72
8
4
↑72
↓8
—4
Evidence suggests Acupuncture mayincreaseImmune function.
73 studies (84 claims)
Strong consensus
Typical effective dose 50 (50–50) mgacross 1 dosed study
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture for reducing the south to reinforce the north | Increases - can improve | daytime body function | Human | patients with chronic insomnia disorder of heart-kidney disharmony | Acupuncture applied once daily, 5 days a week at specific points (Baihui, Shenmen, Sanyinjiao, etc.). | Acupuncture for reducing the south to reinforce the north on executive function and sleep structure in patients with chronic insomnia disorder of heart-kidney disharmony.cited 1× |
| Acupuncture for reducing the south to reinforce the north | Increases - can improve | executive function | Human | patients with chronic insomnia disorder of heart-kidney disharmony | Acupuncture applied once daily, 5 days a week at specific points (Baihui, Shenmen, Sanyinjiao, etc.). | Acupuncture for reducing the south to reinforce the north on executive function and sleep structure in patients with chronic insomnia disorder of heart-kidney disharmony.cited 1× |
| acupuncture combined with Western medication | Increases - improving | function | Human | patients with CV | Not specified. | Effect of acupuncture combined with Western medicine on vertebrobasilar artery hemodynamics and efficacy in patients with CV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. |
| Acupuncture (Acu) treatment at the LR3 point | Increases - enhances | synaptic function in the vCA1 region | Animal | mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) | Not specified (acupuncture at LR3 point). | Acupuncture alleviates CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors by modulating synaptic plasticity in vCA1. |
| joint mobilization combined with acupuncture | Increases - improved significantly | physical function | Human | poststroke patients with chronic neuropathic pain | Joint mobilization for 30 minutes, twice a week; acupuncture for 30 minutes, once a week. | Effects of joint mobilization combined with acupuncture on pain, physical function, and depression in stroke patients with chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial.cited 2× |
| acupuncture on points of the Governor vessel | Increases - enhanced | cognitive function | Human | stroke survivors | Not specified | Effectiveness and safety of Governor vessel acupuncture therapy for post-stroke cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 6× |
| manual acupuncture (MA) | Increases - were safe and effective in improving | neurological function | Human | patients with ACI | 12 sessions of acupuncture (6 times weekly for 2 weeks). | Acupuncture as adjunctive therapy for acute cerebral infarction: a randomized clinical trial. |
| manual acupuncture | Decreases - improvements in | shoulder function and disability | Human | patients with SIS | Not specified | Effects of acupuncture on shoulder impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. |
| manual acupuncture | Increases - improving | shoulder function and disability | Human | patients with SIS | Not specified | Effects of acupuncture on shoulder impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. |
| conventional acupuncture | Increases - were effective in improving | motor function | Human | older stroke survivors | Not specified | Comparing the effects of different acupoint-stimulating therapies in mitigating post-stroke spasticity and motor dysfunction in older stroke survivors: A network meta-analysis of randomized trials.cited 2× |
| laser acupuncture | Increases - significant benefits | lung function parameters | Human | children and adolescents (<18 years of age) with asthma | Not specified | Efficacy of acupuncture in children with asthma: a systematic review.cited 9× |
| acupuncture (traditional and laser) | No effect - no significant differences | other lung function parameters | Human | children and adolescents (<18 years of age) with asthma | Not specified | Efficacy of acupuncture in children with asthma: a systematic review.cited 9× |
| Fu's subcutaneous acupuncture (FSN) | Increases - better scores | claudication, joint stability, swelling, walking up stairs, squatting, pain, ROM, and equilibrium function (forward and backward movement speed, left and right movement speed, movement ellipse area, movement length) | Human | patients with knee osteoarthritis | Not specified | The effect of Fu's subcutaneous needling in treating knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial.cited 5× |
| Fu's subcutaneous acupuncture (FSN) | Increases - significantly improve | pain symptoms, joint stability, and joint function | Human | patients with knee osteoarthritis | Not specified | The effect of Fu's subcutaneous needling in treating knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial.cited 5× |
| intraoral acupuncture | No effect - explore relationships among | salivation and drooling severity and frequency and swallowing function | Human | stroke patients | Not specified | Intraoral Acupuncture for Sialorrhea in Stroke Patients: a Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| sham acupuncture | No effect - explore relationships among | salivation and drooling severity and frequency and swallowing function | Human | stroke patients | Not specified | Intraoral Acupuncture for Sialorrhea in Stroke Patients: a Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. |
