69
8
25
↑69
↓8
—25
Evidence suggests Walking mayincreasePhysical function.
72 studies (102 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 65 (47.25–71.25) %across 4 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| conventional walking shoes | Increases - improved | function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| conventional walking shoes | Increases - showing clinically relevant improvements | function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| Walking shoes with triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles and mild lateral-wedge insoles designed to unload the medial knee and worn daily | Increases - showing clinically relevant improvements | function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| Walking shoes with triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles and mild lateral-wedge insoles designed to unload the medial knee and worn daily | No effect - were not associated with increased probability of improvement | function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| Walking shoes with triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles and mild lateral-wedge insoles designed to unload the medial knee and worn daily | Increases - improved | function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| Walking shoes with triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles and mild lateral-wedge insoles designed to unload the medial knee and worn daily | No effect - did not differ | physical function | Human | persons with medial knee osteoarthritis | Daily wear of walking shoes (intervention: triple-density, variable-stiffness midsoles with mild lateral-wedge insoles; comparator: conventional walking shoes). | Unloading Shoes for Self-management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial.cited 37× |
| a 12-week supervised exercise-based intervention comprising a progressive resistance exercise programme two times per week, a protein supplement after exercise and a home-based walking programme based on daily step counts | No effect - investigate the effect of | physical function | Human | older women (≥65 years) with breast cancer receiving (neo)adjuvant or first-line or second-line systemic therapy | Home-based walking program based on daily step counts (specific step count not provided). | Exercise in older women with breast cancer during systemic therapy: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (BREACE).cited 2× |
| a 12-week brisk walking and diet education program | Increases - marginally improved | emotional function | Human | patients with esophageal cancer | Brisk walking (specific frequency/intensity not detailed) and diet education. | Effects of Rehabilitation Program on Quality of Life, Sleep, Rest-Activity Rhythms, Anxiety, and Depression of Patients With Esophageal Cancer: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 8× |
| a 12-week brisk walking and diet education program | Increases - marginally improved | social function | Human | patients with esophageal cancer | Brisk walking (specific frequency/intensity not detailed) and diet education. | Effects of Rehabilitation Program on Quality of Life, Sleep, Rest-Activity Rhythms, Anxiety, and Depression of Patients With Esophageal Cancer: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 8× |
| Backward Walking Training (BWT) | Increases - group difference effect size was moderate | Function Independence Measure-Mobility | Human | individuals 1-week poststroke | Eight, 30-minute sessions of BWT or SBT in addition to scheduled therapy. | A Backward Walking Training Program to Improve Balance and Mobility in Acute Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 42× |
| backward walking training | Increases - significant improvement | gross motor function measures (Dimension D) | Human | children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy | 25 minutes per session, three sessions per week. | Effectiveness of backward walking training on walking ability in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.cited 25× |
| backward walking training | Increases - significant improvement | gross motor function measures (Dimension E) | Human | children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy | 25 minutes per session, three sessions per week. | Effectiveness of backward walking training on walking ability in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.cited 25× |
| backward walking training | Increases - more effective than forward walking training | gross motor function measures | Human | children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy | 25 minutes per session, three sessions per week. | Effectiveness of backward walking training on walking ability in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.cited 25× |
| backward (BW) walking training | Increases - might be considered as an effective therapy modality for improving | mobility function | Human | hemiparetic CP children | 25 minutes per session, three days per week. | Back geometry and mobility function changes in cerebral palsy children after backward walking training: arandomized controlled trial. |
| treatment-as-usual plus aerobic walking | No effect - no significant time × group interaction effect | cognitive function changes | Human | patients with schizophrenia | 30-minute sessions, five times per week. | Effects of aerobic walking on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial.cited 13× |
