2
35
4
↑2
↓35
—4
Evidence suggests Calcium maydecreaseFracture risk.
35 studies (41 claims)
Strong consensus
Typical effective dose 900 (800–1750) IUacross 6 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by calcium and vitamin D insufficiency | Increases - increase | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified (dose should be tailored to habitual intake). | The pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in men.cited 29× |
| calcium deficiency | Increases - may contribute to | childhood forearm fracture risk | Human | children | Not available | Forearm fractures in children and bone health.cited 22× |
| calcium supplementation, particularly with vitamin D | Decreases - has been an approved public health intervention to reduce | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | The effects of calcium supplementation on verified coronary heart disease hospitalization and death in postmenopausal women: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 114× |
| calcium supplements combined with vitamin D | No effect - insufficient data about their efficacy and effect | fracture risk | Human | the highest risk groups | Not specified | Vitamin D: 100 years of discoveries, yet controversy continues.cited 54× |
| co-administration of calcium and vitamin D | Decreases - may have modest benefits | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified | Supplemental calcium intake in the aging individual: implications on skeletal and cardiovascular health.cited 11× |
| adequate calcium supplementation | Decreases - important to prevent fractures | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified | Glucocorticoids, Inflammation and Bone.cited 55× |
| adequate calcium supplementation | Decreases - together with | positive effects on fracture risk | Human | compliant patients | Above 800 IU/day of vitamin D with adequate calcium supplementation. | Vitamin D, bone metabolism and fracture risk.cited 2× |
| supplementation with combined calcium and vitamin D | Decreases - potential benefits | stress fracture risk | Human | patients at high risk for stress fracture | 1,000 to 1,200 mg of calcium per day; 800 to 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 daily. | Current concept review: vitamin D and stress fractures.cited 41× |
| 800 IU of vitamin D plus 1200 mg of calcium | Decreases - reduction in | fracture risk | Human | women in postmenopause without osteoporosis | 400 IU, 800-1000 IU, 4000 IU, 15,000 IU/week, 500,000 IU annually (vitamin D); 1200 mg (calcium). | Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.cited 6× |
| calcium plus vitamin D supplements | Decreases - supports the use ... as an intervention for fracture risk reduction | fracture risk | Human | both community-dwelling and institutionalized middle-aged to older adults | Not specified in the abstract. | Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.cited 362× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - may be mitigated | bone loss and increased fracture risk during intentional weight loss | Human | — | Not specified | Weight Loss Interventions and Skeletal Health in Persons with Diabetes.cited 7× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - benefit | fracture risk | Human | calcium-deficient group | Not specified | Evidence that calcium supplements reduce fracture risk is lacking.cited 20× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - has been recommended to decrease | fracture risk | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.cited 16× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - called into question the benefits in reducing | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.cited 16× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - does not significantly reduce | fracture risk | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.cited 16× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - beneficial effects on | fracture risk | Human | women who are adherent to therapy | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.cited 16× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - indicated significant reductions in | osteoporotic fracture risk | Human | the most treatment-adherent participants | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.cited 16× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - benefits | fracture risk | Human | — | — | Calcium use in the management of osteoporosis: continuing questions and controversies.cited 11× |
| calcium supplementation (alone or with concomitant vitamin D) | Decreases - only weak efficacy | fragility fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified | Calcium supplementation in osteoporosis: useful or harmful?cited 43× |
| supplementation of calcium and vitamin D | Decreases - demonstrated to reduce | hip fracture risk | Human | institutionalized people | Not specified | Prevention of falls and role of calcium and vitamin D.cited 2× |
| Calcium and vitamin D supplements, in combination | Decreases - reduce | fracture risk | Human | populations with low intakes | Not specified | Nutritional Supplements and Skeletal Health.cited 4× |
| adequate supply of calcium and vitamin D | Decreases - cornerstones for the reduction | fracture risk | Human | patients with CeD | Not specified | The Dietary and Non-Dietary Management of Osteoporosis in Adult-Onset Celiac Disease: Current Status and Practical Guidance.cited 7× |
| combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation | Decreases - reduced | fracture risk | Human | patients with normal serum creatinine levels | Not specified | Calcium supplementation: lessons from the general population for chronic kidney disease and back.cited 7× |
