25
90
17
↑25
↓90
—17
Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet maydecreaseBody fat.
89 studies (132 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 27 (27–27) %across 1 dosed study
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-day high-carbohydrate diet (≥75% of total calories) | Decreases - strong tendency for lower | body fat percentage | Human | Twenty non-obese young men (age 22.7 ± 2.6 years, BMI 23.5 ± 2.1 kg/m(2)) | 83.7 ± 8.4% of total calories from carbohydrates. | Effect of an Acute High Carbohydrate Diet on Body Composition Using DXA in Young Men.cited 23× |
| low calorie diet in combination with oral supplementation by vitamins, minerals, probiotics and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 125-180 IUs) | Decreases - reduced | body fat mass | Human | participants | Not specified for probiotics alone. | Effect of weight reduction on cardiovascular risk factors and CD34-positive cells in circulation.cited 25× |
| fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | body fat percentage | Human | overweight/obese Southwest Chinese individuals | Daily energy intake reduced by 300-500 kcal, with low-glycemic index carbohydrate-energy ratio <45% and fat-energy ratio 25-30%. | Fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet controls weight and improves blood lipid profile: A pilot study among overweight and obese adults in Southwest China.cited 1× |
| diet therapy and coconut oil intake | Decreases - decreased significantly | body fat percentage | Human | overweight individuals | 20 mL of coconut oil per day. | The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals. |
| dairy-based diet | Decreases - achieved a more significant reduction | body fat mass | Human | Participants | Not specified. | A systematic review on the effectiveness of diet and exercise in the management of obesity.cited 15× |
| Saturated fatty acid (SFA)-enriched diet (overfeeding) | No effect - had no differential effect on the accumulation of | total body fat | Human | overweight and obese humans | Not specified (muffins high in palm oil [SFA] or sunflower oil [PUFA] added to habitual diet). | Overeating Saturated Fat Promotes Fatty Liver and Ceramides Compared With Polyunsaturated Fat: A Randomized Trial.cited 158× |
| Brazil and cashew nuts intake within an energy-restricted diet | Decreases - reduced | total body fat | Human | cardiometabolic risk women | 45 g daily (15 g Brazil nuts + 30 g cashew nuts). | Brazil and cashew nuts intake improve body composition and endothelial health in women at cardiometabolic risk (Brazilian Nuts Study): a randomized controlled trial.cited 19× |
| HP diet | Decreases - lower | percentage of body fat | Animal | mice | Not specified (diets were administered ad libitum). | PET/CT Imaging and Physiology of Mice on High Protein Diet.cited 3× |
| LP diet | Increases - was significantly higher | body fat percentage | Animal | mice | Not specified (diets were administered ad libitum). | PET/CT Imaging and Physiology of Mice on High Protein Diet.cited 3× |
| LP diet | Increases - effect was stronger | body fat percentage | Animal | C57BL mice | Not specified (diets were administered ad libitum). | PET/CT Imaging and Physiology of Mice on High Protein Diet.cited 3× |
| LP diet | Increases - effect was stronger | body fat percentage | Animal | apoE-/- mice | Not specified (diets were administered ad libitum). | PET/CT Imaging and Physiology of Mice on High Protein Diet.cited 3× |
| very high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) | No effect - no significant changes for | percent body fat | Human | resistance-trained individuals | 4.4 g/kg/d of protein. | The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals.cited 71× |
| hypercaloric high protein diet | No effect - does not result in an increase in | body fat | Human | resistance-trained individuals | 4.4 g/kg/d of protein. | The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals.cited 71× |
| a hypocaloric low carbohydrate, hypocaloric moderate low fat, and Mediterranean diet without calorie restriction | No effect - remained stable, on average | body fat percentage | Human | young adults with T1D and overweight or obesity | Not specified | Weight management in young adults with type 1 diabetes: The advancing care for type 1 diabetes and obesity network sequential multiple assignment randomized trial pilot results.cited 10× |
| hypoenergetic diet rich in ALA (3·4 g/d) | Decreases - decreases were significantly correlated with the decreases | body fat mass | Human | eighty-one overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits | 3.4 g/d (high-ALA diet) vs. 0.9 g/d (low-ALA diet). | Effects of an energy-restricted diet rich in plant-derived α-linolenic acid on systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits.cited 42× |
| low-carbohydrates diet (LC) | Decreases - exerted significant effects on decreasing | body fat percentage | Human | overweight male patients with drug addiction | Not specified | Effects of an 8-week Baduanjin intervention combined with low-carbohydrates diet among overweight people who struggle with drug addiction.cited 8× |
| hypocaloric high-protein diet | No effect - remained relatively stable | body fat mass | Human | NAFLD patients | Not specified | Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).cited 29× |