| supervised 12-week aerobic walking of moderate intensity | Increases - may have potential cognitive benefits | cognitive function | Human | patients with schizophrenia | 30-minute sessions, five times per week. | Effects of aerobic walking on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial.cited 13× |
| Land walking (LW) training | No effect - no differences in artery dilation response | smooth muscle cell function (glyceryl trinitrate administration) | Human | sedentary, older individuals | 3 × 50-minute supervised walking sessions per week. | Effects of Land versus Water Walking Interventions on Vascular Function in Older Adults.cited 13× |
| Water walking (WW) training | No effect - no differences in artery dilation response | smooth muscle cell function (glyceryl trinitrate administration) | Human | sedentary, older individuals | 3 × 50-minute supervised walking sessions per week. | Effects of Land versus Water Walking Interventions on Vascular Function in Older Adults.cited 13× |
| 8-week period of backward walking (BW) training on the treadmill | Increases - improve | gross motor function measure (GMFM) | Human | individuals with spastic cerebral palsy | Up to 20 minutes per session, three sessions per week. | Backward walking treadmill therapy can improve walking ability in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a pilot study.cited 19× |
| normal walking training (NWT) | Increases - were similarly effective at improving | cognitive function | Human | older adults | IWT: five or more sets of low-intensity walking (3 min at 40% peak aerobic capacity) followed by high-intensity walking (3 min at >70% peak aerobic capacity); NWT: walking at ~50% peak aerobic capacity. | Effects of interval walking training compared to normal walking training on cognitive function and arterial function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.cited 11× |
| interval walking training (IWT) | Increases - improves | arterial function | Human | older adults | IWT: five or more sets of low-intensity walking (3 min at 40% peak aerobic capacity) followed by high-intensity walking (3 min at >70% peak aerobic capacity); NWT: walking at ~50% peak aerobic capacity. | Effects of interval walking training compared to normal walking training on cognitive function and arterial function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.cited 11× |
| interval walking training (IWT) | Increases - improves | cognitive function | Human | older adults | IWT: five or more sets of low-intensity walking (3 min at 40% peak aerobic capacity) followed by high-intensity walking (3 min at >70% peak aerobic capacity); NWT: walking at ~50% peak aerobic capacity. | Effects of interval walking training compared to normal walking training on cognitive function and arterial function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.cited 11× |
| interval walking training (IWT) | Increases - were similarly effective at improving | cognitive function | Human | older adults | IWT: five or more sets of low-intensity walking (3 min at 40% peak aerobic capacity) followed by high-intensity walking (3 min at >70% peak aerobic capacity); NWT: walking at ~50% peak aerobic capacity. | Effects of interval walking training compared to normal walking training on cognitive function and arterial function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.cited 11× |
| 4-month progressive walking program with toe-out gait modification | No effect - no between-group differences | function | Human | people with medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis | Progressive walking program (specific dosage not detailed). | Clinical and biomechanical changes following a 4-month toe-out gait modification program for people with medial knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.cited 36× |
| 4-month progressive walking program without toe-out gait modification | Increases - experienced improvements | function | Human | people with medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis | Progressive walking program (specific dosage not detailed). | Clinical and biomechanical changes following a 4-month toe-out gait modification program for people with medial knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.cited 36× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention | Increases - improved scores | pain and/or physical function | Human | patients with musculoskeletal disorders | Not specified (step count increase was the focus). | A systematic review of studies using pedometers as an intervention for musculoskeletal diseases.cited 64× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention | No effect - had no statistically significant differences | physical function | Human | hemodialysis patients | Twelve-week intervention (frequency not specified). | Effects of gamified versus pedometer-based walking intervention on physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality among hemodialysis patients: a quasi-experimental study. |
