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Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet maydecreaseLDL.
177 studies (292 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 50000 (50000–50000) mgacross 1 dosed study
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DASH diet with salt restriction | Decreases - were reduced | total and LDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and systolic/diastolic BP | Human | never drug-treated adults with high normal blood pressure or grade 1 hypertension | Not specified | Effect of DASH vs. mediterranean diet accompanied by a salt restriction on metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with high normal blood pressure or grade 1 hypertension: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial.cited 1× |
| high fructose (HF) diet | Increases - significantly elevated | LDL-c | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| high-fructose high-fat (HF/HFAT) diet | Increases - significantly elevated | LDL-c | Animal | obese Wister male rats | RSV at 30 mg/kg/day | Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. |
| energy-restricted Standard-AGEs diet | No effect - no statistically significant change | waist-to-hip circumference ratio, LDL-cholesterol, TNF-α, total testosterone (TT), free-androgen index (FAI), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels | Human | Rotterdam phenotype-A PCOS patients | Not specified (energy-restricted diets with standard vs. low AGE content). | Comparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles between Low-Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Standard AGEs-Containing Weight-Loss Diets in Overweight Phenotype-A PCOS Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| energy-restricted Low-AGEs diet | Decreases - LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Rotterdam phenotype-A PCOS patients | Not specified (energy-restricted diets with standard vs. low AGE content). | Comparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles between Low-Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Standard AGEs-Containing Weight-Loss Diets in Overweight Phenotype-A PCOS Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. |
| phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diet | No effect - did not reduce | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | children and adolescents with dyslipidemia | Not specified | Effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet on low-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia: A double-blind crossover trial.cited 4× |
| phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diet | No effect - was not different | rate of change for LDL-C | Human | children and adolescents with dyslipidemia | Not specified | Effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet on low-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia: A double-blind crossover trial.cited 4× |
| supplementing the daily diet with plant sterol ester-enriched milk derivatives | Decreases - reduce | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | — | 2 g of plant sterol esters per day, administered via liquid yoghurt. | Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study.cited 9× |
| vegetarian diet (VD) | Decreases - were significantly lower | LDL-C | Human | subjects with ischemic heart disease | Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. |
| vegetarian diet (VD) | Decreases - were significantly lower | LDL-C | Human | subjects with ischemic heart disease | Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. |
| vegetarian diet (VD) | Decreases - reduced levels | oxidized LDL-C | Human | patients with ischemic heart disease | Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. |
| vegetarian diet (VD) | Decreases - reduced levels | oxidized LDL-C | Human | patients with ischemic heart disease | Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. |
| HC diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Subjects (n 9) | Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). | Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet.cited 81× |
| HF diet | Increases - increased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Subjects (n 9) | Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). | Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet.cited 81× |
| SFA diet enriched with butter | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | total study population | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| SFA diet enriched with butter | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | normal-weight participants | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| SFA diet enriched with butter | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese participants | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine | Decreases - lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | total study population | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine | Decreases - lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | normal-weight participants | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine | Decreases - lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese participants | Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. | BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial.cited 18× |
| water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet | Decreases - were also lower | hepatic concentrations of LDL receptors | Animal | twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats | Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. | Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. |
| water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet | Decreases - were also lower | hepatic concentrations of LDL receptors | Animal | twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats | Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. | Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. |
| butter diet | Increases - increased significantly compared with the carbohydrate diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| butter diet | Increases - increased significantly compared with the MUFA diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| butter diet | Increases - increased significantly compared with the PUFA diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| butter diet | Increases - increase in LDL cholesterol being significantly greater than with cheese | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | individuals with high baseline LDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| cheese diet | Decreases - were lower than after the butter diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| cheese diet | Increases - were higher than after the carbohydrate diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| cheese diet | Increases - were higher than after the MUFA diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| cheese diet | Increases - were higher than after the PUFA diet | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations | SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. | Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial.cited 80× |
