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Evidence suggests Walking mayincreasePerformance.
48 studies (56 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 40 (25–55) %across 2 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| walking in an outdoor environment | Increases - demonstrated improvements | cognitive performance | Human | participants | Not specified | Walking and Sitting Outdoors: Which Is Better for Cognitive Performance and Mental States?cited 6× |
| walking in an outdoor environment | No effect - no significant difference | cognitive performance | Human | participants | Not specified | Walking and Sitting Outdoors: Which Is Better for Cognitive Performance and Mental States?cited 6× |
| MDASI moderate to severe interference with walking | No effect - accurately indicated | poor performance status | Human | — | Not available | Utility of a Patient-Reported Symptom and Functioning Assessment Tool for Geriatric Oncology Care in China. |
| supervised group-based walking intervention | No effect - will be measured by participants' changes | walking performance | Human | older adults in Hong Kong | Not specified | Effectiveness of a supervised group-based walking program on physical, psychological and social outcomes among older adults: a randomised controlled trial protocol.cited 1× |
| six-month brisk walking and balance program | Increases - promotes | functional and gait performance | Human | people with mild to moderate PD | 10 supervised 90-minute sessions (weeks 1-6: once/week, weeks 7-26: once/month) plus 2-3 self-practice sessions weekly. | Six-Month Community-Based Brisk Walking and Balance Exercise Alleviates Motor Symptoms and Promotes Functions in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 39× |
| working while walking at low intensity | No effect - no significant change | cognitive performance | Human | 45 undergraduate students | Not specified | Effect of Standing or Walking at a Workstation on Cognitive Function: A Randomized Counterbalanced Trial.cited 37× |
| walking aids | Decreases - were associated with poor performance | 4-m walking speed test performance | Human | patients aged 20-69 years with a femoral neck fracture | Not applicable | Function, sarcopenia and osteoporosis 10 years after a femoral neck fracture in patients younger than 70 years.cited 4× |
| 12-week split-belt treadmill walking (Sb-TW) practice using an error augmentation strategy | Decreases - can be capitalized on for remediating | impaired locomotor performance | Human | adolescents with ULCP | Not specified | Exploring Temporospatial Gait Asymmetry, Dynamic Balance, and Locomotor Capacity After a 12-Week Split-Belt Treadmill Training in Adolescents with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Clinical Study.cited 4× |
| progressive treadmill walking exercise training intervention | No effect - not associated | change in walking performance | Human | fully ambulatory persons with MS | 12 weeks of supervised, progressive treadmill walking exercise training (specific frequency and intensity not detailed in the abstract). | Systematically developed pilot randomized controlled trial of exercise and cognition in persons with multiple sclerosis.cited 47× |
| progressive treadmill walking exercise training intervention | Increases - large intervention effects | walking performance | Human | fully ambulatory persons with MS | 12 weeks of supervised, progressive treadmill walking exercise training (specific frequency and intensity not detailed in the abstract). | Systematically developed pilot randomized controlled trial of exercise and cognition in persons with multiple sclerosis.cited 47× |
| aerobic walking group | Increases - positive change correlated with improved | episodic memory performance | Human | healthy older adults (n = 180, 60-79 years) | Not specified | White matter plasticity in healthy older adults: The effects of aerobic exercise.cited 56× |
| intermittent walking | Increases - has been shown to improve | 6-min walk test performance | Human | persons with MS (pwMS) | Intermittent walking: 30 seconds treadmill walking alternated with 30 seconds seated rest; Continuous walking: treadmill walking without breaks. | The effect of intermittent vs. continuous walking on distance to fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis.cited 4× |
| walking training | Increases - improved | scores on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure | Human | the child | Not specified | Gait Training for Walking Acquisition in a Child with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Case Report. |
| 20 minutes of treadmill walking (60-70% heart rate max) | Increases - greater benefits | performance | Human | children (ages 8-11) | 20 minutes of treadmill walking at 60-70% heart rate max. | The role of BMI on cognition following acute physical activity in preadolescent children.cited 9× |
| 20 minutes of treadmill walking (60-70% heart rate max) | Increases - beneficial effects | performance on a flanker task that modulates inhibitory control requirements | Human | children (ages 8-11) | 20 minutes of treadmill walking at 60-70% heart rate max. | The role of BMI on cognition following acute physical activity in preadolescent children.cited 9× |
| 20 minutes of treadmill walking (60-70% heart rate max) | Increases - exhibited improved task performance | task performance | Human | children (ages 8-11) | 20 minutes of treadmill walking at 60-70% heart rate max. | The role of BMI on cognition following acute physical activity in preadolescent children.cited 9× |