| smartphone-based gamified walking intervention | No effect - had no statistically significant differences | physical function | Human | hemodialysis patients | Twelve-week intervention (frequency not specified). | Effects of gamified versus pedometer-based walking intervention on physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality among hemodialysis patients: a quasi-experimental study. |
| walking exercise prior to craniotomy | No effect - preserve | cognitive function | Human | brain tumour patients | 10,000-15,000 steps per day | Preoperative walking exercise to improve prognosis in patients with supratentorial brain tumours after craniotomy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. |
| walking exercise prior to craniotomy | No effect - protect | cognitive function | Human | brain tumour patients | 10,000-15,000 steps per day | Preoperative walking exercise to improve prognosis in patients with supratentorial brain tumours after craniotomy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. |
| functional rehabilitation with a walking boot | Decreases - reported better | Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) dysfunction index | Human | patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture | Not applicable (intervention involved use of a walking boot or cast). | A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Traditional Plaster Cast Rehabilitation With Functional Walking Boot Rehabilitation for Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures.cited 18× |
| aquatic walking exercise | No effect - effects | cardiovascular function | Human | — | Not specified | Impacts of aquatic walking on arterial stiffness, exercise tolerance, and physical function in patients with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial.cited 30× |
| Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support | No effect - no differences between groups | gross motor function | Human | children with cerebral palsy (GMFCS Levels I to IV) 3 to 18 years of age | Training sessions ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, 2 to 5 times per week. | Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.cited 15× |
| Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support | No effect - no differences between groups | gross motor function | Human | children with cerebral palsy (GMFCS Levels I to IV) 3 to 18 years of age | Training sessions ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, 2 to 5 times per week. | Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.cited 15× |
| Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support | Increases - improved | gross motor function | Human | children with cerebral palsy (GMFCS Levels I to IV) 3 to 18 years of age | Training sessions ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, 2 to 5 times per week. | Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.cited 15× |
| Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support | Increases - improved | gross motor function | Human | children with cerebral palsy (GMFCS Levels I to IV) 3 to 18 years of age | Training sessions ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, 2 to 5 times per week. | Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.cited 15× |
| Walking intervention with moderate intensity | Increases - is a beneficial approach to improve | perceived cognitive function | Human | — | Moderate intensity at 40-60% maximal heart rate. | The Effect of Walking Intervention on Cognitive Function Among Patients With Non-Central Nervous System Cancer: A Systematic Review.cited 3× |
| Backward walking (BW) training program | Increases - significant gains | balance and walking function | Human | patients with first-time stroke | 20 minutes of over-ground backward walking per session, 10 daily sessions. | Clinical application of backward walking training to improve walking function, balance, and fall-risk in acute stroke: a case series.cited 7× |
| walking training | Increases - improving | physical function | Human | stroke survivors | Not specified | Effects of walking trainings on walking function among stroke survivors: a systematic review.cited 15× |
| overground walking training augmented by auditory stimulations | No effect - compared with | physical function | Human | — | Not specified | Effects of walking trainings on walking function among stroke survivors: a systematic review.cited 15× |
| walking treadmill training augmented by auditory stimulations | Increases - reported significant improvements | physical function | Human | — | Not specified | Effects of walking trainings on walking function among stroke survivors: a systematic review.cited 15× |
| walking training | Increases - improved | scores on the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 | Human | the child | Not specified | Gait Training for Walking Acquisition in a Child with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Case Report. |
| walking interventions | No effect - had no significant improvement | cognitive function | Human | individuals with MCI | Not specified | Review articles (Meta-Analyses) effects of walking on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 2× |
| walking interventions | Increases - improved | executive function | Human | older adults | At least 40 minutes per session, three times per week. | Walking Interventions and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. |