| HG broccoli diet | Decreases - reduced | plasma LDL-C | Human | 37 volunteers | 400 g of high glucoraphanin or standard broccoli per week. | Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials.cited 62× |
| HG broccoli diet | Decreases - resulted in a reduction | plasma LDL-C | Human | 93 volunteers | 400 g of high glucoraphanin or standard broccoli per week. | Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials.cited 62× |
| a diet rich in high glucoraphanin (HG) broccoli | Decreases - will reduce | plasma LDL-C | Human | — | 400 g of high glucoraphanin or standard broccoli per week. | Diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli reduces plasma LDL cholesterol: Evidence from randomised controlled trials.cited 62× |
| high-protein/low-carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (diet HP) and standard severe hypocaloric diet (diet S) | Decreases - showed a better response | LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR, insulin, and adiponectin levels | Human | non G-allele carriers (CC genotype) | Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). | Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.cited 1× |
| high-protein/low-carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (diet HP) | Decreases - showed significant improvement | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype | Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). | Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.cited 1× |
| standard severe hypocaloric diet (diet S) | Decreases - showed significant improvement | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | obese patients with CC genotype | Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). | Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months.cited 1× |
| Avocado-based Mediterranean diet | Decreases - reduces | LDL-C | Human | patients who had a recent acute ischemic stroke | 1/2 portion of Avocado per day. | Effects of an Avocado-based Mediterranean Diet on Serum Lipids for Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke Trial (ADD-SPISE): Study protocol.cited 2× |
| Avocado-based Mediterranean diet | Decreases - will further reduce | levels of LDL-cholesterol | Human | — | 1/2 portion of Avocado per day. | Effects of an Avocado-based Mediterranean Diet on Serum Lipids for Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke Trial (ADD-SPISE): Study protocol.cited 2× |
| avocado-based Mediterranean diet | No effect - did not significantly lower | LDL-C | Human | IS patients | Not specified (dietary intervention, not isolated avocado supplementation). | Efficacy of an avocado-based Mediterranean diet on serum lipids for secondary prevention after ischemic stroke: a randomized phase 2 controlled pilot trial. |
| Mediterranean diet (MeDi) | Decreases - reduces | LDL-C levels | Human | — | Not specified (dietary intervention, not isolated avocado supplementation). | Efficacy of an avocado-based Mediterranean diet on serum lipids for secondary prevention after ischemic stroke: a randomized phase 2 controlled pilot trial. |
| hyperlipidemic diet | Increases - increased | levels of TC, TG and LDL-c | Animal | Male SD rats | — | Hypolipidemic effects of total flavonoide extracted from the leaves of |
| phytochemical-enhanced diet (PED) consisting of a low-glycemic-load diet plus a medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols and a nutraceutical containing hops rho iso-alpha acids and acacia proanthocyanidins | Decreases - exhibited greater improvement than the MED arm | LDL-C | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL | Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). | Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins.cited 23× |
| phytochemical-enhanced diet (PED) consisting of a low-glycemic-load diet plus a medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols and a nutraceutical containing hops rho iso-alpha acids and acacia proanthocyanidins | Decreases - All individuals in the PED arm achieved LDL-C levels < 160 mg/dL | LDL-C levels | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL | Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). | Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins.cited 23× |
| phytochemical-enhanced diet (PED) consisting of a low-glycemic-load diet plus a medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols and a nutraceutical containing hops rho iso-alpha acids and acacia proanthocyanidins | Decreases - exhibited greater improvement than the MED arm | total LDL particle number | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL | Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). | Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins.cited 23× |
| modified Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet (MED) | Decreases - only one third in the MED arm achieved LDL-C levels < 160 mg/dL | LDL-C levels | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL | Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). | Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins.cited 23× |
| A Mediterranean style diet | Decreases - exerts more robust effects on | plasma LDL-C, apolipoprotein B and C reactive protein concentrations | Human | people with FH | Not specified | Association of dietary patterns and components with atherosclerosis risk biomarkers in familial hypercholesterolemia.cited 8× |
| LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation | Increases - had higher LDL-cholesterol levels | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | LP offspring | — | Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. |
| LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation | Increases - increased | LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor in the liver | Human | LP offspring | — | Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. |
| Mediterranean Portfolio Diet (Diet2) | Decreases - had a significantly lower | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Diet2 participants (n = 29) | Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). | Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia.cited 9× |
| Mediterranean Portfolio Diet (Diet2) | No effect - effects were not sustained | LDL-cholesterol | Human | — | Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). | Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia.cited 9× |
| Mediterranean Portfolio diet | Decreases - might equate to short term improvements | LDL-cholesterol | Human | people living with HIV | Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). | Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia.cited 9× |
| DASH-type diet | Decreases - reduced | LDL-C | Human | 166 African Americans | Two diets—37% total fat (16% SFA) vs. 25% total fat (6% SFA). | Reducing saturated fat intake lowers LDL-C but increases Lp(a) levels in African Americans: the GET-READI feeding trial.cited 7× |