| verum acupuncture | No effect - will be evaluated | psychological function scale | Human | participants with obesity | Three times a week for 12 weeks. | Acupuncture for obesity:study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 1× |
| verum acupuncture | No effect - will be evaluated | social function scale of the BODY-Q | Human | participants with obesity | Three times a week for 12 weeks. | Acupuncture for obesity:study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 1× |
| acupuncture combined with the formula of Yi Qi Yang Yin and blood activating (A-YBF) | Increases - improve | renal function | Human | patients with early diabetic nephropathy | Not specified. | Effects of Acupuncture Combined with Yi Qi Yang Yin and Blood Activating Formula on Blood Glucose and Renal Function in Early Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 2× |
| acupuncture with low-level laser therapy (ALLLT) | Increases - can facilitate the recovery of | physical function | Human | patients receiving total knee replacement | Not specified | A randomised controlled trial of laser acupuncture improves early outcomes of osteoarthritis patients' physical functional ability after total knee replacement.cited 5× |
| needle acupuncture | Increases - might be associated with improvement | cognitive function | Human | children with ASD | Not specified (acupressure methods varied by trial). | Acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).cited 45× |
| needle acupuncture plus conventional treatment | Increases - seemed to be some benefit | cognitive function | Human | children with ASD | Not specified (acupressure methods varied by trial). | Acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).cited 45× |
| moxibustion plus acupuncture | Increases - improve | upper limb motor function | Human | patients | Not specified | Moxibustion plus Acupuncture for the Treatment of Poststroke Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.cited 4× |
| semi-personalized acupuncture prescription based on 3DKA results | Increases - significantly improved | motor function | Human | patients with PSSP-UL | Acupuncture treatment 5 days a week. | Three-dimensional kinematic analysis can improve the efficacy of acupoint selection for post-stroke patients with upper limb spastic paresis: A randomized controlled trial. |
| Acupuncture with therapeutic exercises | Increases - improving | function | Human | — | Not specified | The effectiveness of physiotherapeutic interventions in treatment of frozen shoulder/adhesive capsulitis: a systematic review.cited 75× |
| acupuncture interventions | Increases - are effective in ameliorating | cognitive function | Human | people with aMCI | Not specified in the abstract. | Clinical evidence of acupuncture for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Decreases - provided a remarkable improvement | cognitive function as assessed by Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive | Human | people with aMCI | Not specified in the abstract. | Clinical evidence of acupuncture for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - provided a remarkable improvement | cognitive function as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination | Human | people with aMCI | Not specified in the abstract. | Clinical evidence of acupuncture for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - provided a remarkable improvement | cognitive function as assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment | Human | people with aMCI | Not specified in the abstract. | Clinical evidence of acupuncture for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 1× |
| warm acupuncture of the Mongolian medicine | Increases - showed a significant increase | physical function scores of the SF-36 survey | Human | patients with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation | Not specified (treatment administered over 4 weeks). | Efficacy evaluation of Mongolian medical warm acupuncture for sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial. |
| scalp acupuncture | Increases - plays | neuroprotective function | Human | central nervous system diseases | Not specified | Scalp Acupuncture Synchronizing Dual Task Gait for Enhancing Prefrontal Cortex Response. |
| auricular acupuncture combined with continuous attendance intervention | Increases - enhance | renal function indexes | Human | elderly maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) sufferers | Not specified | Auricular Point Pressing Beans + Continuous Intervention on β2-MG, Curative Effect, and Relationship with Prognosis in Elderly MHD Sufferers.cited 1× |
| acupuncture treatment | Increases - can effectively improve | erectile function | Human | ED patients | Acupuncture at specific points (e.g., GV 20, CV 6, ST 36), alternating two acupoint groups, 30 min per session, every other day. Sildenafil: 50 mg orally 1h before sexual activity. | Acupuncture for erectile dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| acupuncture or SHA | No effect - secondary outcomes include the changes | liver function | Human | participants with MAFLD | Not specified (frequency/duration: 12 weeks). | Investigating the efficacy of acupuncture in treating patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial.cited 3× |