| walking interventions | Increases - may improve | executive function | Human | older adults | At least 40 minutes per session, three times per week. | Walking Interventions and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. |
| walking interventions | Increases - may improve | specific domains of cognitive function | Human | older adults | At least 40 minutes per session, three times per week. | Walking Interventions and Cognitive Health in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. |
| walking interventions | No effect - examine the effect | frailty, cognitive function and quality of life | Human | Saudi Arabia older adults | Not specified | The effects of walking on frailty, cognitive function and quality of life among inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol of randomized control trial by comparing supervised group-based intervention and non-supervised individual-based intervention.cited 2× |
| walking interventions | No effect - examine the residual effects | frailty, cognitive function and quality of life | Human | Saudi Arabia older adults | Not specified | The effects of walking on frailty, cognitive function and quality of life among inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol of randomized control trial by comparing supervised group-based intervention and non-supervised individual-based intervention.cited 2× |
| supervised group-based walking | No effect - compare the effects | frailty, cognitive function and quality of life | Human | inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia | Not specified | The effects of walking on frailty, cognitive function and quality of life among inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol of randomized control trial by comparing supervised group-based intervention and non-supervised individual-based intervention.cited 2× |
| non-supervised individual-based walking | No effect - compare the effects | frailty, cognitive function and quality of life | Human | inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia | Not specified | The effects of walking on frailty, cognitive function and quality of life among inactive older adults in Saudi Arabia: a study protocol of randomized control trial by comparing supervised group-based intervention and non-supervised individual-based intervention.cited 2× |
| overground walking with paretic lower limb loading | No effect - effectiveness | sptiotemporal gait parameters and motor function | Human | chronic stroke survivors | Thrice weekly for 8 weeks. | Effectiveness of an 8-week overground walking with paretic lower limb loading on spatiotemporal gait parameters and motor function among chronic stroke survivors: a protocol for randomised controlled trial. |
| 12-week LBPP-supported low-load treadmill walking regimen | Decreases - significant improvements | knee joint pain and function | Human | overweight patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) | LBPP-supported low-load treadmill walking (specific frequency not detailed). | Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength.cited 27× |
| cognitive-motor dual-task paradigm during walking | No effect - allows to assess | compensation strategies for gait function preservation | Human | patients with prodromal Parkinson's disease | Not available | Loss of gait control assessed by cognitive-motor dual-tasks: pros and cons in detecting people at risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.cited 58× |
| prompting device to reduce sitting time with light walking | No effect - examine the effectiveness | cognitive function | Human | residents | 10 minutes of light walking three times a day after meals. | REducing SEDENTary Behavior Among Mild to Moderate Cognitively Impaired Assisted Living Residents: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RESEDENT Study).cited 8× |
| prompting device to reduce sitting time with light walking | No effect - examine the effectiveness | physical function | Human | residents | 10 minutes of light walking three times a day after meals. | REducing SEDENTary Behavior Among Mild to Moderate Cognitively Impaired Assisted Living Residents: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RESEDENT Study).cited 8× |
| walking | No effect - no evidence that walking was more effective | disability, quality of life, or function | Human | adults with chronic low back pain | Not specified | Does walking improve disability status, function, or quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain? A systematic review.cited 24× |
| walking | No effect - no evidence that walking was more effective | disability, quality of life, or function | Human | adults with chronic low back pain | Not specified | Does walking improve disability status, function, or quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain? A systematic review.cited 24× |
| walking | Increases - improved | physical function | Human | participants | Mean walking increased from 21 min/week at baseline to 83 min/week by the end of RT. | Randomized phase II study of a home-based walking intervention for radiation-related fatigue among older patients with breast cancer.cited 14× |
