed to increase | Wingate performance | Human | — | Not specified | Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.cited 6× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | cycling performance | Human | trained cyclists | Not available | Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance.cited 37× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | cycling performance | Human | untrained cyclists | Not available | Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance.cited 37× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | cycling performance | Human | trained cyclists | Not available | Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance.cited 37× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | cycling performance | Human | untrained cyclists | Not available | Time of Day and Training Status Both Impact the Efficacy of Caffeine for Short Duration Cycling Performance.cited 37× |
| caffeine (CAF) supplementation | Increases - can improve defensive performance | defensive performance | Human | semiprofessional basketball players | 3 mg/kg body mass, ingested 60 minutes before each game. | Caffeine supplementation during official basketball games: a randomized crossover study on the effects on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of adult male players. |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - beneficial effects | endurance performance | Human | — | 5 mg·kg of caffeine, consumed one hour before the trial. | Effects of dietary nitrate, caffeine, and their combination on 20-km cycling time trial performance.cited 52× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - no ergogenic effect was detected | exercise performance | Human | tetraplegic participants | Not specified | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Consumption in a 3-min All-Out Arm Crank Test in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Compared With Able-Bodied Individuals.cited 7× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - seems to enhance | short-duration exercise performance | Human | paraplegic participants | Not specified | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Consumption in a 3-min All-Out Arm Crank Test in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Compared With Able-Bodied Individuals.cited 7× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - evaluated the effects | exercise performance | Human | CF practitioners | Not specified | Effects of diet interventions, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on the performance of CrossFit-trained individuals: A systematic review of clinical studies.cited 13× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - did not significantly affect | performance | Human | elite soccer players | 5 mg·kg caffeine | Caffeine decreases systemic urea in elite soccer players during intermittent exercise.cited 15× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - exhibited an improvement | performance | Human | wheelchair athletes | — | Supplementation and Performance for Wheelchair Athletes: A Systematic Review.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - does not improve | performance | Human | — | 6 mg/kg, single dose 60 minutes before exercise. | Caffeine Does Not Alter Performance, Perceptual Responses, and Oxidative Stress After Short Sprint Interval Training.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - had no effect on | performance measures | Human | 12 healthy males | 6 mg/kg, single dose 60 minutes before exercise. | Caffeine Does Not Alter Performance, Perceptual Responses, and Oxidative Stress After Short Sprint Interval Training.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved performance | performance | Human | women engaged in sports with these physical valences | 6 mg/kg, administered 30 minutes before testing. | Performance of muscle strength and fatigue tolerance in young trained women supplemented with caffeine.cited 16× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - detected no ergogenic effect | performance in combat sports | Human | — | — | Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review.cited 51× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - did observe a significant positive effect | performance in combat sports | Human | — | — | Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review.cited 51× |
| Caffeine used as a supplement | Increases - has been shown to improve | physical and cognitive performance | Human | several sport modalities | — | Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review.cited 51× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - enhanced performance | performance in the first supplemented TT4km in CAF-1 | Human | well-trained cyclists | 5 mg/kg. | Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials. |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - enhanced performance | performance in the first supplemented TT4km in CAF-2 | Human | well-trained cyclists | 5 mg/kg. | Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials. |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - significantly different from placebo | performance in the first supplemented TT4km in CAF-2 | Human | well-trained cyclists | 5 mg/kg. | Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials. |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | physical performance | Animal | rats | High, medium, and low doses (specific amounts not provided) | Boosting physical performance in SD rats through brain-targeted delivery of caffeine-loaded transferrin liposomes.cited 1× |
| Caffeine supplementation (CAFF) | Increases - has an established ergogenic effect | physical performance | Human | — | — | Effects of caffeine supplementation on physical performance and mood dimensions in elite and trained-recreational athletes.cited 38× |
| Caffeine (CAF) supplementation | Increases - could have a positive impact | physical performance and sport abilities | Human | — | — | Dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on judo-specific performance and training activity: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial.cited 26× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - significantly enhanced | resistance exercise performance | Human | resistance-trained men who were homozygous for the A allele | — | The effect of CYP1A2 genotype on the ergogenic properties of caffeine during resistance exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.cited 45× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - no effect | resistance exercise performance | Human | resistance-trained men who were C allele carriers | — | The effect of CYP1A2 genotype on the ergogenic properties of caffeine during resistance exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.cited 45× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - significantly improves | shooting performance | Human | e-sports players | 3 mg/kg, single dose | Caffeine supplementation improves the cognitive abilities and shooting performance of elite e-sports players: a crossover trial.cited 3× |
| 3 mg/kg of caffeine supplementation | Increases - significantly superior | performance in the Stroop task in terms of congruent condition | Human | elite e-sports players | 3 mg/kg, single dose | Caffeine supplementation improves the cognitive abilities and shooting performance of elite e-sports players: a crossover trial.cited 3× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - has no effect | short-duration sprint cycling performance | Human | 17 well-trained men | 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg·kg body mass⁻¹. | Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy.cited 14× |