| the saturated fat rich diet | No effect - did not affect | LDL particle concentration or LDL-C levels | Human | — | Not specified. | Improvement of the omega 3 index of healthy subjects does not alter the effects of dietary saturated fats or n-6PUFA on LDL profiles.cited 14× |
| The diet rich in n-6PUFA | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) level | Human | — | Not specified. | Improvement of the omega 3 index of healthy subjects does not alter the effects of dietary saturated fats or n-6PUFA on LDL profiles.cited 14× |
| hypocaloric high-protein diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | NAFLD patients | Not specified | Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).cited 29× |
| almond-enriched American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet | Decreases - clinically significant declines in | LDL-C | Human | adults with prediabetes | 20% of daily energy intake from almonds (~2 oz per day). | Almond consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes.cited 93× |
| ADA diet consisting of 20% of calories as almonds over a 16-week period | Decreases - yields clinically significant improvements in | LDL-C | Human | adults with prediabetes | 20% of daily energy intake from almonds (~2 oz per day). | Almond consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes.cited 93× |
| low protein diet (LPD) | Decreases - reduction | LDL | Human | non-dialysis CKD patients | 0.6g/kg/day of protein. | Effects of Low-Protein Diet on lipid and anthropometric profiles of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative management.cited 6× |
| "prudent" diet | No effect - remained unchanged | relative percentage of LDL | Human | patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa | "Prudent" diet (20% protein, 35% carbohydrates, 45% fats, PS-factor ~2.2) for 7-10 days; clofibrate (500 mg twice daily) for 14 days. | [Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa with a "prudent" diet and clofibrate (author's transl)]. |
| high-fat diet containing barley (HFD-B) | Decreases - significantly reduced | LDL cholesterol concentrations | Animal | six-week-old C57BL/6J mice | — | Barley intake induces bile acid excretion by reduced expression of intestinal ASBT and NPC1L1 in C57BL/6J mice. |
| high-fat diet containing barley (HFD-B) | No effect - unaltered | LDL receptor expression | Animal | six-week-old C57BL/6J mice | — | Barley intake induces bile acid excretion by reduced expression of intestinal ASBT and NPC1L1 in C57BL/6J mice. |
| vegetable fat diet | No effect - did not have a significant beneficial effect | LDL-C | Human | healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans | Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. | Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project.cited 10× |
| winter milk fat supplemented with calcium diet | No effect - no significant difference | LDL-C | Human | healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans | Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. | Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project.cited 10× |
| winter milk fat diet | No effect - no significant difference | LDL-C | Human | healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans | Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. | Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project.cited 10× |
| spring milk fat diet | No effect - no significant difference | LDL-C | Human | healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans | Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. | Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project.cited 10× |
| SAT diet (rich in saturated fats) | Increases - increased | LDL-C | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified (butter was part of a diet with 38% fat, 20% saturated fat). | Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil on anthropometric, metabolic and lipid profile in postmenopausal women.cited 13× |
| SAT diet (rich in saturated fats) | Increases - increased | LDL-c/HDL-c | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified (butter was part of a diet with 38% fat, 20% saturated fat). | Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil on anthropometric, metabolic and lipid profile in postmenopausal women.cited 13× |
| Energy-Restricted Diet (ERD) | No effect - with no increase in LDL-cholesterol | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Multi-ethnic Asian adults with body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 | Net carbohydrate intake limited to ≤50 g per day for the HKD group. | Development and Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Ketogenic Diet Versus Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity. |
| Healthy Ketogenic Diet (HKD) | No effect - with no increase in LDL-cholesterol | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Multi-ethnic Asian adults with body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 | Net carbohydrate intake limited to ≤50 g per day for the HKD group. | Development and Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Ketogenic Diet Versus Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity. |
| diet with a low AGEs content | Decreases - significant reduction | LDL | Human | adults | Not specified | The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 47× |
| hypolipidic diet | Decreases - showed a significant reduction | LDL cholesterol | Human | patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group D) | Not specified | Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia.cited 2× |
| hypolipidic diet and supplement (red yeast, guggulsterones, flavonoid, sylimarin) | Decreases - showed a significant reduction | LDL cholesterol | Human | patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group E) | Not specified | Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia.cited 2× |
| L4 diet (dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA) | Decreases - contributed to reduce | LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol | Human | healthy volunteers | 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. | Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women.cited 15× |
| high-oleic canola oil diet | Decreases - lowered | LDL-proteoglycan binding | Human | COMIT participants | Not specified in the abstract. | High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans.cited 31× |
| corn/safflower oil diet | Decreases - lowered | LDL-proteoglycan binding | Human | COMIT participants | Not specified in the abstract. | High-oleic canola oil consumption enriches LDL particle cholesteryl oleate content and reduces LDL proteoglycan binding in humans.cited 31× |
| replacement diet with products made with organic ancient khorasan wheat | Decreases - reduction in | LDL cholesterol | Human | type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients | — | A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| replacement diet with ancient khorasan wheat consumption | Decreases - provided additive protection in reducing | total and LDL cholesterol, insulin, blood glucose, ROS production, and some inflammatory risk factors | Human | type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients | — | A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial.cited 30× |