| 30 min of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE) | No effect - was not significantly affected | cognitive function | Human | sedentary adults | 30 minutes of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE) or six 5-minute microbouts spread across the day (MICRO) | Effect of frequent interruptions of prolonged sitting on self-perceived levels of energy, mood, food cravings and cognitive function.cited 67× |
| six hourly 5-min microbouts of moderate-intensity treadmill walking (MICRO) | No effect - was not significantly affected | cognitive function | Human | sedentary adults | 30 minutes of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE) or six 5-minute microbouts spread across the day (MICRO) | Effect of frequent interruptions of prolonged sitting on self-perceived levels of energy, mood, food cravings and cognitive function.cited 67× |
| additional backward walking therapy | Increases - helps improve | damaged motor function | Human | patients with stroke | 30-minute backward walking training five times a week. | [Effectiveness of backward walking treadmill training in lower extremity function after stroke].cited 22× |
| backward walking treadmill training | Increases - significantly higher than that of the control group | Fugl-Meyer assessment score for lower extremity motor function (FMA-L) | Human | patients with stroke | 30-minute backward walking training five times a week. | [Effectiveness of backward walking treadmill training in lower extremity function after stroke].cited 22× |
| walking boot (all subjects) | Increases - demonstrated improved | function | Human | subjects undergoing unilateral lower-extremity orthopedic medical and rehabilitative care | Not specified | Effectiveness of Evenup™ Shoe-Lift Use Among Individuals Prescribed a Walking Boot.cited 5× |
| walking pace | Increases - causal relationship | cognitive function | Human | — | Not specified | A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study.cited 2× |
| walking pace | Increases - significant causal relationship | cognitive function | Human | — | Not specified | A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study.cited 2× |
| walking pace | Increases - causality remained | cognitive function | Human | — | Not specified | A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study.cited 2× |
| exoskeleton-assisted walking intervention | No effect - determine the feasibility of delivering | lower urinary tract function | Human | people with motor-complete spinal cord injury | Not specified | Exoskeleton gait training to improve lower urinary tract function in people with motor-complete spinal cord injury: A randomized pilot trial.cited 12× |
| prehabilitation program (PREOPtimize), consisting of Nordic Walking and resistance training exercises plus health education | Increases - might enhance | postoperative recovery of upper arm function | Human | patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy | 2 weekly sessions of 75 minutes of Nordic Walking plus muscle strengthening exercises and health education. | Prehabilitation in Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy to Minimize Musculoskeletal Postoperative Complications and Enhance Recovery (PREOPtimize): A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 4× |
| exoskeleton-assisted walking (EAW) training | Increases - has potential benefits to facilitate | pulmonary ventilation function | Human | people with lower thoracic neurological level of SCI | 16 sessions of 50-60 min training (4 days/week). | Exoskeleton-Assisted Walking for Pulmonary and Exercise Performances of SCI Individuals.cited 1× |
| exoskeleton-assisted walking (EAW) training | No effect - no difference | trunk and lower extremity motor function | Human | people with spinal cord injury (SCI) | 16 sessions of 50-60 min training (4 days/week). | Exoskeleton-Assisted Walking for Pulmonary and Exercise Performances of SCI Individuals.cited 1× |
| green tea extract (GTE) combined with brisk walking | Increases - has a more positive effect | liver function | Human | overweight and obese men | 150mg twice daily | Effects of green tea extract combined with brisk walking on lipid profiles and the liver function in overweight and obese men: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-control trial.cited 4× |
| a home-based, self-managed, moderate intensity walking intervention | No effect - had no effect on | executive function | Human | breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy | Moderate-intensity walking (specific frequency/duration not detailed). | Does walking protect against decline in cognitive functioning among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy? Results from a small randomised controlled trial.cited 43× |
| a home-based, self-managed, moderate intensity walking intervention | Increases - had positive effects on | perceived cognitive function | Human | breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy | Moderate-intensity walking (specific frequency/duration not detailed). | Does walking protect against decline in cognitive functioning among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy? Results from a small randomised controlled trial.cited 43× |
| behavioral interventions that incorporate complex walking tasks and other activities of daily living | Increases - appear to be especially helpful for improving | mobility function | Human | older adults | Not specified | Innovations in Geroscience to enhance mobility in older adults.cited 16× |