| caffeine (CAF) supplementation | No effect - identify the effects | simulated team sport match-play performance | Human | Ten male hurling players | — | The Performance Effect of Scheduled Carbohydrate and Caffeine Intake during Simulated Team Sport Match-Play.cited 2× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - found no effects | variables related to psychophysiological performance | Human | — | 3-6 mg/kg | Can caffeine improve your performance? Psychophysiological effects - A systematic review.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - found favorable ergogenic effects | variables related to psychophysiological performance | Human | — | 3-6 mg/kg | Can caffeine improve your performance? Psychophysiological effects - A systematic review.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - found partial effects | variables related to psychophysiological performance | Human | — | 3-6 mg/kg | Can caffeine improve your performance? Psychophysiological effects - A systematic review.cited 1× |
| a low-calorie caffeine-taurine energy drink (AdvoCare Spark) | No effect - did not improve | sprint performance | Human | college football players | Not specified in the abstract. | Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players.cited 31× |
| 3 mg·kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine | Increases - improved | endurance exercise performance | Human | men | — | Women Experience the Same Ergogenic Response to Caffeine as Men.cited 45× |
| 3 mg·kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine | Increases - improved | endurance exercise performance | Human | women | — | Women Experience the Same Ergogenic Response to Caffeine as Men.cited 45× |
| 3 mg·kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine | Increases - significantly improved | Performance time | Human | women | — | Women Experience the Same Ergogenic Response to Caffeine as Men.cited 45× |
| 3 mg·kg body mass of anhydrous caffeine | Increases - significantly improved | Performance time | Human | men | — | Women Experience the Same Ergogenic Response to Caffeine as Men.cited 45× |
| acute caffeine intake | No effect - examined sex differences in | repeated sprint performance | Human | fifty-two resistance-trained individuals | 3 mg/kg caffeine, single dose. | Sex differences in the acute effect of caffeine on repeated sprint performance: A randomized controlled trial. |
| acute caffeine intake | Increases - was effective in increasing | some aspects of team-sports performance | Human | women athletes | — | Does Acute Caffeine Supplementation Improve Physical Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes? Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 25× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - improves | exercise performance | Human | team-sport athletes (TSA) | — | Does Acute Caffeine Supplementation Improve Physical Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes? Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 25× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | Increases - was higher than | mean power in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | No effect - showed no difference | perceived exertion during performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | Increases - was higher | power in the last half (4-6 min) of the performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | No effect - showed no difference | readiness before performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | No effect - showed no difference | stomach comfort before performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (CAF+SB) | Increases - was longer than | total distance in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - does improve | performance in elite rowing | Human | elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - were more effective | improvement in distance in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | light-weight rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - were not more effective | improvement in distance in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | open-weight rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - was higher than | mean power in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - showed no difference | perceived exertion during performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - was higher | power in the last half (4-6 min) of the performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - showed no difference | readiness before performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - showed no difference | stomach comfort before performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - was longer than | total distance in the 6 min maximal performance test | Human | 12 elite rowers | 3 mg/kg caffeine, 45 minutes prior to performance test. | Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers.cited 39× |
| moderate caffeine dose | Increases - enhanced | endurance cycle performance | Human | eight healthy, recreationally active males | 6 mg/kg | Effect of a moderate caffeine dose on endurance cycle performance and thermoregulation during prolonged exercise in the heat.cited 25× |
| combination of caffeine and sodium citrate | No effect - did not provide an ergogenic effect | 1,500-m exercise performance | Human | elite wheelchair athletes | Not specified | Influence of caffeine and sodium citrate ingestion on 1,500-m exercise performance in elite wheelchair athletes: a pilot study.cited 16× |
| caffeine | No effect - did not provide an ergogenic effect | 1,500-m exercise performance | Human | elite wheelchair athletes | Not specified | Influence of caffeine and sodium citrate ingestion on 1,500-m exercise performance in elite wheelchair athletes: a pilot study.cited 16× |
| low caffeine doses | No effect - few studies have assessed the ergogenic effects of | intermittent exercise performance in hot and humid environments | Human | — | — | Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments.cited 8× |
| low-dose caffeine supplementation | No effect - aimed to determine the effects of | intermittent exercise performance under these conditions | Human | Eight male soccer players | — | Low caffeine dose improves intermittent sprint performance in hot and humid environments.cited 8× |
| low caffeine doses | Increases - do appear to bestow ergogenic effects | performance | Human | — | — | Are low doses of caffeine as ergogenic as higher doses? A critical review highlighting the need for comparison with current best practice in caffeine research.cited 21× |
| caffeine doses of 3 to 6 mg/kg | Increases - represents the optimal dose | performance benefit | Human | most people | — | Are low doses of caffeine as ergogenic as higher doses? A critical review highlighting the need for comparison with current best practice in caffeine research.cited 21× |
| lower (≤3 mg/kg) caffeine doses | Increases - are also ergogenic | performance | Human | — | — | Are low doses of caffeine as ergogenic as higher doses? A critical review highlighting the need for comparison with current best practice in caffeine research.cited 21× |
| Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine | Increases - enhance | both anaerobic and aerobic performance | Human | — | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews | Increases - improve performance | performance | Human | — | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| caffeine | Increases - improve cognitive and physical performance | cognitive and physical performance | Human | some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| caffeine | Increases - improve exercise performance | exercise performance | Human | — | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| caffeine | Increases - improve physical performance | physical performance | Human | both trained and untrained individuals | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| caffeine | Increases - acutely enhance | various aspects of exercise performance | Human | — | — | International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.cited 272× |
| very low doses of caffeine | Increases - demonstrated an ergogenic effect | resistance exercise performance | Human | — | — | Exploring the minimum ergogenic dose of caffeine on resistance exercise performance: A meta-analytic approach.cited 15× |
| very low doses of caffeine | Increases - magnitude of these effects was similar to that previously reported with higher caffeine doses | resistance exercise performance | Human | — | — | Exploring the minimum ergogenic dose of caffeine on resistance exercise performance: A meta-analytic approach.cited 15× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - has well-established ergogenic effects | resistance exercise performance | Human | — | — | Exploring the minimum ergogenic dose of caffeine on resistance exercise performance: A meta-analytic approach.cited 15× |
| a low dose of caffeine in the form of caffeinated chewing gum | Decreases - attenuates | sprint performance decrement during RSP | Human | team sport athletes with low habitual consumption of caffeine | — | Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption.cited 35× |
| acute ingestion of caffeine | No effect - effects are equivocal | short-duration high-intensity performance | Human | — | — | Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption.cited 35× |
| Caffeine and energy drink consumption | No effect - may maintain | some aspects of performance stemming from insufficient sleep | Human | deployed personnel | Mean caffeine consumption varied from 212 to 285 mg/day. | The effects of caffeinated products on sleep and functioning in the military population: A focused review.cited 13× |
| Pre-exercise caffeine and guarana-based multi-ingredient supplement (MS) consumption | Increases - may be more effective for physical performance improvement | physical performance | Human | — | — | Acute Effect of Caffeine-Based Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Reactive Agility and Jump Height in Recreational Handball Players.cited 4× |
| caffeine and guarana alone | Increases - may be less effective for physical performance improvement | physical performance | Human | — | — | Acute Effect of Caffeine-Based Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Reactive Agility and Jump Height in Recreational Handball Players.cited 4× |
| multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) containing beta-alanine, L-citrulline malate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, L-taurine, L-tyrosine and caffeine | Decreases - less ergogenic and cost effective than | training performance | Human | fifteen resistance-trained males | — | Effects of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplement and Caffeine on Bench Press Performance: A Single-Blind Cross-Over Study.cited 3× |
| moderate dose (1.9 ± 0.3 mg · kg(-1)) of caffeine | Increases - improves | golf-specific measures of performance | Human | skilled golfers | 1.9 ± 0.3 mg/kg, consumed before and after nine holes during each 18-hole round. | Effect of Caffeine on Golf Performance and Fatigue during a Competitive Tournament.cited 16× |
| caffeine ingestion after creatine supplements | Increases - augmented | intermittent high-intensity sprint performance | Human | twelve physically active men | 6 mg/kg of caffeine administered once after creatine loading. | Effect of caffeine ingestion after creatine supplementation on intermittent high-intensity sprint performance.cited 34× |
| caffeine dietary strategies | No effect - investigate the effects | athletic performance | Human | male recreationally-trained cyclists | — | Caffeine increases performance and leads to a cardioprotective effect during intense exercise in cyclists.cited 8× |
| acute caffeine consumption | No effect - substantial variability in the physiological and performance response | physiological and performance response | Human | — | — | Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance.cited 28× |
| caffeine | Increases - contributing to improved | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance.cited 28× |
| 200 mg Caffeine | No effect - No differences were noted | IMTP performance | Human | healthy, college aged males | — | Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance.cited 18× |
| 200 mg Caffeine | No effect - No differences were noted | PVT performance | Human | healthy, college aged males | — | Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance.cited 18× |
| 200 mg Caffeine | No effect - No differences were noted | UBIST performance | Human | healthy, college aged males | — | Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance.cited 18× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - significant (P < .05), moderate-very large (effect size = -2.19 to 0.89) improvements | 20-m sprint performance | Human | professional male basketball players | — | Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players.cited 18× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - significant (P < .05), moderate-very large (effect size = -2.19 to 0.89) improvements | countermovement jump performance | Human | professional male basketball players | — | Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players.cited 18× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - significant (P < .05), moderate-very large (effect size = -2.19 to 0.89) improvements | Lane Agility Drill performance | Human | professional male basketball players | — | Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players.cited 18× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - significant (P < .05), moderate-very large (effect size = -2.19 to 0.89) improvements | repeated-sprint-ability performance | Human | professional male basketball players | — | Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players.cited 18× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | No effect - produced small nonsignificant | anaerobic performance | Human | professional female basketball players | — | Acute caffeine supplementation promotes small to moderate improvements in performance tests indicative of in-game success in professional female basketball players.cited 33× |
| Acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | countermovement vertical jump performance | Human | strength-trained individuals | — | Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals.cited 15× |
| Habitual caffeine consumption | No effect - does not influence | the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance | Human | strength-trained individuals | — | Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals.cited 15× |