| interactive dynamic scalp acupuncture (IDSA) | Increases - were superior | lower-limb motor function and walking ability | Human | post-stroke patients | Treatment administered once daily, 6 times weekly for 30 minutes per session. | Effects of Interactive Dynamic Scalp Acupuncture on Motor Function and Gait of Lower Limbs after Stroke: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.cited 11× |
| acupuncture therapy | Increases - improved | cognitive function-related scale scores | Human | patients with Parkinson's disease | Not specified | Efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for neuropsychiatric symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture therapy | Increases - improved | lower limb balance function | Human | patients with poststroke motor dysfunction | Not available | Comparison of Different Rehabilitation Techniques of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in the Treatment of Motor Dysfunction After Stroke Based on Frequency Method: A Network Meta-analysis.cited 4× |
| Acupuncture therapy (AT) | Increases - is effective in improving | lung function | Human | patients with stable COPD | Not specified | Efficacy of acupuncture therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 3× |
| Different acupuncture methods | Increases - can improve | cognitive function | Human | patients with PSCID | Not specified | A network meta-analysis of different acupuncture therapy in the treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment and dementia. |
| modified Wendan Decoction combined with acupuncture | Increases - enhances immune function | immune function | Human | patients with urticaria | Not specified for acupuncture; modified Wendan Decoction dosage not detailed. | Effects of modified Wendan Decoction combined with acupuncture on inflammatory factors and immune function in urticaria patients. |
| acupuncture at the BL54 | Increases - improve | function of the bladder in controlling urine | Human | women | Bilateral BL54 acupuncture (deep to pudendal nerve vs. superficial fascia) | Clinical study on improving the function of female bladder in controlling urine by acupuncture Zhibian (BL54) under ultrasound guidance.cited 1× |
| acupuncture plus medication | Decreases - may delay | lung function decline | Human | participants with COPD | Three times a week (36 sessions total). | Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial.cited 2× |
| DU meridian acupuncture combined with Temporal Triple Needling (Sanjian) therapy | Increases - improves | cerebrovascular endothelial function | Human | acute ischemic stroke patients | 10 days of intervention (frequency not specified). | Effect of DU meridian acupuncture and temporal three-needle on vascular protection mechanisms in patients with acute cerebral infarction: a randomized controlled evaluator-blinded clinical trial. |
| scalp acupuncture target stimulation (MCI2) | Increases - improving | MCI motor function | Human | patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) | Not specified | Scalp acupuncture targets for neurological disorders:evidence from neuroimaging studies (part 2).cited 1× |
| scalp acupuncture target stimulation (MCI1) | Increases - improving | semantic coding and memory function | Human | patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) | Not specified | Scalp acupuncture targets for neurological disorders:evidence from neuroimaging studies (part 2).cited 1× |
| conventional acupuncture with combination of distal and local point selection | Increases - found to be the most effective | function and pain | Human | patients after knee replacement | Not specified | Acupuncture Provides Short-Term Functional Improvements and Pain Relief for Patients After Knee Replacement Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| specific acupuncture methods | Increases - were superior to conventional acupuncture in improving | sleep-related parameters, cognitive function and TER | Human | — | Not specified | Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in treating sleep disturbance in dementia patients: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and limitations of current evidence.cited 1× |
| combination of pulmonary-based Qigong (PQ) exercise and acupuncture therapy | Increases - explore the multidimensional and multi-system effects | multi-system function | Human | patients with COPD | Acupuncture treatment three times per week for 8 weeks (specific acupuncture points or techniques not detailed in the abstract). | Effect of low-moderate intensity traditional Chinese exercises combined with acupuncture on patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. |
| acupuncture | Decreases - help regulate | abnormal brain function | Human | individuals with TD | Not specified | Exploring acupuncture as a therapeutic approach for tic disorders: a review of current understanding and potential benefits. |
| acupuncture | Increases - can improve | ankle function | Human | patients with CAI | Not specified | Treatment and prevention of chronic ankle instability: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.cited 2× |
| acupuncture | Increases - had quicker | bowel function return | Human | colorectal surgery patients | Not specified | Postoperative Ileus and Nonpharmacological Nursing Interventions for Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review. |