| progressive treadmill walking exercise training | Increases - small-to-moderate intervention effects | CVLT-II performance | Human | fully ambulatory females with MS | Supervised, progressive treadmill walking exercise training (specific intensity/frequency not detailed). | Exercise training effects on memory and hippocampal viscoelasticity in multiple sclerosis: a novel application of magnetic resonance elastography.cited 86× |
| supervised ground-based walking training | Increases - improved | endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) performance | Human | people with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 30-45 minutes, 2-3 times weekly. | The minimal detectable difference for endurance shuttle walk test performance in people with COPD on completion of a program of high-intensity ground-based walking. |
| supervised Nordic Walking (NW) | Increases - greater improvements | functional performance | Human | 60+-year-old persons with hip osteoarthritis (OA) not awaiting hip replacement | Supervised Nordic Walking sessions in a local park (frequency not specified). | In hip osteoarthritis, Nordic Walking is superior to strength training and home-based exercise for improving function.cited 50× |
| exercise-induced changes in walking endurance | No effect - mediated changes | 7-item Physical Performance Test (PPT-7) (physical ADL performance) | Human | combined group | Four 30-minute walking sessions per week (aerobic group). | Comparison of Effect of Two Exercise Programs on Activities of Daily Living in Individuals with Dementia: A 9-Week Randomized, Controlled Trial.cited 25× |
| Biofeedback (any type delivered by any signal or sense) delivered concurrently during practice of sitting, standing up, standing or walking | Increases - is more effective than usual therapy in improving performance of activities | performance of activities | Human | People who have had a stroke | Not specified | Biofeedback improves performance in lower limb activities more than usual therapy in people following stroke: a systematic review.cited 29× |
| Biofeedback (any type delivered by any signal or sense) delivered concurrently during practice of sitting, standing up, standing or walking | Increases - improved performance of activities more than usual therapy | performance of activities | Human | People who have had a stroke | Not specified | Biofeedback improves performance in lower limb activities more than usual therapy in people following stroke: a systematic review.cited 29× |
| 6-minute walking test (6MWT) | No effect - good repeatability was found | test performance | Human | COPD patients | Not applicable (exercise tests, not a supplement). | One minute sit-to-stand test is an alternative to 6MWT to measure functional exercise performance in COPD patients.cited 77× |
| prehabilitation program (PREOPtimize), consisting of Nordic Walking and resistance training exercises plus health education | Increases - improve | overall physical performance | Human | patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy | 2 weekly sessions of 75 minutes of Nordic Walking plus muscle strengthening exercises and health education. | Prehabilitation in Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy to Minimize Musculoskeletal Postoperative Complications and Enhance Recovery (PREOPtimize): A Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 4× |
| lateral stair walking training | Increases - can be used as an effective treatment to improve | balance performance | Human | patients with chronic stroke | 15 minutes of lateral stair walking exercise plus 15 minutes of traditional physiotherapy, once a week. | Efficacy of lateral stair walking training in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled study.cited 3× |
| overground robotic walking training performed with the servo-assistive robotic rollator (i-Walker) | Increases - improved | walking performance | Human | patients affected by mild/moderate stroke | Two daily 40-minute sessions, 5 days a week for 4 weeks (20 sessions with i-Walker, 20 sessions standard therapy). | Overground walking training with the i-Walker, a robotic servo-assistive device, enhances balance in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial.cited 19× |
| water-based walking exercise | Increases - could lead to greater improvements | knee performance | Human | patients following ACL reconstruction | Not specified | Effect of water-based walking exercise on rehabilitation of patients following ACL reconstruction: a prospective, randomised, single-blind clinical trial.cited 1× |
| voluntary walking interventions | Increases - appear to be effective | walking performance | Human | persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) | Not specified | Effects of walking interventions in persons with multiple sclerosis-A systematic review.cited 5× |
| voluntary walking interventions | Increases - improved | walking performance during long distance walk tests | Human | persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) | Not specified | Effects of walking interventions in persons with multiple sclerosis-A systematic review.cited 5× |