| multidirectional walking program | No effect - showed no significant between-group changes | physical function | Human | adults receiving a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) | Not specified (supervised training during hospitalization). | Multidirectional Walking in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.cited 16× |
| multidirectional walking program | Increases - had a larger positive effect | physical function | Human | WALK group | Not specified (supervised training during hospitalization). | Multidirectional Walking in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.cited 16× |
| community walking training program (CWTP) within the real environment | Increases - greater improvement was observed | walking function | Human | chronic stroke patients | CWTP for 30 min per day, five times a week, in addition to standard rehabilitation (60 min per day, five times a week). | Community walking training program improves walking function and social participation in chronic stroke patients.cited 31× |
| walking speed | No effect - explained | patient-reported function | Human | people with limb loss | Not available | Relevance of medical comorbidities for functional mobility in people with limb loss: retrospective explanatory models for a clinical walking measure and a patient-reported functional outcome.cited 8× |
| walking aid use | No effect - explained | patient-reported function | Human | people with limb loss | Not available | Relevance of medical comorbidities for functional mobility in people with limb loss: retrospective explanatory models for a clinical walking measure and a patient-reported functional outcome.cited 8× |
| a 12-week multimodal exercise-based program including supervised exercise twice weekly followed by a protein supplement, a home-based walking program, and nurse-led support and counseling | Increases - a significant difference in change scores | physical function (30-second chair stand test) | Human | older adults (≥65 years) with advanced pancreatic, biliary tract, or non-small cell lung cancer who received systemic oncological treatment | Home-based walking program (adherence rate 75%, IQR 33-100). | Effects of a 12-Week Multimodal Exercise Intervention Among Older Patients with Advanced Cancer: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 48× |
| joint manipulation (MT) of the thoracic spine and ribs plus treadmill walking program (MT + Ex) | No effect - investigate whether there is a difference in effect | lung function | Human | people with no history of respiratory disease between the ages of 50 and 65 years | 10-minute treadmill walking program, administered six times over 3 weeks. | The effect of manual therapy and exercise on age-related lung function: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 3× |
| joint mobilisation (MB) of the thoracic spine and ribs plus treadmill walking program (MB + Ex) | No effect - investigate whether there is a difference in effect | lung function | Human | people with no history of respiratory disease between the ages of 50 and 65 years | 10-minute treadmill walking program, administered six times over 3 weeks. | The effect of manual therapy and exercise on age-related lung function: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 3× |
| simple 10-min treadmill walking program (Ex) | No effect - investigate whether there is a difference in effect | lung function | Human | people with no history of respiratory disease between the ages of 50 and 65 years | 10-minute treadmill walking program, administered six times over 3 weeks. | The effect of manual therapy and exercise on age-related lung function: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 3× |
| volunteer-supported outdoor-walking | Increases - improves | physical function | Human | older people with inadequate activity levels | Three times a week for 30-50 minutes per session (outdoor walk or equivalent indoor activity). | A volunteer-supported walking programme to improve physical function in older people (the POWER Study): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 2× |
| low-intensity blood flow restriction walking | Increases - typically resulted in a 2.5-4.5 fold greater improvement in performance | all measures of physical function | Human | sedentary older men and women | Not specified | Blood flow restriction walking and physical function in older adults: A randomized control trial.cited 72× |
| interrupting sedentary time with brief moderate-intensity walking | Increases - improved | short-term metabolic function | Human | non-overweight children | 3 minutes of moderate-intensity walking every 30 minutes. | Effects of Interrupting Children's Sedentary Behaviors With Activity on Metabolic Function: A Randomized Trial.cited 53× |
| Nordic walking on a treadmill | Increases - therapeutic benefit to improve balance function and walking ability | balance function and walking ability | Human | individuals with PD | Not specified | Effects of an intensive Nordic walking intervention on the balance function and walking ability of individuals with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial.cited 27× |