| acupuncture | Increases - enables the identification of changes in | brain function | Human | — | Not provided. | Acupuncture: An Overview on Its Functions, Meridian Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms.cited 4× |
| Acupuncture | Increases - effectively improve | cardiac function | Human | — | Not available | Neuro- and immuno-modulation mediated by the cardiac sympathetic nerve: a novel insight into the anti-ischemic efficacy of acupuncture. |
| Acupuncture | Increases - significantly improves | cognitive function | Animal | rats with vascular dementia | Manual acupuncture with reinforcing and reducing methods for 30 min per day. | Manual acupuncture enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vascular dementia rat model: systematic review and network meta-analysis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - suggested possible effects on | cognitive function | Human | PSD patients | Not specified. | The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for post-stroke depression: An overview of systematic reviews. |
| acupuncture | Increases - shows potential in the rehabilitation | diaphragm function | Human | patients with respiratory insufficiency | Not specified | Rehabilitation effects of acupuncture on the diaphragmatic dysfunction in respiratory insufficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | No effect - had no demonstrable effect | erectile function | Human | drinkers with CP/CPPS | Not specified | Efficacy of acupuncture on drinkers with chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. |
| acupuncture | Increases - was the most effective | feeding and daily function | Human | patients with post-stroke dysphagia | Not specified | Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on the Swallowing Function of Patients With Post-Stroke Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - was rated as the most effective | swallowing function | Human | patients with post-stroke dysphagia | Not specified | Effects of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on the Swallowing Function of Patients With Post-Stroke Dysphagia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - may offer potential improvements | function and overall pain | Human | — | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - may provide durable clinically important pain relief and functional improvement | pain and function | Human | — | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - may provide durable clinically important pain relief and functional improvement | pain and function | Human | — | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - improvements persisted | pain and function | Human | — | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | No effect - significant pain reduction and functional improvement were only observed at the end of the treatment, not at 9 months post-treatment | pain and function | Human | — | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - may provide pain alleviation and functional improvements | pain and function | Human | KOA patients | Not specified | Durable Effects of Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.cited 1× |
| Acupuncture | Increases - exert a regulatory influence on | hepatic function | Human | — | Not provided. | Unlocking the potential: How acupuncture reshapes the liver-centered lipid metabolism pattern to fight obesity.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - improving | immune function | Human | — | Not specified | Progress of researches on mechanisms of acupuncture therapy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | No effect - modulating | neural structure and function | Human | — | Not specified | Progress of researches on mechanisms of acupuncture therapy in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.cited 1× |
| acupuncture | Increases - observed | improved urinary function scores | Human | patients undergoing acupuncture | Weekly in-office acupuncture prior to each BCG instillation. | Phase 1/2 Randomized Clinical Trial of In-clinic acupuncture Prior to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Patients with High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. |
| acupuncture | Increases - was significantly superior to sham acupuncture | improvement in lumbar function | Human | DLSS patients | Not specified (acupuncture duration: 6-8 weeks). | Non-pharmaceutical Chinese medical therapies for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 2× |
| acupuncture | Increases - was effective in enhancing | lumbar function | Human | DLSS patients | Not specified (acupuncture duration: 6-8 weeks). | Non-pharmaceutical Chinese medical therapies for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 2× |
| acupuncture | Decreases - presented significant improvements | knee pain and overall function | Animal | KOA rabbit model | — | Exploring the Analgesic Effect of Acupuncture on Knee Osteoarthritis Based on MLT/cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway. |
| acupuncture | No effect - regulating | local muscle function | Human | patients with sleep apnea syndrome | Not specified | Progress of researches on mechanisms of acupuncture for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.cited 2× |