| 8-wk-high protein diet and exercise | No effect - investigate the effect | body fat (BF) | Human | 43 subjects with BMI >25 kg/m² | Not specified. | The Impact of Weight Loss Program in Metabolic Profile and Body Fat Improvement among Indonesian Young Obese: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 1× |
| reduced-calorie diet including a daily dark chocolate snack | Decreases - decreases | body fat percentage | Human | overweight and obese premenopausal women | Daily dark chocolate snack (exact amount not specified). | A reduced-calorie dietary pattern including a daily sweet snack promotes body weight reduction and body composition improvements in premenopausal women who are overweight and obese: a pilot study.cited 15× |
| reduced-calorie diet including a daily non-chocolate snack | Decreases - decreases | body fat percentage | Human | overweight and obese premenopausal women | Daily dark chocolate snack (exact amount not specified). | A reduced-calorie dietary pattern including a daily sweet snack promotes body weight reduction and body composition improvements in premenopausal women who are overweight and obese: a pilot study.cited 15× |
| moderate carbohydrate-restricted diet with either whole eggs or egg substitute | Decreases - decreases in | percent body fat | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | Three whole eggs per day. | Effects of carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol provided by eggs on clinical risk factors in metabolic syndrome.cited 49× |
| hypocaloric modified MIND diet | Decreases - A more significant reduction | percentage of body fat | Human | overweight and obese women | Hypocaloric modified MIND diet (specific amounts not detailed). | The Effect of Short-term Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet on Hunger Hormones, Anthropometric Parameters, and Brain Structures in Middle-aged Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 8× |
| structured, low-glycemic portion-controlled diet (PCD) intervention | No effect - no effect | percent body fat | Human | 73 subjects | Not specified | Pilot testing of a portion-controlled, commercially available diet on presurgical weight loss and metabolic outcomes in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.cited 8× |
| whey protein powders (30 g/day) and isocaloric weight-loss diet | Decreases - decreased | body fat | Human | obese women | 30 g/day of whey protein powder. | Whey protein supplementation reducing fasting levels of anandamide and 2-AG without weight loss in pre-menopausal women with obesity on a weight-loss diet.cited 16× |
| daily diet with 25% daily calorie of protein (high-protein group, HPG) | Decreases - significantly reduced | total body fat percentage | Human | community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults | 25% of daily calories from protein (high-protein group) vs. 15% (regular-protein group), delivered via 10 frozen meals per week. | Protein-enriched diet improved muscle endurance and marginally reduced intramuscular adiposity: Results from a randomized controlled trial among middle-aged and older adults.cited 13× |
| daily diet with 15% daily calorie of protein (regular-protein group, RPG) | Decreases - significantly reduced | total body fat percentage | Human | community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults | 25% of daily calories from protein (high-protein group) vs. 15% (regular-protein group), delivered via 10 frozen meals per week. | Protein-enriched diet improved muscle endurance and marginally reduced intramuscular adiposity: Results from a randomized controlled trial among middle-aged and older adults.cited 13× |
| MCT supplementation during a very low calorie diet (VLCD) | Increases - contribution was higher | body fat to the total weight loss | Human | tightly matched obese women with body mass index (BMI)>30 kg/m(2) | 8.0 g/100 g of the VLCD product (Adinax). | Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides.cited 56× |
| home-delivered diet | Decreases - had a greater reduction | body fat percentages | Human | overweight and obese women | Dietary plan composition: 55-60% carbohydrates, 15-20% protein, 25-30% fat. | Which is the best diet to reduce cardiometabolic risk: dietary counseling or home-delivered diet? |
| energy-restricted diet (control group) | Decreases - reduced significantly | body fat | Human | 68 adults with overweight/obesity | 30 g/d cashew nut (CN) or 30 mL/d cashew nut oil (OL). | Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) and cashew nut oil reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adults on weight-loss treatment: a randomized controlled three-arm trial (Brazilian Nuts Study).cited 5× |
| hypocaloric diet without daily avocado | Decreases - decrease | total body fat | Human | healthy overweight/obese women and men | 1 Hass avocado daily. | Hass Avocado Inclusion in a Weight-Loss Diet Supported Weight Loss and Altered Gut Microbiota: A 12-Week Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial.cited 35× |
| hypocaloric diet with 1 Hass avocado daily | Decreases - decrease | total body fat | Human | healthy overweight/obese women and men | 1 Hass avocado daily. | Hass Avocado Inclusion in a Weight-Loss Diet Supported Weight Loss and Altered Gut Microbiota: A 12-Week Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial.cited 35× |
| beef fat diet | Increases - weighed more and had significantly more | body fat | Animal | nonexercising mice | 40.8% of energy from fat (canola oil diet) | Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat.cited 39× |