| volunteer-assisted walking | No effect - failed to show superiority | physical function (SPPB) | Human | people aged 65 years and older with restricted mobility due to physical limitations | 30-50 min walks up to three times a week. | A volunteer-supported walking programme to improve physical function in older people with restricted mobility (the POWER Study): a randomised controlled trial.cited 2× |
| virtual walking interventions | Increases - statistically significant findings included improved | physical function (mobility and muscle strength) | Human | individuals with spinal cord injuries, lower back pain, and lower limb pain | 11-20 min per session, 1-5 weekly sessions for 10-14 days. | A scoping review on the role of virtual walking intervention in enhancing wellness. |
| active tDCS and rehabilitation with complex walking tasks (Active/Complex) | Increases - showed the greatest gains | executive function | Human | participants | Active tDCS was delivered at 2 mA intensity for 20 minutes per session. | Combining Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Walking Rehabilitation to Enhance Mobility and Executive Function: A Pilot Clinical Trial.cited 11× |
| frontal tDCS added to walking rehabilitation | Increases - indicate a potential improvement | executive function | Human | — | Active tDCS was delivered at 2 mA intensity for 20 minutes per session. | Combining Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Walking Rehabilitation to Enhance Mobility and Executive Function: A Pilot Clinical Trial.cited 11× |
| walking rehabilitation combined with tDCS | Increases - is feasible, safe, and shows preliminary efficacy | walking and executive function | Human | — | Active tDCS was delivered at 2 mA intensity for 20 minutes per session. | Combining Frontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Walking Rehabilitation to Enhance Mobility and Executive Function: A Pilot Clinical Trial.cited 11× |
| Lower-intensity walking interventions | No effect - demonstrated equivocal or limited efficacy | walking function | Human | ambulatory individuals greater than 6 months following acute-onset CNS injury | Not specified (frequency, intensity, time, and type of training interventions were detailed but not quantified). | Clinical Practice Guideline to Improve Locomotor Function Following Chronic Stroke, Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury, and Brain Injury.cited 201× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with less improvement in | self-reported physical function (PF) | Human | participants with ambiguous impairment on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with less improvement in | self-reported physical function (PF) | Human | participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with smaller increases in | self-reported physical function (PF) | Human | participants with ambiguous impairment on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with smaller increases in | self-reported physical function (PF) | Human | participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| backward walking | Increases - is an effective adjunct to conventional treatment in improving | physical function | Human | KOA patients | 4-week BW training (specific frequency/duration per session not detailed). | The Efficacy of Backward Walking on Static Stability, Proprioception, Pain, and Physical Function of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 12× |
| Robot-Assisted Walking Training (RAWT) | Increases - showed its value | motor function | Human | the severe and marked motor impairment group | RAWT: 40 minutes, 5 times per week; CP: 30 minutes, 5 times per week. | Effects of robot-assisted walking training on balance, motor function, and ADL depending on severity levels in stroke patients.cited 1× |
| Robot-Assisted Walking Training (RAWT) combined with Conventional Physiotherapy (CP) | Increases - produces more significant improvement | physical function in patients with stroke | Human | patients with stroke | RAWT: 40 minutes, 5 times per week; CP: 30 minutes, 5 times per week. | Effects of robot-assisted walking training on balance, motor function, and ADL depending on severity levels in stroke patients.cited 1× |
| increased walking time in the first post-operative week | Increases - were more likely to have substantially improved function | function on the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire at six months | Human | Participants undergoing lumbar surgery (discectomy, decompression, fusion) | Not specified | Predictors of substantial improvement in physical function six months after lumbar surgery: is early post-operative walking important? A prospective cohort study.cited 30× |
| aerobic walking | Increases - improves | motor function | Human | mild to moderate PD | 3 times per week, 45 minutes per session. | Phase I/II randomized trial of aerobic exercise in Parkinson disease in a community setting.cited 159× |
| An 8-week fatigue-adapted, walking intervention, facilitated using a pedometer (STEPS) | Increases - OR was 1.40 | physical function measures | Human | people with advanced cancer and fatigue | 8-week fatigue-adapted walking intervention facilitated using a pedometer (specific step count not detailed). | Pedometer-facilitated walking intervention shows promising effectiveness for reducing cancer fatigue: a pilot randomized trial.cited 26× |