| walnut diet | Decreases - produced mean changes of | LDL cholesterol level | Human | men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia | Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. | Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.cited 190× |
| walnut diet | Decreases - mean differences in the changes | LDL cholesterol level | Human | men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia | Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. | Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.cited 190× |
| Substituting walnuts for part of the mono-unsaturated fat in a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet | Decreases - further reduced | LDL cholesterol levels | Human | men and women with hypercholesterolemia | Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. | Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial.cited 190× |
| cocoa extract supplemented meals within a hypocaloric diet | Decreases - showed a higher reduction | oxidised LDL cholesterol (oxLDL) | Human | middle-aged overweight/obese subjects | 1.4 g cocoa extract (645.3 mg polyphenols) daily, incorporated into meals. | Oxidised LDL levels decreases after the consumption of ready-to-eat meals supplemented with cocoa extract within a hypocaloric diet.cited 40× |
| high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) | Increases - had significantly higher | fasting serum levels of LDL cholesterol | HumanAnimalMolecular | Sprague-Dawley rats | 150 mg/day (human study). | High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. |
| high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) | Increases - had significantly higher | fasting serum levels of LDL cholesterol | HumanAnimalMolecular | Sprague-Dawley rats | 150 mg/day (human study). | High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. |
| high fat diet | Increases - significantly increased | LDL-c | Animal | Wistar albino rats | — | Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Aloe succotrina in Rats: Possibly Mediated by Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase. |
| high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) | Increases - significantly increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | 12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile | High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). | Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects.cited 31× |
| high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) | Increases - significant increase | LDL particle size | Human | 12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile | High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). | Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects.cited 31× |
| high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) | Decreases - significant decrease | proportion of small LDL particle (<255.0 Å) | Human | 12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile | High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). | Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects.cited 31× |
| high-fat diet (40% energy) | Increases - opposite effect was evident | LDL cholesterol concentrations | Human | overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele | High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). | Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial.cited 28× |
| low-fat diet (20% energy) | Decreases - tended to be related to the decrease | LDL cholesterol concentrations | Human | overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele | High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). | Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial.cited 28× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - decreased the expression levels | LDL-R protein expression in liver tissues | Animal | rats | 78, 39, and 19.5 mg/(kg day) | Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9: a novel mechanism of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine against hyperlipidemia.cited 26× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - resulted in a significant elevation | lipid parameters including TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C | Human | rabbits | 40 mg/day for rabbits, 60 mg twice a day for patients. | Antihyperlipidemic activity of adenosine triphosphate in rabbits fed a high-fat diet and hyperlipidemic patients.cited 3× |
| high fat diet | Increases - showed significant elevation | plasma total and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids | Animal | rats | 10 mg/kg body weight per day. | Comparative evaluation of flavone from Mucuna pruriens and coumarin from Ionidium suffruticosum for hypolipidemic activity in rats fed with high fat diet.cited 18× |
| High fat diet (HFD) (20 g/day) | Increases - were enhanced significantly | serum LDL-C | Animal | Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg orally per day | Evaluation of antiobesity and cardioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre extract in murine model.cited 23× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - were significantly higher | serum LDL-C levels | Animal | male SD rats | — | Effect of high-fat diet on cholesterol metabolism in rats and its association with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase/Src/pERK signaling pathway. |
| high-fat diet | Increases - significantly increased | TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, AST, ALP, GLU, INS, IRI, FFA, LEP, TNF-α, MDA, hs-CRP | Animal | Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.5% (low), 1% (middle), and 2% (high) doses in diet | Raspberry ketone protects rats fed high-fat diets against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.cited 53× |
| high-fat diet | Increases - were significantly increased | the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C | Animal | ApoE-/- mice | Not specified | The effect and mechanism of inulin on atherosclerosis is mediated by the characteristic intestinal flora and metabolites.cited 1× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program | Decreases - significantly improved | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) only | Decreases - significantly improved | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| rapeseed oil-enriched diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | LDL cholesterol | Human | healthy subjects | Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). | Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil.cited 17× |
| sunflower oil-enriched diet | Decreases - decreased significantly | LDL cholesterol | Human | healthy subjects | Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). | Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil.cited 17× |