| Caffeine | Increases - promoted a significantly greater improvement in | countermovement vertical jump performance | Human | strength-trained individuals | — | Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals.cited 15× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | No effect - influence the performance response to | performance | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?cited 14× |
| habitual caffeine consumption | No effect - influence the performance response to | performance | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?cited 14× |
| caffeine | Increases - positive effects | exercise performance | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?cited 14× |
| caffeine | No effect - work for | performance response | Human | everyone | Not specified in the abstract. | Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?cited 14× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | Increases - improved | physical performance | Human | male and female athletes with varying expertise | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on taekwondo performance: the influence of competition level and sex.cited 6× |
| acute caffeine supplementation | No effect - did not alter performance | workout performance | Human | trained CrossFit men | — | Effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, power, markers of muscle damage, and perceived exertion in trained CrossFit men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.cited 8× |
| a proprietary dietary supplement (SUP) containing caffeine theanine and tyrosine | Increases - Changes in movement accuracy during performance assessment were greater | movement accuracy during performance assessment | Human | male collegiate athletes | — | Effects of acute caffeine, theanine and tyrosine supplementation on mental and physical performance in athletes.cited 11× |
| a proprietary dietary supplement (SUP) containing caffeine theanine and tyrosine | No effect - performance measures during the two rounds of exercise did not differ between conditions | performance measures during the two rounds of exercise | Human | male collegiate athletes | — | Effects of acute caffeine, theanine and tyrosine supplementation on mental and physical performance in athletes.cited 11× |
| low doses of caffeine (<3 mg/kg body mass, ~200 mg) | Increases - are ergogenic | performance in some exercise and sport situations | Human | — | Low doses (<3 mg/kg body mass, ~200 mg); moderate-high doses (5-13 mg/kg body mass). | Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.cited 186× |
| creatine and caffeine supplementation | Increases - increase | athletic performance | Human | — | Not available | Combined Impact of Creatine, Caffeine, and Variable Resistance on Repeated Sprint Ability in Young Soccer Players. |
| caffeine use | Increases - improvement | performance in focused movement sports | Human | golf and similar sports athletes | — | Competitive Golf: How Longer Courses Are Changing Athletes and Their Approach to the Game.cited 2× |
| caffeine only | No effect - do not provide ergogenic benefits | resistance-training performance in delaying muscular failure | Human | resistance-trained women | Not specified (only referred to as "caffeine only" without dosage details). | Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation Compared With Caffeine and a Placebo Does Not Improve Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Women.cited 1× |
| caffeine and caffeine plus sodium bicarbonate | Increases - improved performance compared to sodium bicarbonate | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Effects of Combining Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Exercise Performance: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research.cited 10× |
| caffeine and sodium bicarbonate | No effect - neither isolated nor combined ingestion provided a performance-enhancing effect | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Effects of Combining Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Exercise Performance: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research.cited 10× |
| caffeine | Increases - was ergogenic | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Effects of Combining Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Exercise Performance: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research.cited 10× |
| a combination of both caffeine and ephedrine | Increases - believed to have an ergogenic effect | physical performance | Human | — | Not specified. | Herbs in exercise and sports.cited 21× |
| caffeine | Increases - believed to have an ergogenic effect | physical performance | Human | — | Not specified. | Herbs in exercise and sports.cited 21× |
| oral caffeine intake | Increases - enhance | physical performance | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Can Caffeine Change the Game? Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Specific Performance in Intermittent Sports During Competition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| sham caffeine ingestion | No effect - was not evident | cognitive performance | Human | healthy individuals | — | Belief in caffeine's ergogenic effect on cognitive function and endurance performance: A sham dose-response study. |
| sham caffeine ingestion | No effect - was not evident | endurance performance | Human | healthy individuals | — | Belief in caffeine's ergogenic effect on cognitive function and endurance performance: A sham dose-response study. |
| Caffeine 300 mg (CAFF300) | No effect - no significant differences | muscular strength, power, or endurance performance | Human | resistance-trained men | — | The effects of a caffeine-like supplement, TeaCrine®, on muscular strength, endurance and power performance in resistance-trained men.cited 16× |
| TeaCrine® + Caffeine (COMBO; 150 mg/150 mg) | No effect - no significant differences | muscular strength, power, or endurance performance | Human | resistance-trained men | — | The effects of a caffeine-like supplement, TeaCrine®, on muscular strength, endurance and power performance in resistance-trained men.cited 16× |
| alternate caffeine sources such as caffeinated chewing gum, gel, and coffee | Increases - are also ergogenic for | resistance exercise performance | Human | — | — | Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research.cited 52× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - is ergogenic for | resistance exercise performance | Human | females | — | Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research.cited 52× |
| consuming lower doses of caffeine (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg) | Increases - appears to be comparably ergogenic to | resistance exercise performance | Human | — | — | Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research.cited 52× |
| caffeine | Increases - improves | performance in resistance exercise | Human | — | — | Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research.cited 52× |
| A 300 mg dose of caffeine supplied in chewing gum | Increases - improved | performance | Human | recreational runners completing 5 km parkruns | 300 mg caffeine supplied in chewing gum. | Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events.cited 1× |
| caffeine gum | Increases - improved | 5 km parkrun performance | Human | recreational runners | 300 mg caffeine supplied in chewing gum. | Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events.cited 1× |
| a moderate dose of caffeine | No effect - evaluate critically the effectiveness | soccer physical performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine Supplementation and Physical Performance, Muscle Damage and Perception of Fatigue in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.cited 48× |