| acupuncture | Increases - strongly emphasizes | motor function improvement | Human | stroke patients | Not specified. | Knowledge domain and trends in acupuncture for stroke research based on bibliometric analysis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - plays a pivotal role in enhancing | neurological and motor function recovery | Human | stroke patients | Not specified. | Knowledge domain and trends in acupuncture for stroke research based on bibliometric analysis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - improved | neurological function | Animal | rat model of embolic stroke with delayed rt-PA thrombolysis | Not specified | Acupuncture regulates astrocyte neurotoxic polarization to protect blood-brain barrier integrity in delayed thrombolysis through mediating ERK1/2/Cx43 axis. |
| acupuncture | Increases - improving | neurological function | Human | stroke survivors with cardiovascular comorbidities | Not specified | Acupuncture for stroke survivors with cardiovascular comorbidities: protocol of a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. |
| acupuncture | Increases - improved | neurological function | Human | patients with AIS | Acupuncture administered twice a week for 4 weeks (total 8 sessions). | Acupuncture improves neurological function and anti-inflammatory effect in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.cited 6× |
| acupuncture | Increases - therapeutic effect on improvement | olfactory function | Human | patients with various types of olfactory disorders | Not specified (variability in point selection, session frequency, and treatment duration noted). | Assessing the Efficacy of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. |
| acupuncture | Increases - improved | ovarian function | Animal | POR mice | Not specified in the abstract. | Whole-transcriptome sequencing reveals the effects of acupuncture on early embryos post-IVF-ET in poor ovarian response. |
| acupuncture | No effect - measure the effectiveness | ovarian function modeling | Human | patients with DOR | Acupuncture treatments three times a week, each lasting 30 minutes. | Efficacy of Acupuncture for Diminished Ovarian Reserve: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol. |
| acupuncture | Increases - ameliorates | overall cognitive function | Human | patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) | Not specified | Discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms of acupuncture for amnestic mild cognitive impairment based on multi-omics analyses: A pilot study.cited 3× |
| acupuncture | Decreases - resulted in less pain and better function compared with sham acupuncture | pain and function | Human | patients with chronic sciatica from herniated disk | 10 sessions over 4 weeks. | Acupuncture vs Sham Acupuncture for Chronic Sciatica From Herniated Disk: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 8× |
| acupuncture | Decreases - may provide clinically important effects in reducing pain and improving physical function | pain and physical function | Human | patients with KOA | Higher dose of acupuncture provided greater pain relief (specific dosage not detailed). | Clinical effect and contributing factors of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and pairwise and exploratory network meta-analysis.cited 2× |
| acupuncture | Increases - significantly more effective | paraspinal muscle function | Human | patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) | Not specified | Efficacy of acupuncture for lumbar disc herniation: changes in paravertebral muscle and fat infiltration - a multicenter retrospective cohort study.cited 1× |
| Acupuncture | Increases - improve | patients' pain, stiffness, function and quality of life | Human | patients with knee OA | Not specified | Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions to manage patients with knee osteoarthritis: An umbrella review.cited 41× |
| acupuncture | Increases - positively impacted | recovery of bowel function | Human | patients after colorectal surgery | Not specified | Strategies to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery: A qualitative umbrella review of the collective evidence.cited 5× |
| acupuncture | Increases - improvement is evaluated by | return of the ability to function in everyday life | Human | clients | Not specified | The practice of traditional Korean medicine in Washington, D.C.cited 23× |
| acupuncture | Increases - significant differences | shoulder function | Human | women undergoing breast cancer surgery | Not specified (only mentions treatment sessions). | Exercise Therapy, Systemic Acupuncture and Silicon Oxide Tablets in the Rehabilitation of Physical and Functional Disorders in Breast Cancer Survivors: Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| acupuncture | No effect - did not show significant differences | Social Function | Human | women who have undergone breast cancer surgery | 30-minute acupuncture sessions using predefined points. | Effect of Exercise Therapy, Systemic Acupuncture and Silicon Oxide Tablets on Muscular Strength, Lymphedema, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| acupuncture | Decreases - effective in reduction of symptoms and improvement of hand function | symptoms and hand function | Human | CTS patients | Not available | Effectiveness of non-operative methods of treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a narrative review. |