| diet plus phytosterol | No effect - no effects | quality of LDL particles | Human | 23 males in primary prevention of hypercholesterolemia | 2.6 g in 2 doses, with meals. | Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipoprotein subfractions and LDL particle quality.cited 1× |
| monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet | Increases - was significantly longer | Copper-induced LDL oxidation lag phase | Human | Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age | 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. | Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation.cited 13× |
| monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet | No effect - were not significantly different | LDL cholesterol | Human | Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age | 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. | Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation.cited 13× |
| monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet | No effect - was not significantly different | LDL particle size | Human | Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age | 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. | Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation.cited 13× |
| a diet rich in legumes other than soy | Decreases - decreases | LDL cholesterol | Human | — | Not specified (dietary intervention, not quantified). | Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 156× |
| high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet | No effect - was similar to | lag time of conjugated diene formation during Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation | Human | free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus | MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 50× |
| high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet | No effect - were similar | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus | MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 50× |
| high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet | No effect - was similar to | lag time of conjugated diene formation during Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation | Human | free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus | MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 50× |
| high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet | No effect - were similar | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus | MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). | Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.cited 50× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate, low-glycaemic index diet (HC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Increases - similar changes in LDL-C | LDL-C | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| low-carbohydrate, high-unsaturated/low-saturated fat diet (LC) combined with aerobic/resistance exercise | Increases - similar changes in LDL-C | LDL-C | Human | overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | HC diet: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (<10% saturated fat), energy-matched and hypocaloric. | Effects of an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial.cited 125× |
| LC and high saturated fat diet (LCHS) | Decreases - fully mediated the effects | LDL | Human | adults aged 45-80 years from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey programme | Not specified | Do markers of adiposity and glycaemia mediate the association between low carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: findings from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008-2016. |
| Low carbohydrate (LC) and high fibre diet (LCHF) | Decreases - fully mediated the effects | LDL | Human | adults aged 45-80 years from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey programme | Not specified | Do markers of adiposity and glycaemia mediate the association between low carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: findings from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008-2016. |
| fat-modified diet plus cholestyramine (8 g twice daily) | Decreases - fell | mean plasma LDL-Ch concentration | Human | men with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and coronary artery disease (CAD) | Cholestyramine 8 g twice daily (diet details not specified). | Angiographic progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with non-statin therapy: Impact of a fat-modified diet and a resin.cited 10× |
| fat-modified diet plus cholestyramine (8 g twice daily) | Decreases - remained significantly lower | mean plasma LDL-Ch concentration | Human | men with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and coronary artery disease (CAD) | Cholestyramine 8 g twice daily (diet details not specified). | Angiographic progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia treated with non-statin therapy: Impact of a fat-modified diet and a resin.cited 10× |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet | Decreases - Significant decreases | LDL-C/HDL-C | Human | all the subjects | Not specified. | [Effects of the beta2-adrenergic receptor Gln27Glu variation on changes of serum lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet in healthy youth]. |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet | Decreases - significant decreases | LDL-C/HDL-C | Human | the male subjects regardless of genotypes | Not specified. | [Effects of the beta2-adrenergic receptor Gln27Glu variation on changes of serum lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet in healthy youth]. |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet | Decreases - a significant decrease | LDL-C/HDL-C | Human | the female subjects with the CC genotype | Not specified. | [Effects of the beta2-adrenergic receptor Gln27Glu variation on changes of serum lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet in healthy youth]. |
| high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet | Decreases - can inhibit the decrease | LDL-C/HDL-C | Human | females | Not specified. | [Effects of the beta2-adrenergic receptor Gln27Glu variation on changes of serum lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet in healthy youth]. |
| cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) diet enrichment | Decreases - greater reductions | LDL cholesterol | Human | hypercholesterolemic adults | 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. | Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial.cited 13× |
| high-Ca fat-free milk phase (MD) (prescription of approximately 1500 mg of Ca/d) in an energy-restricted diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low habitual Ca consumption (<600 mg/d) | Approximately 1200 mg/d (700 mg from fat-free milk + 500 mg from other dietary sources) for MD; 525 mg/d for CD. | Effect of increased calcium consumption from fat-free milk in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised cross-over clinical trial.cited 11× |