| low fat diet | Increases - had | body fat | Animal | nonexercising mice | 40.8% of energy from fat (canola oil diet) | Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat.cited 39× |
| monounsaturated canola oil diet | Decreases - was significantly less than | body fat | Animal | mice | 40.8% of energy from fat (canola oil diet) | Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat.cited 39× |
| canola oil diet | Increases - had | body fat | Animal | nonexercising mice | 40.8% of energy from fat (canola oil diet) | Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat.cited 39× |
| high-fat (HF) diet (60% unsaturated) | Increases - exhibited higher | body fat | Animal | male C57BL/6J mice | Not specified (extract enriched in mannoheptulose). | An Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose Prevents the Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet in Mice.cited 5× |
| high-fat diet (HFD) | Increases - showed significantly higher | body fat | Animal | mice | Not specified | Octacosanol and policosanol prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders by activating brown adipose tissue and improving liver metabolism.cited 32× |
| hypocaloric diet + 3 g/day of omega-3 supplementation (Diet-fish group) | Decreases - reductions | body fat | Human | patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) | 3 g/day of omega-3 supplementation. | Dietetic intervention in psoriatic arthritis: the DIETA trial.cited 14× |
| 6-week low Glycemic Load (GL) diet intervention based on low Glycemic Index (GI) foods | Decreases - significant reduction | % body fat | Human | overweight/obese pre-pubertal children | Replacement of at least 50% of high GI foods with low-GI foods. | The effects of 6-week low glycemic load diet based on low glycemic index foods in overweight/obese children--pilot study.cited 21× |
| 6-week low Glycemic Load (GL) diet intervention based on low Glycemic Index (GI) foods | Decreases - positively modified | body fat content | Human | overweight or obese children | Replacement of at least 50% of high GI foods with low-GI foods. | The effects of 6-week low glycemic load diet based on low glycemic index foods in overweight/obese children--pilot study.cited 21× |
| healthy traditional Brazilian diet (DieTBra) | Decreases - significant reductions | total body fat | Human | severely obese participants | EVOO (52 mL/day) | Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) and the Traditional Brazilian Diet on Sarcopenia in Severe Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 21× |
| whey protein (WP) or WP hydrolysate (WPH) combined with an energy-restricted diet (ERD) | Decreases - significantly decreased | body fat (%) | Human | older women with overweight and obesity | 20 g/d WP or WPH. | Effects of Whey Protein or Its Hydrolysate Supplements Combined with an Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Women.cited 8× |
| whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) combined with an energy-restricted diet (ERD) | Decreases - reductions were higher | body fat | Human | older women with overweight and obesity | 20 g/d WP or WPH. | Effects of Whey Protein or Its Hydrolysate Supplements Combined with an Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Women.cited 8× |
| diet containing 121 ppm of L-carnitine (LC121) | Increases - were greater | body fat (g) | Human | adult cats | — | Cats in Positive Energy Balance Have Lower Rates of Adipose Gain When Fed Diets Containing 188 versus 121 ppm L-Carnitine. |
| diet containing 121 ppm of L-carnitine (LC121) | Increases - were greater | body fat : lean mass ratio | Human | adult cats | — | Cats in Positive Energy Balance Have Lower Rates of Adipose Gain When Fed Diets Containing 188 versus 121 ppm L-Carnitine. |
| partial meal replacement diet containing a vegetable-oil emulsion (test) | Decreases - decreased significantly | Body fat mass (BFM) | Human | subjects with >5% body weight (BW) loss | Not specified | Effect of a vegetable-oil emulsion on body composition; a 12-week study in overweight women on a meal replacement therapy after an initial weight loss: a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| partial meal replacement diet containing dairy fat (control) | Decreases - decreased | Body fat mass (BFM) | Human | subjects with >5% body weight (BW) loss | Not specified | Effect of a vegetable-oil emulsion on body composition; a 12-week study in overweight women on a meal replacement therapy after an initial weight loss: a randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| normocaloric MUFAs-rich diet | Decreases - decreased | body fat | Human | women with obesity | 15-20% of total energy expenditure (TEE). | Monounsaturated fat-rich diet reduces body adiposity in women with obesity, but does not influence energy expenditure and substrate oxidation: a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 2× |
| MUFAs-rich diet | Decreases - reduces | body fat | Human | — | 15-20% of total energy expenditure (TEE). | Monounsaturated fat-rich diet reduces body adiposity in women with obesity, but does not influence energy expenditure and substrate oxidation: a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 2× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate, low-glycaemic index diet (HC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Decreases - reductions in body fat | body fat | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated/low-saturated fat diet (LC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Decreases - reductions in body fat | body fat | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| 3-day low-carbohydrate (LC) diet | No effect - no differences | BOD POD-determined body fat percentage | Human | LC group | Less than 50 grams/day of carbohydrates for the low-carbohydrate group. | Reliability of BOD POD Measurements Remains High After a Short-Duration Low-Carbohydrate Diet. |
