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Evidence suggests Mindfulness haslittle to no effecton Side effects.
56 studies (55 claims)
Conflicting evidence
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| trait mindfulness | No effect - did not moderate | effects of emotion on dependent measures | Human | participants (N = 51) | Not applicable (trait mindfulness, not an intervention). | Self-reported trait mindfulness and affective reactivity: a motivational approach using multiple psychophysiological measures.cited 11× |
| mindfulness meditation practice | Decreases - effects are predominantly mediated by | stress reduction effects | Human | — | 4 days of Intensive Meditation (Templestay program) or Relaxation. | The effects of four days of intensive mindfulness meditation training (Templestay program) on resilience to stress: a randomized controlled trial.cited 19× |
| brief mindfulness intervention | No effect - assessed | immediate effects | Human | chronic pain patients | 15-minute mindfulness audios (frequency not specified). | Pilot study evaluating a brief mindfulness intervention for those with chronic pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 7× |
| mindfulness strategies | No effect - became non-significant after removing outliers | efficacy in down-regulating or preventing heightened or chronic effects of induced mood states | Human | well-controlled laboratory settings | Not mentioned | Efficacy of mindfulness to regulate induced emotions in the laboratory: A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-report and biobehavioral measures.cited 3× |
| training in mindfulness-based emotional regulation, either face-to-face or using the "REM Volver a casa" mobile phone application (app) | No effect - proved to be safe | adverse effects | Human | patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) | Not specified | Mindfulness-based emotional regulation for patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: A randomized pilot study of efficacy, applicability, and safety.cited 3× |
| mindfulness | No effect - effects were maintained | intervention effects | Human | — | Not available | Mindfulness for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Caregivers: A Meta-analysis.cited 48× |
| mindfulness | No effect - was associated with | other therapeutic effects | Human | — | Not specified | Mindfulness and acceptance and commitment therapy for problematic alcohol use and disorders: an updated rapid review. |
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy-Taking it Further (MBCT-TiF) | No effect - no serious adverse effects were reported | adverse effects | Human | graduates of MBCT/MBSR | Not specified | Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy-Taking it Further (MBCT-TiF) compared to Ongoing Mindfulness Practice (OMP) in the promotion of well-being and mental health: A randomised controlled trial with graduates of MBCT and MBSR.cited 4× |
| eight weeks of customized mindfulness training, followed by eight sessions of e-coaching and supporting elements, such as providing fruit and snack vegetables at the workplace, lunch walking routes, and a buddy system | No effect - will be evaluated | effects | Human | highly educated workers in two Dutch research institutes | Eight weeks of customized mindfulness training, followed by eight sessions of e-coaching. | Mindful "Vitality in Practice": an intervention to improve the work engagement and energy balance among workers; the development and design of the randomised controlled trial.cited 23× |
| mindfulness-based interventions | No effect - No adverse effects were detected | adverse effects | Human | men | Not Assessed | A Scoping Review of the Influence of Mindfulness on Men's Sexual Activity.cited 6× |
| mindfulness-based interventions | No effect - persisted | beneficial effects | Human | medical students | 4- to 10-week courses (original Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction or Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy or modifications) | The effects of mindfulness-based interventions in medical students: a systematic review.cited 9× |
| mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) | Increases - effects were maintained or continued to grow | treatment effects | Human | professional caregivers supporting individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDDs) | Not available | Stress in caregivers of individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities: A systematic review of mindfulness-based interventions.cited 16× |
| Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) | Increases - were associated with small treatment effects | treatment effects | Human | youth | Not specified | Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies.cited 85× |
| Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) | Increases - were associated with small treatment effects | treatment effects | Human | youth | Not specified | Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies.cited 85× |
| Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) | Increases - treatment effects were larger at follow-up than post-treatment | treatment effects | Human | youth | Not specified | Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies.cited 85× |
| Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) | Increases - treatment effects were larger at follow-up than post-treatment | treatment effects | Human | youth | Not specified | Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies.cited 85× |
| Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) | Increases - Most estimates of treatment effects are positive | treatment effects | Human | — | Not specified | Mindfulness-Based Intervention Effects on EEG and Executive Functions: A Systematic Review. |
| mindfulness-based group psychotherapy ("Mind it!") | No effect - explore possible mediators | treatment effects | Human | adolescents with SUD | Not specified | Treatment effectiveness of a mindfulness-based inpatient group psychotherapy in adolescent substance use disorder - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 7× |
| mindfulness-based intervention | Decreases - can be maintained for at least 3 to 6 months | effects on the negative symptoms | Human | patients with schizophrenia | Not specified | Effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on psychotic symptoms for patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 20× |
| mindfulness-based intervention | No effect - will be investigated | maintenance effects | Human | Chinese family caregivers of frail older adults | Not specified | Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol.cited 3× |
| mindfulness therapy, meditation and yoga | Decreases - reduce and/or manage | psychological effects of stress and anxiety | Human | — | Not specified | The benefits of yoga in children.cited 22× |
| brief mindfulness meditation audio intervention | Decreases - ameliorated the negative effects | negative effects of social media exposure | Human | women aged 18-42 years | 10-minute mindfulness meditation audio intervention. | A brief mindfulness meditation can ameliorate the effects of exposure to idealised social media images on self-esteem, mood, and body appreciation in young women: An online randomised controlled experiment.cited 5× |
| the brief mindfulness exercise | No effect - persisted throughout a respective course session | effects | Human | students | Not specified | A multicenter feasibility study on implementing a brief mindful breathing exercise into regular university courses.cited 2× |
| practicing mindfulness | Increases - is associated with | positive effects in the context of learning and teaching | Human | — | Not specified | A multicenter feasibility study on implementing a brief mindful breathing exercise into regular university courses.cited 2× |
| a brief mindfulness intervention at the beginning of each CBT session | Increases - enhanced | effects of mindfulness on emotion regulation | Human | 162 patients with depression and anxiety disorders | Not specified | Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders. |
| mindfulness-exercise program | Increases - reported greater perceived treatment effects than the exercise-only group | perceived treatment effects | Human | female recreational runners with patellofemoral pain (PFP) | 8-week mindfulness intervention (frequency not specified) alongside an 18-week exercise protocol (3 sessions/week). | Adding Mindfulness Practice to Exercise Therapy for Female Recreational Runners With Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 20× |
| mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) | Increases - trended toward retaining treatment effects better | treatment effects | Human | participants attending five or more sessions | 8-week intervention (frequency not specified). | Psychosocial benefits of a novel mindfulness intervention versus standard support in distressed women with breast cancer.cited 45× |
| videoconference-delivered group mindfulness-based intervention for tics (MBIT) | No effect - resulted in | serious adverse effects | Human | adults with TS or PTD | Not specified (8-week group intervention). | An Online Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention for Tics: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 3× |
| mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) for psychosis | No effect - no significant difference in | side effects of therapy | Human | participants across studies | Not specified | Systematic review of the safety of mindfulness-based interventions for psychosis.cited 1× |
| mindfulness-based group therapy (MBGT) | No effect - no serious adverse effects | adverse effects | Human | in-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) | Not specified | Mindfulness-based group therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders - Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a rater-blinded randomized controlled trial.cited 23× |
| mindfulness intervention | Increases - long lasting intervention effects | intervention effects | Human | individuals with developmental disabilities | Not specified | A systematic review of mindfulness intervention for individuals with developmental disabilities: long-term practice and long lasting effects.cited 22× |
| mindfulness training | Increases - maintained or enhanced | effects from psychoeducation | Human | People with tinnitus | Six weekly sessions (after initial psychoeducation) | A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treating tinnitus.cited 54× |