| caffeine intake | No effect - described the impact | soccer physical performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine Supplementation and Physical Performance, Muscle Damage and Perception of Fatigue in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review.cited 48× |
| a single dose of caffeine | Increases - Improvements in | sprint performance | Human | human participants | 3.0–6.0 mg/kg of body mass, administered pre-exercise. | Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Performance in Ball Games.cited 36× |
| caffeine supplementation at 3mgkg(-1) BW | Increases - resulted in a worthwhile improvement | cycling time-trial performance in the heat | Human | nine well-trained male subjects | 3 mg/kg body weight, single dose. | Effect of caffeine on cycling time-trial performance in the heat.cited 28× |
| caffeine (3mgkg(-1) BW) | Increases - was faster | time-trial performance | Human | nine well-trained male subjects | 3 mg/kg body weight, single dose. | Effect of caffeine on cycling time-trial performance in the heat.cited 28× |
| regular caffeine use | Decreases - may diminish the performance-enhancing effects | performance-enhancing effects of a subsequent dose of caffeine | Human | — | — | A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year.cited 3× |
| caffeine | Increases - is a well-established ergogenic aid | performance | Human | athletes | — | A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year.cited 3× |
| caffeine | Increases - performance-enhancing effects demonstrated | performance | Human | athletes across a variety of sports and exercise types | — | A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year.cited 3× |
| regular use of caffeine within training | Increases - potentially serving to enhance future performance | future performance | Human | athletes | — | A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year.cited 3× |
| regular caffeine use | Decreases - blunting caffeine's performance-enhancing impact | performance-enhancing impact | Human | athletes | — | What Should We Do About Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?cited 59× |
| caffeine | Increases - enhance performance | performance across a wide range of capacities | Human | athletes and non-athletes | — | What Should We Do About Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?cited 59× |
| acute caffeine ingestion | No effect - examined the effects of | tactical performance during small-sided games (SSG) | Human | professional soccer players | — | The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Tactical Performance of Professional Soccer Players.cited 4× |
| caffeine | Increases - has well established effects for promoting | physical and cognitive performance | Human | — | — | The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Tactical Performance of Professional Soccer Players.cited 4× |
| caffeine in the afternoon | Increases - potentiate performance | performance | Human | thirteen physically active men | — | Can caffeine supplementation reverse the effect of time of day on repeated-sprint exercise performance?cited 13× |
| caffeine | Decreases - reduce | negative influence of diurnal variations on repeated-sprint performance | Human | thirteen physically active men | — | Can caffeine supplementation reverse the effect of time of day on repeated-sprint exercise performance?cited 13× |
| caffeine containing multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement | Increases - improves | performance | Human | ten resistance-trained males | — | The effects of a caffeine containing pre-workout supplement on βcited 4× |
| pre-exercise caffeine supplementation at a dose of 3 mg·kg-1·bm | Increases - can be considered as an ergogenic strategy to enhance | some neuromuscular aspects of handball performance | Human | professional handball players with low daily caffeine consumption | 3 mg·kg-1·body mass, ingested 60 min before testing. | Effects of CYP1A2 and ADORA2A Genotypes on the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Professional Handball Players.cited 35× |
| caffeine | Increases - increased | performance in the sprint velocity test | Human | professional handball players with low daily caffeine consumption | 3 mg·kg-1·body mass, ingested 60 min before testing. | Effects of CYP1A2 and ADORA2A Genotypes on the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Professional Handball Players.cited 35× |
| caffeine plus carbohydrate | No effect - no additional effect | performance in resistance training | Human | physically active women | 6 g of maltodextrin rinsed for 10 seconds. | Caffeine Supplementation or Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Performance.cited 11× |
| placebo perceived as caffeine (PLA) | Increases - improved | MIT performance outcomes | Human | — | — | Caffeine effects on VOcited 22× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improved | MIT performance outcomes | Human | — | — | Caffeine effects on VOcited 22× |
| p-synephrine + caffeine (SCF; 100 mg of p-synephrine plus 100 mg of caffeine) | Increases - increased mean power and velocity of squat performance | mean power and velocity of squat performance | Human | twelve healthy, college-aged men | 100 mg of caffeine combined with 100 mg of p-synephrine, consumed for 3 days prior to and on the day of the exercise protocol. | The effects of supplementation with P-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on resistance exercise performance.cited 19× |
| caffeine intake | No effect - No significant differences | 800-m running performance | Human | trained runners | — | Impact of Caffeine Intake on 800-m Running Performance and Sleep Quality in Trained Runners.cited 18× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - improves | athletic performance | Human | — | — | Impact of Caffeine Intake on 800-m Running Performance and Sleep Quality in Trained Runners.cited 18× |
| caffeine intake | No effect - impact | endurance performance | Human | adults (≥ 18 years old) | — | Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise | Increases - may provide a worthwhile improvement | endurance performance | Human | — | — | Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise | No effect - is unlikely to be deleterious | endurance performance | Human | — | — | Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine gum (Caff-gum) | Increases - significant overall effect | exercise performance-related outcomes | Human | healthy adults | — | Effects of caffeine chewing gum supplementation on exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 17× |
| 300 mg caffeine (CAF) | No effect - No Group main effects or Group-by-Time interactions were found for | movement or marksmanship performance | Human | tactical personnel | — | Effects of caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine on vigilance, marksmanship, and hemodynamic responses in tactical personnel: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.cited 4× |
| caffeine | Increases - has been shown to improve | fast reaction times, vigilance, marksmanship performance | Human | — | — | Effects of caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine on vigilance, marksmanship, and hemodynamic responses in tactical personnel: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.cited 4× |