| control (CON) diet | No effect - no differences | BOD POD-determined body fat percentage | Human | CON group | Less than 50 grams/day of carbohydrates for the low-carbohydrate group. | Reliability of BOD POD Measurements Remains High After a Short-Duration Low-Carbohydrate Diet. |
| sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet | Decreases - significant decrease | body fat mass | Human | overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 3 g/day (capsule form). | The efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. |
| sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet | Decreases - significant decrease | body fat percentage | Human | overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 3 g/day (capsule form). | The efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. |
| auricular acupressure combined with low-calorie diet | Decreases - significant reductions | body fat mass | Human | Volunteers with body mass indices (BMI) between 25 and 45 kg/m² | Not specified | Effects of auricular acupressure combined with low-calorie diet on the leptin hormone in obese and overweight Iranian individuals.cited 15× |
| low-calorie diet | No effect - These changes were not observed | body fat mass | Human | control group | Not specified | Effects of auricular acupressure combined with low-calorie diet on the leptin hormone in obese and overweight Iranian individuals.cited 15× |
| overeating with high protein diet | Increases - body fat increased similarly | body fat | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| overeating with low protein diet | Increases - body fat increased similarly | body fat | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| overeating with normal protein diet | Increases - body fat increased similarly | body fat | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | percent body fat | Human | well-trained cyclists | Not specified (only described as "high-carbohydrate diet" and "periodized carbohydrate feeding"). | A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet. |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (MCD-CC) | Decreases - significant reduction | body fat | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (PLCD-PC) | Decreases - significant reduction | body fat | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (PLCD-CC) | Decreases - significant reduction | body fat | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (MCD-PC) | Decreases - significant reduction | body fat | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (150 min per week, for 12 weeks) and diet counseling | Decreases - lost more body fat | body fat | Human | survivors of triple-negative breast cancer with BMI >25 | Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (150 min per week) and diet counseling. | Exercise and dietary advice intervention for survivors of triple-negative breast cancer: effects on body fat, physical function, quality of life, and adipokine profile.cited 94× |
| Western-diet (WD) | Increases - increased | whole-body fat | Animal | female ovariectomized (OVX) ApoE KO mice | Not specified for Western Diet; estradiol dosage not detailed. | Estradiol Protects Female ApoE KO Mice against Western-Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.cited 6× |
| control diet + exercise in hypoxia | Decreases - decreased | body fat | Human | older T2DM patients | Not specified. | Eight Weeks of Intermittent Exercise in Hypoxia, with or without a Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Improves Bone Mass and Functional and Physiological Capacity in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.cited 5× |
| control diet + exercise in normoxia | Decreases - decreased | body fat | Human | older T2DM patients | Not specified. | Eight Weeks of Intermittent Exercise in Hypoxia, with or without a Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Improves Bone Mass and Functional and Physiological Capacity in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.cited 5× |
| low-carbohydrate diet + exercise in hypoxia | Decreases - decreased | body fat | Human | older T2DM patients | Not specified. | Eight Weeks of Intermittent Exercise in Hypoxia, with or without a Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Improves Bone Mass and Functional and Physiological Capacity in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.cited 5× |
| intensified training on a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (CHO), high-fat diet (LCHF) | Increases - markedly increased | whole-body fat oxidation | Human | elite male and female race walkers | LCHF: <50 g∙d⁻¹ CHO, 78% energy as fat, 2.1 g∙kg⁻¹∙d⁻¹ protein. | Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible.cited 68× |
| moderate-protein diet with 25 g beef/d (B25) | No effect - no differences between groups | body fat content | Human | adults with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 who lost ≥8% body weight | 25 g beef/day (moderate-protein diet) vs. 150 g beef/day (high-protein diet). | Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss.cited 5× |