| Mindfulness training | Decreases - may help to counteract | effects of aging and psychosocial stress on infection risk and recovery from injury | Human | — | 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program (specific session frequency/duration not detailed in abstract). | Mindfulness-based stress reduction increases stimulated IL-6 production among lonely older adults: A randomized controlled trial.cited 12× |
| mindfulness training | Increases - have positive health effects | health effects | Human | — | Not specified | A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nature-Based Mindfulness: Effects of Moving Mindfulness Training into an Outdoor Natural Setting.cited 39× |
| nature-based mindfulness interventions | Increases - statistically significant | overall combined psychological, physiological, and interpersonal effects | Human | 2990 participants | Not specified | A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nature-Based Mindfulness: Effects of Moving Mindfulness Training into an Outdoor Natural Setting.cited 39× |
| mindfulness training | Decreases - minimal or no side effects | side effects | Human | patients with chronic insomnia | 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program. | How mindfulness changed my sleep: focus groups with chronic insomnia patients.cited 36× |
| mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | Increases - may benefit more from | specific therapeutic effects | Human | older adults with more severe depression and more severe dysfunctional cognition | Eight 2-hour weekly sessions and a 7-hour full-day retreat. | Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Late-Life Depression: a Randomised Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | No effect - are not yet established | effects on physical parameters of disease | Human | populations with vascular disease | Not specified | Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.cited 173× |
| mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training | No effect - were lost | effects on cardiovascular risk factors | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes and early diabetic kidney disease | 8-week MBSR training (specific frequency not detailed). | Effects of stress reduction on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients with early kidney disease - results of a randomized controlled trial (HEIDIS).cited 35× |
| online version of a compassion-focused intervention, mindfulness-based compassionate living (MBCL), with guidance on request | No effect - were maintained | effects | Human | self-referred participants with increased levels of self-criticism | Not specified | An Internet-Based Compassion-Focused Intervention for Increased Self-Criticism: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 33× |
| mindfulness and tDCS treatments | Increases - will determine whether will show | additive or synergistic effects when combined | Human | — | Not specified (intervention involves five 20-minute sessions of combined BAT and tDCS). | Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in non-Hispanic black and white adults with knee osteoarthritis.cited 9× |
| mindfulness-based counselling | No effect - no significant adverse events or side effects were reported | adverse events or side effects | Human | primiparous pregnant women | Eight group mindfulness-based counseling sessions (60-90 min each), held twice a week. | The effect of mindfulness-based counselling on the anxiety levels and childbirth satisfaction among primiparous pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. |
| Brief mindfulness training (BMT) | No effect - still need to be examined | effects | Human | — | Not specified | Effects of brief mindfulness training on smoking cue-reactivity in tobacco use disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. |
| mindfulness-based intervention adapted from the original mindfulness-based stress reduction program | No effect - No adverse effects were noted | adverse effects | Human | persons experiencing SUDs and TBIs | Not specified | Perceptions of an Adapted Mindfulness Program for Persons Experiencing Substance Use Disorders and Traumatic Brain Injury.cited 2× |
| mindfulness awareness program (MAP) | Increases - engender | neuroplastic effects | Human | those with MCI | Weekly sessions for three months, followed by monthly sessions for six months. | Mindfulness intervention for mild cognitive impairment led to attention-related improvements and neuroplastic changes: Results from a 9-month randomized control trial.cited 27× |
| mindfulness meditation (MM) | Increases - appeared to induce larger benefits | cognitive effects | Human | — | 10-minute MM session with a fundamental breathing exercise. | A single session of mindfulness meditation may acutely enhance cognitive performance regardless of meditation experience.cited 5× |
| Mindfulness Meditation (MM) | No effect - maintenance of effects | treatment effects | Human | Veterans with chronic pain | Not specified | The chronic pain skills study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing hypnosis, mindfulness meditation and pain education in Veterans.cited 18× |