| caffeine Rinse | Increases - elicited better performance relative to Placebo | performance | Human | subjects that performed prior to 10:00 h (Early) | 25 mL of 1.14% caffeine solution rinsed before each trial; 6 mg/kg BW caffeine ingested 1 h prior. | Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day.cited 66× |
| caffeine Ingestion | Increases - performed better with | performance | Human | AC heterozygotes for the rs762551 polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene | 25 mL of 1.14% caffeine solution rinsed before each trial; 6 mg/kg BW caffeine ingested 1 h prior. | Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day.cited 66× |
| caffeine Ingestion+Rinse | Increases - benefited from | performance | Human | AC heterozygotes for the rs762551 polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene | 25 mL of 1.14% caffeine solution rinsed before each trial; 6 mg/kg BW caffeine ingested 1 h prior. | Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day.cited 66× |
| caffeine Ingestion+Rinse | Increases - benefited from | performance | Human | AA homozygotes for the rs762551 polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene | 25 mL of 1.14% caffeine solution rinsed before each trial; 6 mg/kg BW caffeine ingested 1 h prior. | Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day.cited 66× |
| caffeine Ingestion+Rinse | Increases - elicited better performance relative to Placebo | performance | Human | subjects that performed prior to 10:00 h (Early) | 25 mL of 1.14% caffeine solution rinsed before each trial; 6 mg/kg BW caffeine ingested 1 h prior. | Caffeine and 3-km cycling performance: Effects of mouth rinsing, genotype, and time of day.cited 66× |
| low dose of caffeine | Increases - improved | cognitive performance | Human | depressed patients | 60 mg or 120 mg daily. | Low dose of caffeine enhances the efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder and the underlying neural substrates.cited 29× |
| pre-exercise carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation | No effect - examined the effect | endurance exercise performance | Human | Eight healthy active young males | Not specified in the abstract. | The Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine and Glucose Ingestion on Endurance Capacity in Hypoxia: A Double-Blind Crossover Trial. |
| caffeinated energy dietary supplement containing only 55 mg of caffeine | No effect - not in | motor performance | Human | — | — | Acute effect of energy boost dietary supplement on P3 waveform: double blind, placebo controlled study.cited 1× |
| caffeine supplement | Increases - A benefit for cyclists' athletic performance was found | athletic performance | Human | cyclists | Not specified | Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Cycling: A Systematic Review.cited 1× |
| caffeine consumption | Increases - most likely improves performance | 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance | Human | trained rowers | Not specified | The Impact of Preconditioning Strategies Designed to Improve 2000-m Rowing Ergometer Performance in Trained Rowers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine consumption (higher doses ≥6 mg·kg-1) | Increases - superior effect | 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance | Human | trained rowers | Not specified | The Impact of Preconditioning Strategies Designed to Improve 2000-m Rowing Ergometer Performance in Trained Rowers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine gum supplementation prior to exercise | Increases - enhancing | 400-meter sprint performance | Human | trained sprinters | 3 mg/kg of caffeine administered via chewing gum for 10 minutes. | Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum reduces fatigue index and improves 400-meter performance in trained sprinters: a double-blind crossover trial.cited 1× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - positive effects | aerobic performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis.cited 102× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - might also enhance | components of anaerobic performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis.cited 102× |
| caffeine ingestion | No effect - explored the effects | Wingate performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis.cited 102× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - enhanced | countermovement jump performance | Human | recreationally trained men | — | Both Caffeine and Placebo Improve Vertical Jump Performance Compared With a Nonsupplemented Control Condition.cited 12× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - improves | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.cited 209× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - was ergogenic for | jumping performance | Human | — | — | Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.cited 209× |
| caffeine ingestion (3 mg/kg) | Increases - improved | jumping performance | Human | resistance-trained males | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake.cited 28× |
| caffeine ingestion (3 mg/kg) | Increases - improved | resistance exercise performance | Human | resistance-trained males | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake.cited 28× |
| caffeine ingestion (3 mg/kg) | Increases - improved | Wingate performance | Human | resistance-trained males | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake.cited 28× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - may experience an increase in performance | performance | Human | individuals with the AA or AC/CC genotype | — | CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review.cited 24× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - differences were small | performance in high-load resistance exercise set performed to muscular failure | Human | — | — | CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review.cited 24× |
| caffeine ingestion | No effect - differences were inconsistent | performance tests | Human | — | — | CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review.cited 24× |
| Caffeine (CAF) ingestion | Increases - improves | performance in a broad range of exercise tasks | Human | — | 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (acute pre-exercise supplementation) | The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit - a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial.cited 5× |
| caffeine ingestion | No effect - may not observe any alteration to | RE performance on the squat and bench press in terms of repetitions to failure | Human | resistance-trained women | — | Effects of resistance exercise alone or with caffeine on hemodynamics, autonomic modulation and arterial stiffness in resistance-trained women.cited 4× |
| caffeine (4 mg/kg) | No effect - has no additive effects on | performance | Human | resistance-trained women | — | Effects of resistance exercise alone or with caffeine on hemodynamics, autonomic modulation and arterial stiffness in resistance-trained women.cited 4× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - elicited moderate improvements | several aspects of physical performance | Human | trained shot putters | — | Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes.cited 7× |
| caffeine ingestion | Increases - improves | simulated 800-m run performance | Human | 16 (3 females) college middle-distance runners | — | Caffeine Improves Simulated 800-m Run Performance without Affecting Severe Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia.cited 1× |