| Kefir milk + high-fat diet | Decreases - corrected | C-LDL | Animal | adult rats | 1 ml/100 g body weight of Kefir milk | Kefir milk consumption decreases sperm alterations due to the high-fat diet in adult male rats.cited 2× |
| conventional diabetes diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | individuals with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial.cited 283× |
| low-fat vegan diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | individuals with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial.cited 283× |
| high-glycemic index diet | Decreases - significantly lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - significantly lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - significantly more pronounced reduction | LDL cholesterol | Human | type 2 diabetic patients | Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). | Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients.cited 289× |
| Simvastatin treatment with olive oil diet | Decreases - decreased significantly more | LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio | Human | olive oil-group | Not specified for sunflower oil (habitual culinary use). | Olive oil-diet improves the simvastatin effects with respect to sunflower oil-diet in men with increased cardiovascular risk: a preliminary study.cited 10× |
| WG rye diet | Decreases - lowered | LDL cholesterol | Human | men with MetS risk profile | 280 mg SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) supplemented with the rye diet at weeks 4-8. | Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.cited 62× |
| avocado diet (AV) | Decreases - reduction in LDL-C was greater | LDL-C | Human | 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| avocado diet (AV) | Decreases - significantly decreased | LDL particle number (LDL-P) | Human | 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| avocado diet (AV) | Decreases - significantly decreased | small dense LDL cholesterol (LDL(3+4)) | Human | 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| lower-fat diet (LF) | Decreases - reduction in LDL-C | LDL-C | Human | 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| inclusion of one avocado per day as part of a moderate-fat, cholesterol-lowering diet | Decreases - has additional lowering effects | LDL-C, LDL-P, and non-HDL-C | Human | — | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| moderate-fat diet (MF) | Decreases - reduction in LDL-C | LDL-C | Human | 45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile | One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. | Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.cited 71× |
| brown rice diet vs. white rice diet | No effect - did not differ in changes of | LDL-cholesterol | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). | Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.cited 46× |
| Mediterranean diet supplemented with almonds (MDSA) | Decreases - significant reduction in | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | 38 women with obesity | Not specified (Mediterranean diet supplemented with almonds). | Positive Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Almonds on Female Adipose Tissue Biology in Severe Obesity.cited 9× |
| low trans alpha-linolenic acid diet | No effect - no change was observed | LDL-cholesterol | Human | healthy European men | Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. | Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study.cited 25× |
| high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet | Increases - increase | LDL-cholesterol | Human | healthy European men | Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. | Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study.cited 25× |
| high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet | Increases - significantly increased | plasma LDL-:HDL-cholesterol ratio | Human | healthy European men | Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. | Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study.cited 25× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-C/HDL-C | Human | healthy young adults | 70% carbohydrate diet. | Effects of the C161T polymorphism in the gene of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ on changes of plasma lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high carbohydrate diet in a healthy Chinese Han young population.cited 2× |
| high-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - induced a decrease | LDL-cholesterol | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| Mediterranean diet | Decreases - induced a decrease | LDL-cholesterol | Human | 59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) | Not specified. | A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons.cited 153× |
| high fat diet with ethanol exposure | Increases - significantly deteriorated | lipid profiles in serum and liver homogenate including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol | Animal | ICR mice | — | Hepatoprotective activity of scutellariae radix extract in mice fed a high fat diet with chronic alcohol exposure. |
| ALA diet | Decreases - lowered | LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) | Human | 118 men homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 SNP (TT or CC) | 30-50 mL/day of Camelina sativa oil (ALA diet) or sunflower oil (LA diet), adjusted by BMI. | Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial.cited 5× |
| Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats) | Decreases - showed a significant improvement | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 | High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) | Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets.cited 6× |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (MCD-CC) | Decreases - improve | LDL cholesterol | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (PLCD-PC) | Decreases - improve | LDL cholesterol | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (PLCD-CC) | Decreases - improve | LDL cholesterol | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (MCD-PC) | Decreases - improve | LDL cholesterol | Human | adults with metabolic syndrome | PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). | Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 7× |
| Western diet (WD) | Increases - increased | blood LDL cholesterol levels | AnimalMolecular | Male mice | 1% SCE in diet for mice; non-toxic concentrations of SA for HepG2 cells (specific amounts not provided). | Schisandrin A in Schisandra chinensis Upregulates the LDL Receptor by Inhibiting PCSK9 Protein Stabilization in Steatotic Model. |
| diet alone | Increases | LDL cholesterol | Human | subjects with baseline LDL cholesterol in the 50th to 95th percentile | 28 g (1 oz) twice daily | Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects.cited 30× |
| addition of oat bran (28 g [1 oz] twice daily) to the AHA-I diet | Decreases - provided significant added benefit in lowering | LDL cholesterol | Human | most hypercholesterolemic subjects | 28 g (1 oz) twice daily | Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects.cited 30× |