| voluntary walking interventions | Increases - improved | walking performance during short distance walk tests | Human | persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) | Not specified | Effects of walking interventions in persons with multiple sclerosis-A systematic review.cited 5× |
| a two-month walking program | Increases - positive physical activity-related changes | postural performance | Human | MDD patients | One-hour supervised walking sessions, three times a week. | Balance characteristics in patients with major depression after a two-month walking exercise program: A pilot study.cited 10× |
| observing videos of walking people | No effect - effect | physical activity and physical performance | Human | older adults with dementia | Videos shown on weekdays during the day for three months (frequency not specified). | The effects of observation of walking in a living room environment, on physical, cognitive, and quality of life related outcomes in older adults with dementia: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.cited 3× |
| 12-week functional walking training program utilizing a sequential square mat (Fisior® Mat) | Increases - improvements observed | total Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score | Human | older adults diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD) | Progressive resistance training sessions lasting 30-40 minutes, three times a week. | Effects of a sequential square mat walking training program Fisior® on improving physical performance in older adults with Parkinson's disease: A pilot study.cited 1× |
| slow walking pace | Decreases - causally involved in | reduced cognitive performance | Human | — | Not specified | A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study.cited 2× |
| Physical exercises including functional mobility training, especially walking | Increases - have better results | gait performance | Human | — | Not specified | Interventions to Improve Gait in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review.cited 33× |
| intensive walking exercise | Increases - exhibited greater improvement | walking performance | Human | the subgroup with better baseline walking ability | Not specified | Intensive walking exercise for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 26× |
| intensive walking exercise | Increases - similar improvements | walking performance | Human | — | Not specified | Intensive walking exercise for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 26× |
| Walking aid | No effect - influenced | 6MWT performance | Human | people poststroke | Not applicable (walk tests, not a supplement). | Considerations for the Selection of Time-Limited Walk Tests Poststroke: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols and Measurement Properties.cited 40× |
| home-based walking exercise | Increases - supports to improve | walking performance | Human | people with PAD | 12 weeks of supervised treadmill exercise (specific frequency not detailed). | Exercise training for intermittent claudication.cited 55× |
| walking aid use | No effect - explained | performance-based walking | Human | people with limb loss | Not available | Relevance of medical comorbidities for functional mobility in people with limb loss: retrospective explanatory models for a clinical walking measure and a patient-reported functional outcome.cited 8× |
| combining complex walking tasks with a cognitive assignment | Decreases - resulting in a more pronounced decline in walking and/or cognitive performance | walking and/or cognitive performance | Human | — | Not available | Towards a comprehensive framework for complex walking tasks: Characterization, behavioral adaptations, and clinical implications in ageing and neurological populations.cited 2× |
| complex walking tasks | Decreases - significantly impact walking performance | walking performance | Human | ageing and neurological populations | Not available | Towards a comprehensive framework for complex walking tasks: Characterization, behavioral adaptations, and clinical implications in ageing and neurological populations.cited 2× |
| dual-task walking | Decreases - decline | performance | Human | with age | Not applicable | Older Adults Pay an Additional Cost When Texting and Walking: Effects of Age, Environment, and Use of Mixed Reality on Dual-Task Performance.cited 31× |
| Texting while walking (TeWW) | No effect - potential as an ecologically valid assessment and/or an intervention paradigm | dual-task performance | Human | older adults as well as for clinical populations | Not applicable | Older Adults Pay an Additional Cost When Texting and Walking: Effects of Age, Environment, and Use of Mixed Reality on Dual-Task Performance.cited 31× |
| daily AIH combined with walking practice (AIH + WALK) | Increases - improved | overground walking performance | Human | persons with chronic, incomplete SCI | 15 episodes of 10.0% O₂, 90 seconds each, daily for 5 consecutive days. | Daily acute intermittent hypoxia combined with walking practice enhances walking performance but not intralimb motor coordination in persons with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury.cited 28× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with less improvement in | Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Human | participants with ambiguous impairment on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with less improvement in | Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Human | participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with smaller increases in | Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Human | participants with ambiguous impairment on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| pedometer-based walking intervention with weekly activity goals | Decreases - was associated with smaller increases in | Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Human | participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognitive function screening | Weekly activity goals (specific step count not detailed). | Association of Cognitive Function Screening Results with Adherence and Performance in a Pedometer-Based Intervention.cited 4× |