| caffeine ingestion | No effect - investigate the acute effects | Stroop test performance | Human | professional soccer players | — | Effects of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Cognitive Performance before and after Repeated Small-Sided Games in Professional Soccer Players: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Trial.cited 4× |
| 6 mg/kgBM caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improved performance | exercise performance | Human | trained cyclists | 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose. | Placebo in sports nutrition: a proof-of-principle study involving caffeine supplementation.cited 131× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved exercise performance | exercise performance | Human | participants who correctly identified caffeine pre-exercise | 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose. | Placebo in sports nutrition: a proof-of-principle study involving caffeine supplementation.cited 131× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved exercise performance | exercise performance | Human | participants who correctly identified caffeine post-exercise | 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose. | Placebo in sports nutrition: a proof-of-principle study involving caffeine supplementation.cited 131× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved exercise performance | exercise performance | Human | overall | 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose. | Placebo in sports nutrition: a proof-of-principle study involving caffeine supplementation.cited 131× |
| caffeine plus TMR | Increases - improve | cognitive performance | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Comparing Effects of Caffeine and Total Motion Release Technique on Cognitive, Neuromuscular, and Anaerobic Function in Semi-Professional Male Sprinters: A Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| 5 mg/kg of caffeine | No effect - did not provide a performance benefit | performance | Human | participants | 5 mg/kg, single dose. | Caffeine ingestion compromises thermoregulation and does not improve cycling time to exhaustion in the heat amongst males.cited 2× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved | 10-m walk test performance | Human | healthy older adults | 5 mg/kg of caffeine (acute intake) | Caffeine Responsiveness Before and After Pilates Training in Healthy Older Adults. |
| caffeine | Increases - improved | timed up and go test performance | Human | healthy older adults | 5 mg/kg of caffeine (acute intake) | Caffeine Responsiveness Before and After Pilates Training in Healthy Older Adults. |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improve | 20 km cycling time trial (TT) performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation.cited 49× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improved | TT performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation.cited 49× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improved | TT performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation.cited 49× |
| caffeine (5 mg/kg) | No effect - compare this to an equivalent guarana dose | cognitive performance | Human | Twenty-five participants | — | Cognitive effects of guarana supplementation with maximal intensity cycling.cited 4× |
| caffeine | No effect - neither caffeine nor glucose significantly influence cognitive performance | cognitive performance | Human | young adults | Not specified | Feeling smart: Effects of caffeine and glucose on cognition, mood and self-judgment.cited 25× |
| caffeine | Increases - could be used to enhance | cognitive performance | Human | healthy young adults in a military context when personnel are sleep-deprived | — | A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel.cited 18× |
| Caffeine | Increases - enhances performance | endurance exercise performance | Human | — | 3-6 mg/kg before exercise or 1-2 mg/kg during exercise. | Caffeine and creatine use in sport.cited 62× |
| caffeine | Increases - improve | endurance exercise performance | Human | — | Not specified | Creatine and Caffeine: Considerations for Concurrent Supplementation.cited 31× |
| caffeine | No effect - mixed results | strength and sprint performance | Human | — | Not specified | Creatine and Caffeine: Considerations for Concurrent Supplementation.cited 31× |
| caffeine | No effect - do not enhance | endurance performance | Human | — | — | The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Endurance Exercise Performance and Core Temperature in Hot Environments: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression.cited 10× |
| caffeine | Increases - appearing consistent | exercise performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?cited 92× |
| caffeine | Increases - demonstrated ergogenic effects | exercise performance | Human | athletes and non-athletes | — | Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?cited 92× |
| caffeine | Increases - enhanced | exercise performance | Human | participants | — | Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Substrate Oxidation during Exercise.cited 12× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved performance for | exercise performance | Human | AC genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Decreases - worsened performance for | exercise performance | Human | CC genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Increases - greater doses generating more positive SMD for | exercise performance | Human | CC genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Increases - better performance with later onset of exercise after supplementation for | exercise performance | Human | CC genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Decreases - RCOI only affected SMD of | exercise performance | Human | CC genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | No effect - no influence of genotype was seen after excluding studies with RCOI | exercise performance | Human | all genotypes | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved performance for | exercise performance | Human | AA genotype | — | Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 7× |
| caffeine | No effect - inter-individual difference in the response | exercise performance | Human | — | — | The Role of Genetics in Moderating the Inter-Individual Differences in the Ergogenicity of Caffeine.cited 52× |
| Caffeine (CAF) | Increases - has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid in enhancing | freestyle swimming performance (FSP) | Human | — | Not specified | Caffeine Improves Sprint Time in Simulated Freestyle Swimming Competition but Not the Vertical Jump in Female Swimmers.cited 1× |
| Caffeine (CAF) | Increases - has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid in enhancing | sports performance | Human | — | Not specified | Caffeine Improves Sprint Time in Simulated Freestyle Swimming Competition but Not the Vertical Jump in Female Swimmers.cited 1× |
| caffeine | Increases - performance-enhancing effects | human performance | HumanMolecular | humans | Not specified | What can isolated skeletal muscle experiments tell us about the effects of caffeine on exercise performance?cited 57× |
| caffeine | Increases - significant improvements | sporting performance | HumanMolecular | — | Not specified | What can isolated skeletal muscle experiments tell us about the effects of caffeine on exercise performance?cited 57× |