| high-protein diet with 150 g beef/d (B150) | No effect - no differences between groups | body fat content | Human | adults with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 who lost ≥8% body weight | 25 g beef/day (moderate-protein diet) vs. 150 g beef/day (high-protein diet). | Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss.cited 5× |
| high GI diet | Increases - showed a rapid-onset (from week 5) marked increase | body fat mass | Animal | mice | Not specified (isoenergetic and macronutrient-matched diets differing only in starch type) | Impairment of fat oxidation under high- vs. low-glycemic index diet occurs before the development of an obese phenotype.cited 73× |
| high-protein (HP) diet | Decreases - produced a greater body fat loss | body fat | Human | women with PCOS | High-protein diet (>40% energy from protein, 30% from fat) vs. standard-protein diet (<15% energy from protein, 30% from fat). | Effects of increased dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratios in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 46× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - significant difference in the reduction | body fat mass | Human | post-bariatric patients | ≥60 g/day (total protein intake, not casein-specific) | The effect of additional protein on lean body mass preservation in post-bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review.cited 18× |
| high-protein (HP) diet | Decreases - had lower | body fat percentage (BFP) | Human | NWO women | 25% of total energy intake from protein (high-protein group) vs. 15% (standard protein group). | The effect of 12 weeks of euenergetic high-protein diet in regulating appetite and body composition of women with normal-weight obesity: a randomised controlled trial.cited 17× |
| ketogenic diet | No effect - ineffective at promoting significant body fat loss | body fat loss | Animal | obese male and female mice | 60% cocoa butter (high-fat diet), 85% cocoa butter (ketogenic diet), 10% cocoa butter (low-fat diet) | An isoproteic cocoa butter-based ketogenic diet fails to improve glucose homeostasis and promote weight loss in obese mice.cited 6× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - show reduction in | body fat percentage | Human | participants with obesity | Carbohydrate intake ranged from 7-27% of daily energy | Ketogenic Diet Intervention for Obesity Weight-Loss- A Narrative Review, Challenges, and Open Questions. |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | Increases - significant increased | body fat | Human | patients with CD | Not specified | Impact of Gluten-free Diet on Anthropometric Indicators in Individuals With and Without Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 3× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | Increases - effect on the increase of | body fat | Human | — | Not specified | Impact of Gluten-free Diet on Anthropometric Indicators in Individuals With and Without Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 3× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | Increases - can have a significant and beneficial effect on | body fat | Human | patients with CD | Not specified | Impact of Gluten-free Diet on Anthropometric Indicators in Individuals With and Without Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 3× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | No effect - has no significant effect | body fat | Human | patients with and without celiac disease (CD) | Not specified | Impact of Gluten-free Diet on Anthropometric Indicators in Individuals With and Without Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 3× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - reduced significantly | body fat % | Human | individuals with obesity/overweight and NAFLD | Not specified | Effects of low fat diet on inflammatory parameters in individuals with obesity/overweight and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study.cited 2× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - reduced significantly | body fat mass (kg) | Human | individuals with obesity/overweight and NAFLD | Not specified | Effects of low fat diet on inflammatory parameters in individuals with obesity/overweight and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study.cited 2× |
| reduced glycemic load (RGL) diet | Decreases - lower percent body fat | percent body fat | Human | obese children | Weekly dietary counseling and biweekly group exercise. | Role of carbohydrate modification in weight management among obese children: a randomized clinical trial.cited 69× |
| low-CHO (LC) diet | Decreases - lower percent body fat | percent body fat | Human | obese children | Weekly dietary counseling and biweekly group exercise. | Role of carbohydrate modification in weight management among obese children: a randomized clinical trial.cited 69× |
| standard portion-controlled (PC) diet | Decreases - lower percent body fat | percent body fat | Human | obese children | Weekly dietary counseling and biweekly group exercise. | Role of carbohydrate modification in weight management among obese children: a randomized clinical trial.cited 69× |
| High-caloric diet | Increases - increased | body fat | Animal | male Wistar rats | 60 mg/kg/day (containing 12.48% aspalathin). | Cardioprotective Function of Green Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract Supplementation in Ex Vivo Ischemic Prediabetic Rat Hearts.cited 4× |
| hypoenergetic diet and exercise training intervention | No effect - associated with | body fat | Human | young men | — | Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial.cited 152× |