| CIH therapies, including yoga, tai chi, mindfulness meditation, hypnosis, self-massage, and acupressure | No effect - with little to no negative effects | negative effects | Human | — | Not specified | Tele-Integrative Medicine to Support Rehabilitative Care.cited 10× |
| Internet-based instructor-led mindfulness intervention | No effect - maintained | Effects of the intervention | Human | participants | Not specified | Internet-based instructor-led mindfulness for work-related rumination, fatigue, and sleep: Assessing facets of mindfulness as mechanisms of change. A randomized waitlist control trial.cited 59× |
| detached mindfulness (DM) | No effect - remained stable | effects | Human | elderly female patients with MDD | Group treatment, twice weekly. | Detached mindfulness reduced both depression and anxiety in elderly women with major depressive disorders.cited 22× |
| StudiCare Mindfulness (StudiCare-M) | No effect - assessments take place | potential side effects | Human | college students with moderate to low mindfulness | 7 modules plus 2 booster sessions (specific frequency not detailed). | StudiCare mindfulness-study protocol of a randomized controlled trial evaluating an internet- and mobile-based intervention for college students with no and "on demand" guidance.cited 7× |
| internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for IBS, based on exposure and mindfulness exercises | Increases - has long-term beneficial effects | effects | Human | IBS-patients | Not specified | Long-term follow-up of internet-delivered exposure and mindfulness based treatment for irritable bowel syndrome.cited 78× |
| behavioral activation vs. mindfulness and gratitude vs. combination of both | No effect - did not find evidence for differences between | treatment effects | Human | 127 participants | Not specified | How to improve reward sensitivity - Predictors of long-term effects of a randomized controlled online intervention trial. |
| brief two-week mindfulness intervention | No effect - effects were limited | intervention effects | Human | 185 participants from Prolific | Not specified. | Mindfulness, subjective, and psychological well-being: A comparative analysis of FFMQ and MAAS measures.cited 1× |
| 2 weeks of short mindfulness meditation recordings | No effect - no adverse effects | adverse effects | Human | chronic stroke survivors with spasticity | Short mindfulness meditation recordings (adapted from Jon Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course), frequency not specified. | Mindfulness Meditation Effects on Poststroke Spasticity: A Feasibility Study.cited 11× |
| mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | Decreases - can help alleviate | long-term emotional adverse effects of medical treatments | Human | women with stage 0 to III breast cancer | 8-week MBSR program (specific frequency not detailed in abstract). | Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction in mood, breast- and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being in stage 0 to III breast cancer: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 233× |
| mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | Decreases - can help alleviate | long-term physical adverse effects of medical treatments | Human | women with stage 0 to III breast cancer | 8-week MBSR program (specific frequency not detailed in abstract). | Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction in mood, breast- and endocrine-related quality of life, and well-being in stage 0 to III breast cancer: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 233× |
| brief training in mindfulness meditation | Decreases - could reverse | these effects | Human | — | 3-day intensive mindfulness meditation training (specific frequency not detailed). | Mindfulness meditation training alters stress-related amygdala resting state functional connectivity: a randomized controlled trial.cited 100× |
| mindfulness meditation training | Decreases - suggesting | stress reduction effects | Human | — | 3-day intensive mindfulness meditation training (specific frequency not detailed). | Mindfulness meditation training alters stress-related amygdala resting state functional connectivity: a randomized controlled trial.cited 100× |
| mindfulness meditation training | No effect - statistically explained | mindfulness meditation training effects on IL-6 | Human | stressed job-seeking unemployed community adults | 3-day intensive residential mindfulness meditation program. | Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Link Mindfulness Meditation With Reduced Interleukin-6: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 156× |
| daily use of a mindfulness mobile application (Headspace) | No effect - persisted | positive effects on stress and mindfulness | Human | student pharmacists | Daily meditation using the Headspace app | Evaluating the effects of a mindfulness mobile application on student pharmacists' stress, burnout, and mindfulness.cited 9× |
| incorporating mindfulness into existing interventions | Increases - optimizing programs and maximizing effects | program effects | Human | — | Not specified | Theoretical Model of Mindful Coping Power: Optimizing a Cognitive Behavioral Program for High-Risk Children and Their Parents by Integrating Mindfulness.cited 9× |