| caffeine | Increases - helped to improve | jumping performance | Human | female athletes | Not available | Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.cited 12× |
| caffeine | Increases - helped to improve | sprint performance | Human | female athletes | Not available | Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.cited 12× |
| caffeine | Increases - have been demonstrated to improve | multiple-sprint performance | Human | — | Not specified | Dietary supplements and team-sport performance.cited 84× |
| caffeine | Increases - can improve | single-sprint performance | Human | — | Not specified | Dietary supplements and team-sport performance.cited 84× |
| caffeine | Increases - improves | muscle performance during short-duration maximal dynamic contractions | Human | Fourteen male subjects (mean ± SD: 23.8 ± 2.8 years) | 6 mg/kg body weight. | Caffeine improves neuromuscular function during maximal dynamic exercise.cited 90× |
| caffeine | Increases - are used by athletes in an attempt to optimize performance | performance | Human | athletes | — | No individual or combined effects of caffeine and beetroot-juice supplementation during submaximal or maximal running.cited 22× |
| caffeine | Increases - sound evidence to support the use | performance | Human | athletes | Not specified | Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses.cited 62× |
| caffeine | Increases - can take for performance enhancement | performance | Human | rowing athletes | — | Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Performanceand Recovery in Rowing Athletes.cited 9× |
| caffeine | Increases - can improve performance | performance | Human | elite soccer players | — | Dietary and Ergogenic Supplementation to Improve Elite Soccer Players' Performance.cited 6× |
| caffeine | Increases - can enhance | performance | Human | — | Not specified | Nutritional Supplements and the Brain.cited 30× |
| caffeine | Decreases - performance had deteriorated | performance | Human | thirty healthy volunteers | 50 mg caffeine (single dose) | Double-blind placebo and active (caffeine) controlled study to examine the effects of the herbal nutritional supplement beverage "Wake up" on vigilance and function after lunch.cited 5× |
| caffeine | Increases - significantly superior to placebo | performance tests, subjective vigilance and effectiveness assessment | Human | thirty healthy volunteers | 50 mg caffeine (single dose) | Double-blind placebo and active (caffeine) controlled study to examine the effects of the herbal nutritional supplement beverage "Wake up" on vigilance and function after lunch.cited 5× |
| caffeine | Increases - proposed beneficial role | performance | Human | — | Not specified. | Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research.cited 57× |
| caffeine | Increases - enhance | performance at multiple distances | Human | runners | Not specified | A systematic review of the efficacy of ergogenic aids for improving running performance.cited 28× |
| caffeine | Increases - improved | running performance | Human | runners | Not specified | A systematic review of the efficacy of ergogenic aids for improving running performance.cited 28× |
| caffeine (CAF) | No effect - not significantly improved | performance during the Cindy protocol | Human | CrossFit participants | — | Supplementation of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate together could not improve performance and performance-related factors in CrossFit participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.cited 5× |
| caffeine | Increases - physiological responder status and caffeine habituation may contribute to caffeine's efficacy | performance enhancement | Human | healthy women under the age of 40 years | — | Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate.cited 10× |
| caffeine | No effect - potential plateau in the dose-response relationship | performance enhancement | Human | healthy women under the age of 40 years | — | Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate.cited 10× |
| caffeine | Increases - is the only NEA that has shown strong evidence for | performance enhancement in combat sports | Human | combat sports athletes | — | Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 8× |
| caffeine (CAF) | Increases - improves performance and delays fatigue | performance in high-intensity tasks | Human | — | 3 mg/kg of caffeine. | Effect of Acute Sodium Bicarbonate and Caffeine Coingestion on Repeated-Sprint Performance in Recreationally Trained Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 4× |
| caffeine | Increases - promotes the performance of tasks that involve working memory to a limited extent | performance of tasks that involve working memory | Animal | — | Not available | Protective effect of co-administration of caffeine and piracetam on scopolamine-induced amnesia in Wistar rats.cited 2× |
| caffeine | Increases - increased | power output during a 6-min performance test | Human | Fourteen men [age (means ± SD): 26 ± 6 yr] | — | No additive effect of acetaminophen when co-ingested with caffeine on cycling performance in well-trained young men.cited 7× |
| caffeine | No effect - found no significant improvement | soccer-related performance | Human | soccer players | — | Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance of Soccer Players: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 14× |
| caffeine | No effect - evidence remains inconclusive | sport performance | Human | para-athlete population | — | Dietary Supplementation for Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review.cited 6× |
| Caffeine | Increases - maximizing sports performance | sports performance | Human | athletes | Not specified | Medications for Sleep Schedule Adjustments in Athletes.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Increases - established for enhancing sports performance | sports performance | Human | — | Not specified | Evidence-Based Supplements for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance.cited 98× |
| caffeine | Increases - significant effect | sprint cycling performance | Human | 13 men | — | Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration.cited 1× |
| caffeine | Increases - clear effect | sprinting performance | Human | — | — | Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration.cited 1× |
| caffeine | Increases - significant ergogenic effect | throwing performance | Human | — | — | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review.cited 6× |
| caffeine | Increases - significant ergogenic effect | throwing performance | Human | — | — | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review.cited 6× |
| caffeine | No effect - no significant difference | throwing performance | Human | — | — | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review.cited 6× |
| caffeine | Increases - ergogenic effect was observed | throwing performance | Human | — | — | Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review.cited 6× |
| caffeine (6 mg/kg body wt; CAF) | Increases - was 16% better | Yo-Yo IR2 performance | Human | 12 subjects | 6 mg/kg body weight | Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation.cited 109× |
| caffeine and taurine at doses equivalent to commercial energy drinks | No effect - did not improve | repeat-sprint cycling performance | Human | 11 male subjects (age 21 ± 2 years; stature 178 ± 7 cm; body mass 80 ± 13 kg) | 80 mg caffeine and 1 g taurine, administered once | Energy Drink Doses of Caffeine and Taurine Have a Null or Negative Effect on Sprint Performance.cited 13× |