| updated American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention and ad libitum diet | Increases - rose | body fat mass | Human | female BC survivors | Not specified | Serum antioxidant capacity, biochemical profile and body composition of breast cancer survivors in a randomized Mediterranean dietary intervention study.cited 42× |
| Western-styled diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA) | Increases - exhibited significantly greater | body fat | Animal | wild-type C57BL/6J mice | Not explicitly stated, but chronic ingestion over 13 weeks. | Chronic Intake of Energy Drinks and Their Sugar Free Substitution Similarly Promotes Metabolic Syndrome.cited 6× |
| cocoa butter (COB) diet | Decreases - decreased | body fat mass | Human | healthy participants | Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). | Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial.cited 13× |
| soybean oil (SBO) diet | Decreases - decreased | body fat mass | Human | healthy participants | Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). | Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial.cited 13× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - were significantly lower than before | body fat | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education | Decreases - can effectively reduce | body fat | Human | patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified | Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.cited 12× |
| HPF diet | Decreases - could significantly reduce more | body fat percentage | Human | — | Not specified. | The combination of isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO)-based dietary fiber and hypocaloric high-protein diet could improve the anthropometric profile and fasting plasma glucose of healthy adults: A repeated single-arm clinical trial.cited 1× |
| low-carb diet | Decreases - among the most effective approaches for body fat reduction | body fat | Human | — | Not specified | Comparison of weight loss effects among overweight/obese adults: A network meta-analysis of mediterranean, low carbohydrate, and low-fat diets.cited 2× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - the most effective dietary intervention for reducing body fat | body fat | Human | — | Not specified | Comparison of weight loss effects among overweight/obese adults: A network meta-analysis of mediterranean, low carbohydrate, and low-fat diets.cited 2× |
| 10 g daily of 99 % cocoa chocolate in addition to their habitual diet | Decreases - showed a decrease | body fat mass | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| 10 g daily of 99 % cocoa chocolate in addition to their habitual diet | Decreases - showed a favourable reduction | body fat mass | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| 10 g daily of 99 % cocoa chocolate in addition to their habitual diet | Decreases - showed a decrease | body fat percentage | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| 10 g daily of 99 % cocoa chocolate in addition to their habitual diet | Decreases - showed a favourable reduction | body fat percentage | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| Daily addition of 10 g of cocoa-rich chocolate to the habitual diet | Decreases - reduces | body fat mass | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| Daily addition of 10 g of cocoa-rich chocolate to the habitual diet | Decreases - reduces | body fat percentage | Human | postmenopausal women | 10 g daily of 99% cocoa chocolate. | Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial.cited 10× |
| 8-week diet and exercise program | Decreases - significant decreases | percentage body fat | Human | overweight men and women | — | The Combined Effects of Exercise, Diet, and a Multi-Ingredient Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Adipokine Changes in Overweight Adults.cited 21× |
| calcium-rich diet | Decreases - anti-obesity effects | body fat | Human | — | Not specified. | Does calcium intake affect cardiovascular risk factors and/or events?cited 11× |
| low-glycemic index pulse-based diet | Decreases - greater reduction | body fat percentage | Human | women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). | A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 62× |
| exercise combined with high-protein diet | Decreases - decreased | total body fat mass | Human | middle-aged adults with obesity | Not specified | Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 7× |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | body fat | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| 500 kcal/d energy deficit diet with a macronutrient composition of 30 E% fat, 52 E% carbohydrate and 18 E% protein either high (≈1500 mg calcium/day) or low (≤ 600 mg calcium/day) in dairy products | Decreases - lost more | body fat | Human | individuals with high pre-treatment bacterial Prevotella-to-Bacteroides (P/B) ratio | High dairy (≈1500 mg calcium/day) vs. low dairy (≤600 mg calcium/day). | Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratio predicts body weight and fat loss success on 24-week diets varying in macronutrient composition and dietary fiber: results from a post-hoc analysis.cited 170× |
| 5:2 diet | Decreases - significantly reduces | body fat percentage | Human | overweight and obese individuals | Not specified (5:2 diet protocol—2 fasting days per week). | Effect of the 5:2 Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and/or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. |
| Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - reduced | body fat percentage | Human | Australian patients post coronary event | Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). | Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study.cited 23× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - showed a greater reduction | percentage of body fat | Human | obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) under continuous positive airway pressure treatment | Not specified | Effect of Mediterranean diet on lipid peroxidation marker TBARS in obese patients with OSAHS under CPAP treatment: a randomised trial.cited 14× |
| prudent diet | Decreases - reduction | percentage of body fat | Human | obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) under continuous positive airway pressure treatment | Not specified | Effect of Mediterranean diet on lipid peroxidation marker TBARS in obese patients with OSAHS under CPAP treatment: a randomised trial.cited 14× |
| 5 d of a high-fat diet (HFAT; >65% EI) with CHO intake clamped at <20% EI | Increases - were higher | rates of whole-body fat oxidation during exercise | Human | 8 male cyclists | High-fat diet (>65% energy intake), high-protein diet (>65% energy intake), with carbohydrate intake clamped at <20% energy intake | High dietary fat intake increases fat oxidation and reduces skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in trained humans.cited 45× |
| ketogenic diet protocol | Decreases - significant loss | body fat | Human | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | Not specified | Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet.cited 52× |
| high-MUFA diet | Decreases - comparable improvement | body fat | Human | overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.cited 136× |
| personalized whole-food ketogenic diet (KMT 1:5:1 ratio) | Decreases - significant decreases | percentage of body fat | Human | 37-year-old obese woman with longstanding OCD and ulcerative colitis | Personalized whole-food ketogenic diet (KMT 1:5:1 ratio). | Remission of OCD and ulcerative colitis with a ketogenic diet: Case Report. |
| reduced-calorie diet (RCD) and 100% orange juice (OJ) | Decreases - had similar outcomes regarding | body fat | Human | obese individuals | 500 mL/day of 100% orange juice. | Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial.cited 43× |
| low GI (LGI) diet | Decreases - reduced | body fat | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Low glycemic index diet reduces body fat and attenuates inflammatory and metabolic responses in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 18× |
| Hipcref diet | Decreases - significant reduction | percentage body fat | Human | Overweight/obese Malaysian adults | Not specified (diet charts based on personal preferences). | Effect of an individualised high-protein, energy-restricted diet on anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters in overweight and obese Malaysian adults: a 6-month randomised controlled study.cited 8× |
| lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) | Decreases - more of a decrease | percentage of body fat | Human | obese middle-aged individuals | 20 mg/d | Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.cited 16× |
| DASH diet (DASH) vs DASH diet with physical activity guidance (DASHPED) | No effect - did not differ | body fat | Human | older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension | Not specified | DASH diet vs. DASH diet plus physical activity in older patients with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure: A randomized clinical trial.cited 2× |
| standard hospital diet supplemented with 100 g RUTF/day | No effect - was comparable | percentage body fat | Human | hospitalized PLWH in Senegal | 100 g RUTF/day (iron content not specified beyond DRI coverage). | Daily consumption of ready-to-use peanut-based therapeutic food increased fat free mass, improved anemic status but has no impact on the zinc status of people living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial.cited 265× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LC) | Decreases - significantly reduced | body fat percentage | Human | overweight/obese Chinese females | Not specified | Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females.cited 25× |
| low carbohydrate diet (<20g daily intake) | Decreases - improvements in body fat percentages | body fat percentages | Human | patients with T2DM and DKD | <20g carbohydrates daily (VLCBD) vs. 0.8g/kg/day protein (control). | Safety and efficacy of very low carbohydrate diet in patients with diabetic kidney disease-A randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - no significant difference | percent body fat | Human | adolescents with overweight and obesity | Not specified | Low-Carbohydrate Diet is More Helpful for Weight Loss Than Low-Fat Diet in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 2× |
| auricular acupressure alone, or with diet and/or exercise | Decreases - decreasing | body fat mass (BFM) | Human | overweight and/or obese individuals | Not specified | Auricular acupressure for overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 11× |
| auricular acupressure alone, or with diet and/or exercise | Decreases - decreasing | body fat percentage (BFP) | Human | overweight and/or obese individuals | Not specified | Auricular acupressure for overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 11× |