| soy foods diet | Decreases - reduced | TC and LDL | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| nonsoy plant-based diet | Decreases - reduced | TC and LDL | Human | postmenopausal women | Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. | The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial.cited 6× |
| High Calcium Cheese (HCC) diet | Decreases - was significantly lower | Fasting LDL-c | Human | 7 healthy males (BMI 18-25) | 240 g/day of cheese. | Effect of reduced-calcium and high-calcium cheddar cheese consumption on the excretion of faecal fat: a 2-week cross-over dietary intervention study.cited 6× |
| olive oil diet rich in MUFA, but with a low ALA content | Decreases - significant decreases | LDL-cholesterol | Human | eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome | ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. | Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 71× |
| hypoenergetic diet with low energy density enriched in rapeseed oil, resulting in high MUFA content and an ALA intake of 3.5 g/d | Decreases - significant decreases | LDL-cholesterol | Human | eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome | ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. | Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 71× |
| balanced diet together with physical exercise but without the dietary supplement | No effect - no statistically significant change | LDL | Human | 40 men and 40 women recruited from the outpatient section of our Department | Not specified | Effects of a dietary supplement on cholesterol in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. |
| balanced diet together with physical exercise but without the dietary supplement | No effect - no statistically significant change | LDL | Human | 40 men and 40 women recruited from the outpatient section of our Department | Not specified | Effects of a dietary supplement on cholesterol in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. |
| low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet | Increases - varied | individual increase in LDL-C from baseline | Human | young and healthy adults | Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. | Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study.cited 63× |
| low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet | Increases - increased | LDL-C | Human | young and healthy adults | Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. | Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study.cited 63× |
| flaxseed added to a weight loss diet | Decreases - improvement | levels of LDL-c | Human | men with cardiovascular risk factors | 60g of flaxseed powder per day. | Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study.cited 43× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - changes in | LDL | Human | T2DM patients | Not specified | Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 66× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - can lower | LDL | Human | T2DM patients | Not specified | Effects of high-protein diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 66× |
| a healthy diet with 1 avocado daily | Decreases - decreased | circulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL) | Human | 45 men and women, aged 21-70 y, with overweight or obesity and elevated LDL-C (25th-90th percentile) | 1 Hass avocado (~136 g) per day. | A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 32× |
| portfolio Moderate-carbohydrate diet (PMCD) | Decreases - improved more in the PMCD compared to the KD | LDL-C | Human | overweight or obese women with PCOS | 70% fat content in the ketogenic diet (specific amounts not detailed). | The effects of portfolio moderate-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets on anthropometric indices, metabolic status, and hormonal levels in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet with nutritional ketosis for 2 years | Increases - resulted in | higher levels of plasma LDL-C | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet with nutritional ketosis for 2 years | Increases - resulted in a corresponding increase in concentrations of | larger LDL particles | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet with nutritional ketosis for 2 years | Decreases - lowered levels of | small LDL particles | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) | Increases - resulted in a 29% increase of | large LDL I | Human | patients with T2D who completed 2 years of this study | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) | Increases - was attributed to | larger cholesterol-enriched LDL particles | Human | CCI group | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) | Decreases - resulted in a 23% decrease of | small LDL IIIb | Human | patients with T2D who completed 2 years of this study | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) | Decreases - was reflected by reversal of | small LDL subclass phenotype B | Human | CCI participants | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) | No effect - resulted in | total LDL particle concentration | Human | patients with T2D who completed 2 years of this study | Not specified | Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 40× |
| Gluten free diet (GFD) | No effect - showed no effects | LDL cholesterol | Human | subjects diagnosed with MES | Not specified | The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 22× |
| gluten-free diet (GFD) | No effect - failed to normalize | LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels | Human | children with T1DM and CD | Not specified | Whole lipid profile and not only HDL cholesterol is impaired in children with coexisting type 1 diabetes and untreated celiac disease.cited 16× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - efficacious in reducing | concentrations of TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Human | women | Not specified | Effects of low-fat diet on serum lipids in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 15× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - induce significant reductions | LDL-C | Human | two groups | Not specified | Effects of low-fat diet on serum lipids in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 15× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - efficacious in reducing | TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Human | premenopausal women | Not specified | Effects of low-fat diet on serum lipids in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 15× |
| low-fat diet | No effect - did not significantly reduce | TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified | Effects of low-fat diet on serum lipids in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 15× |