| tDCS while walking in a complex environment (tDCS + walking) | Increases - improved | Stroop performance | Human | 25 healthy older adults (73.9 ± 5.2 years) | 20 minutes of anodal tDCS targeting M1 and lDLPFC | Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with a motor-cognitive task: the impact on dual-task walking costs in older adults.cited 30× |
| treadmill walking exercise training | No effect - examines effects on | learning and memory performance | Human | persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) who have objective impairments in learning new information | Supervised treadmill walking exercise training three times per week. | Rationale and design of a single-blind, randomised controlled trial of exercise training for managing learning and memory impairment in persons with multiple sclerosis.cited 9× |
| walking skills intervention | Increases - associated with a long-term improvement | walking performance | Human | patients with total knee replacement | Not specified | Effectiveness of physiotherapy exercise following total knee replacement: systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 158× |
| 6 months of unsupervised Nordic walking (NW) and walking (W) exercise following 6 months of supervised training | No effect - was not effective for a further increase | performance | Human | overweight/obese adults | Not specified | Prolonged unsupervised Nordic walking and walking exercise following six months of supervision in adults with overweight and obesity: A randomised clinical trial.cited 7× |
| high-intensity interval training Nordic Walking (HI-NW) | Increases - increased | elbow torque performance | Human | women over 60 years of age | — | The Effect of Nordic Walking Training Combined with Vitamin D Supplementation on Postural Control and Muscle Strength in Elderly People-A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 13× |
| pedometer-based walking program plus TheraBand resistance exercise | Increases - could improve | cardio-respiratory performance | Human | older Thai individuals with sarcopenia | 7,500 steps/day for 5 days/week plus TheraBand resistance exercise twice a week. | Beneficial effects of walking-based home program for improving cardio-respiratory performance and physical activity in sarcopenic older people: a randomized controlled trial.cited 9× |
| pedometer-based walking program plus TheraBand resistance exercise | Increases - improved | physical performance | Human | older individuals with sarcopenia | 7,500 steps/day for 5 days/week plus TheraBand resistance exercise twice a week. | Beneficial effects of walking-based home program for improving cardio-respiratory performance and physical activity in sarcopenic older people: a randomized controlled trial.cited 9× |
| walking intervention | No effect - was not significant | physical performance | Human | individuals with hip/knee osteoarthritis | Not specified | Effect of Land-Based Generic Physical Activity Interventions on Pain, Physical Function, and Physical Performance in Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 25× |
| field walking tests | No effect - was studied | performance-based tests | Human | patients before elective noncardiac surgery | Not specified | Clinical Tools to Assess Functional Capacity During Risk Assessment Before Elective Noncardiac Surgery : A Scoping Review.cited 1× |
| walking exercise training | Increases - an improvement in physical performance were observed | physical performance | Human | physically active older adults with relatively low habitual dietary protein consumption | 31 g of milk protein daily | Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.cited 71× |
| structured walking intervention | Increases - significant within group differences | personal and social performance (PSP) | Human | Chronic patients with schizophrenia | Not specified (structured walking intervention). | Structured Walking and Chronic Institutionalized Schizophrenia Inmates: A pilot RCT Study on Quality of Life.cited 30× |
| Nordic walking | Increases - led to higher cardiovascular performance compared to CCVR | cardiovascular performance | Human | CAD patients | 40 minutes of walking four times per week | Effects of Nordic walking on cardiovascular performance and quality of life in coronary artery disease.cited 11× |
| Nordic walking | Increases - better functional performance | functional performance | Human | CAD patients | 40 minutes of walking four times per week | Effects of Nordic walking on cardiovascular performance and quality of life in coronary artery disease.cited 11× |
| Nordic walking | Increases - improves | performance | Human | aged persons with diseases associated with an advanced age | Not specified | Nordic walking in the second half of life.cited 18× |