| calcium supplementation alone | Decreases - has a modest effect in reducing | total fracture risk | Human | older people | Adequate dietary calcium (>1100 mg/day) and vitamin D status (>60 nmol/L 25(OH)D). | Prevention of fractures in older people with calcium and vitamin D.cited 13× |
| calcium supplements | Decreases - produce small reductions | fracture risk | Human | — | Not specified | Cardiovascular effects of calcium supplementation.cited 76× |
| calcium supplementation, with or without vitamin D supplementation | Decreases - leads to a modest reduction | fracture risk | Human | patients at high risk of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency, and in those who are receiving treatment for osteoporosis | Not specified | The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing : An expert consensus meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Foundation for Osteoporosis (IOF).cited 116× |
| calcium supplementation, with or without vitamin D supplementation | No effect - population-level intervention has not been shown to be an effective public health strategy | fracture risk | Human | general population | Not specified | The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing : An expert consensus meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Foundation for Osteoporosis (IOF).cited 116× |
| vitamin K, given with oral bisphosphonate, calcium and/or vitamin D | Decreases - has an additive effect | fracture risk | Human | post-menopausal women with osteoporosis | Not specified | The additive effect of vitamin K supplementation and bisphosphonate on fracture risk in post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomised placebo controlled trial.cited 9× |
| vitamin D plus calcium | Decreases - results in a small reduction in | hip fracture risk | Human | older adults | Not specified in the abstract. | Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men.cited 344× |
| calcium-enriched plant-based beverages | No effect - current scientific data are either insufficient or too divergent to recommend increasing or restricting the consumption | bone mineral density and fracture risk | Human | — | 2 to 3 dairy products daily. | Dietary recommendations in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.cited 20× |
| combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation | Decreases - significantly reduces | hip fracture risk | Human | older and institutionalized subjects | Not specified | Nutrition, Vitamin D, and Calcium in Elderly Patients before and after a Hip Fracture and Their Impact on the Musculoskeletal System: A Narrative Review.cited 9× |
| Calcium and vitamin D supplementation | Decreases - is recommended | fracture risk | Human | patients at high risk of fracture and/or for those receiving pharmacological osteoporosis treatments | Not specified | Are Probiotics the New Calcium and Vitamin D for Bone Health?cited 59× |
| combination of vitamin D and dietary calcium supplementation | Decreases - more effective for reducing | fracture risk | Animal | — | Dietary calcium at 0.1% or 1%, vitamin D at 0, 2, 12, or 20 IU/day. | Adequate dietary vitamin D and calcium are both required to reduce bone turnover and increased bone mineral volume.cited 16× |
| combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation | Decreases - reduced | fracture risk | Human | older adults | High-dose vitamin D (1000 IU/d) was mentioned, but specific calcium dosage was not detailed. | Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.cited 276× |
| combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation | Decreases - reduced | fracture risk | Human | institution | High-dose vitamin D (1000 IU/d) was mentioned, but specific calcium dosage was not detailed. | Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.cited 276× |
| combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation | Decreases - reduced | fracture risk | Human | community-dwelling | High-dose vitamin D (1000 IU/d) was mentioned, but specific calcium dosage was not detailed. | Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.cited 276× |
| calcium citrate supplementation | Decreases - reducing | fracture risk | Human | elderly | 500 mg calcium citrate daily. | Evaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study.cited 2× |
| adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation | Decreases - preventative strategies include | osteoporotic fracture risk | Human | cancer survivors | Not specified | Bone health in adult cancer survivorship.cited 79× |
| increased calcium intake | Decreases - demonstrated a relationship with a decrease in | fracture risk | Human | young athletes ages 18 to 35 years | Greater than 1500 mg daily | Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: a review of the literature.cited 49× |
| balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake | Decreases - can decrease risk | fracture risk | Human | postmenopausal women with osteoporosis | Not specified | Osteoporosis prevention and management: nonpharmacologic and lifestyle options.cited 48× |
| vitamin D supplementation, in most studies co-administered with calcium | Decreases - reduces | fracture risk | Human | the senior population | 20 μg (800 IU) vitamin D daily (calcium dosage not specified) | Vitamin D: do we get enough? A discussion between vitamin D experts in order to make a step towards the harmonisation of dietary reference intakes for vitamin D across Europe.cited 84× |
| genetic predisposition to lower estimated calcium intake from dairy sources | No effect - were not associated with | fracture risk | Human | participants from 25 cohorts from Europe, United States, east Asia, and Australia | Not specified | Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study.cited 193× |