| Exoskeleton-assisted walking (EAW) | Increases - has potential benefits to facilitate | pulmonary function (PF) parameters | Human | individuals with lower thoracic neurological level of SCI | 16 sessions of 50-60 minutes training (4 days/week, 4 weeks). | Exoskeleton-assisted walking improves pulmonary function and walking parameters among individuals with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled pilot study.cited 20× |
| high-intensity training (HIT) focused on walking | Increases - improves | locomotor function | Human | individuals with chronic stroke | Up to 15 sessions of AIH (30 minutes per session, 15 cycles of hypoxia at 8%-9% O₂). | Acute Intermittent Hypoxia With High-Intensity Gait Training in Chronic Stroke: A Phase II Randomized Crossover Trial.cited 2× |
| treadmill walking + total body recumbent stepping (TBRS) group | No effect - no significant between-group changes | physical function measures | Human | participants with mild-moderate PAD enrolled in a 12-wk SET program | Not specified (exercise program prescribed by an exercise physiologist or nurse based on SET guidelines). | Clinical Effectiveness of a Supervised Exercise Therapy Program for Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Translational Study.cited 2× |
| treadmill walking group | No effect - no significant between-group changes | physical function measures | Human | participants with mild-moderate PAD enrolled in a 12-wk SET program | Not specified (exercise program prescribed by an exercise physiologist or nurse based on SET guidelines). | Clinical Effectiveness of a Supervised Exercise Therapy Program for Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Translational Study.cited 2× |
| walking intervention | Decreases - was significant | physical function | Human | individuals with hip/knee osteoarthritis | Not specified | Effect of Land-Based Generic Physical Activity Interventions on Pain, Physical Function, and Physical Performance in Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 25× |
| virtual walking integrated physiotherapy | Increases - improved | function | Human | patients with subacute and chronic non-specific low-back pain | Not specified | Is physiotherapy integrated virtual walking effective on pain, function, and kinesiophobia in patients with non-specific low-back pain? Randomised controlled trial.cited 70× |
| longer walking time | Decreases - predict a less likelihood of achieving return to normal neurological function | return to normal neurological function | Human | patients with moderate or severe degenerative cervical myelopathy | Not specified | Predictors of Return to Normal Neurological Function After Surgery for Moderate and Severe Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: An Analysis of A Global AOSpine Cohort of Patients.cited 9× |
| treadmill walking group practiced normal treadmill walking | Increases - showed significant improvement | function | Human | patients with medial knee osteoarthritis | 12 supervised sessions (frequency not specified). | Effects of an Exercise Therapy Targeting Knee Kinetics on Pain, Function, and Gait Kinetics in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 8× |
| 12week LBPP supported treadmill walking exercise regimen | Increases - significantly enhanced | patient function and quality of life | Human | patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) | Twelve-week LBPP treadmill walking exercise regimen (specific frequency not detailed). | The effect of low-load exercise on joint pain, function, and activities of daily living in patients with knee osteoarthritis.cited 23× |
| walking promotion | Increases - modestly effective for improving | function | Human | people with musculoskeletal disorders | Not specified | The Effectiveness of Strategies to Promote Walking in People With Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| walking promotion | No effect - no difference | function | Human | people with musculoskeletal disorders | Not specified | The Effectiveness of Strategies to Promote Walking in People With Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| Walking promotion | Increases - associated with small improvements | function | Human | people with musculoskeletal disorders | Not specified | The Effectiveness of Strategies to Promote Walking in People With Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.cited 5× |
| walking combined with respiratory training along with standard rehabilitation care | Increases - significantly enhances | cardiopulmonary function | Human | patients with CHF | Not specified | Impact of Walking and Respiratory Training on Cardiopulmonary Function and Activity Endurance in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. |
| Nordic walking (aerobic exercise) | Increases - showed improvements | executive function | Human | 88 healthy older adults without dementia or sarcopenia | 30 minutes, three times per week. | Effects of Two Short-Term Aerobic Exercises on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults during COVID-19 Confinement in Japan: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| Nordic walking (NW) | Increases - improves | function | Human | patients with heart failure (HF) with low left ventricular ejection fraction | Not specified | A systematic review and meta-analysis of Nordic walking for chronic heart failure with low left ventricular ejection fraction. |