| low-fat diet (LFD) | No effect - did not differ | LDL-cholesterol | Human | — | LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. | In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss.cited 132× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - did not differ | LDL-cholesterol | Human | — | LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. | In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss.cited 132× |
| 60 g soy nut diet for 8 weeks | Decreases - significantly decreased | LDL-c | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes | 60 g soy nut daily as part of daily protein intake. | The effect of soy nut on serum total antioxidant, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.cited 16× |
| hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern enriched in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) | Decreases - improved | LDL cholesterol | Human | 362 Caucasian patients with obesity | Not specified. | APOA-5 genetic variant and a hypocaloric diet enriched in ω-6 fatty acids with Mediterranean pattern. |
| addition of safflower oil to the diet | Decreases - were significantly lower | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | six men and six women | 21 g safflower oil daily (providing 16 g LA/d). | Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans.cited 43× |
| energy-restricted anti-inflammatory diet | Decreases - reducing | LDL-C | Human | younger adults with obesity | Not specified | Metabolic and Hepatic Effects of Energy-Reduced Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Younger Adults with Obesity.cited 16× |
| low-fat, high carbohydrate (LFHC) diet | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | 10 patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia | Approximately 60% of energy as carbohydrate (isocaloric diet). | Long-term effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on plasma lipids of patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.cited 22× |
| ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts (KEMEPHY) | Decreases - significant decrease | LDL | Human | overweight women with diagnosis of PCOS | Not specified (ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts). | Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 148× |
| regular-fat cheese diet | No effect - was not significantly different | LDL cholesterol | Human | subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors | 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. | High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.cited 48× |
| regular-fat cheese diet | No effect - was not significantly different | LDL cholesterol | Human | subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors | 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. | High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.cited 48× |
| low-calorie diet | Decreases - decreased | oxidative susceptibility of LDL | Animal | Male Zücker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats | — | Caloric restriction or telmisartan control dyslipidemia and nephropathy in obese diabetic Zücker rats. |
| 1200 kcal vegan diet consisting of unpolished rice gruel, juice of raw vegetables, soya bean curd and sesame seeds, and a 3-5-day fast three times | Decreases - decreased | LDL-C | Human | 14 patients with RA who stayed in the Koda hospital | 1200 kcal vegan diet (unpolished rice gruel, raw vegetable juice, soya bean curd, sesame seeds) with three 3-5-day fasting periods. | [Effects of a low calorie vegan diet on disease activity and general conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].cited 1× |
| vegan diet | Decreases - reduce | LDL | Human | — | Not specified | The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Health Indicators and Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. |
| vegan diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | participants with no medication changes | Not specified | A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial.cited 76× |
| Mediterranean diet | No effect - no significant change | LDL-cholesterol | Human | participants with no medication changes | Not specified | A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial.cited 76× |
| vegan diet | Decreases - lower | LDL levels | Human | vegan children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years | Not specified | Health aspects of vegan diets among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses.cited 10× |
| high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHFD) | Increases - increased | LDL | Animal | rats | Not specified | A Combined GLP-1/PPARa/CB1-Based Therapy to Restore the Central and Peripheral Metabolic Dysregulation Induced by a High-Fructose High-Fat Diet. |
| hemp protein supplementation within a Mediterranean diet context together with exercise | Decreases - statistically significant changes | LDL-C | Human | patients prone to developing metabolic syndrome | Not specified | Mediterranean Diet Combined with Regular Aerobic Exercise and Hemp Protein Supplementation Modulates Plasma Circulating Amino Acids and Improves the Health Status of Overweight Individuals. |
| a normocaloric low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio diet | Decreases - reduction | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese youth 9-19 y of age with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Not specified (normocaloric diet with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 4:1). | A Low ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA Ratio (n-6:n-3 PUFA) Diet to Treat Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth.cited 58× |
| Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet | Decreases - reductions | LDL-C | Human | women with metabolic syndrome and elevated plasma LDL cholesterol | — | A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome. |
| Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet | No effect - no changes | LDL-receptor mRNA levels | Human | women with metabolic syndrome and elevated plasma LDL cholesterol | — | A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome. |
| healthy Nordic diet (HND) | Increases - related with | LDL | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary advice included low-fat dairy as part of the Nordic diet). | Analysis of the SYSDIET Healthy Nordic Diet randomized trial based on metabolic profiling reveal beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and blood lipids.cited 14× |
| healthy Nordic diet (HND) | No effect - related with | LDL cholesterol | Human | participants with metabolic syndrome | Not specified (dietary advice included low-fat dairy as part of the Nordic diet). | Analysis of the SYSDIET Healthy Nordic Diet randomized trial based on metabolic profiling reveal beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and blood lipids.cited 14× |
| diet supplemented with chickpeas | Decreases - reductions | LDL-C | Human | free-living adults | Diet included canned drained chickpeas, bread, and shortbread biscuits with 30% chickpea flour (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of a controlled diet supplemented with chickpeas on serum lipids, glucose tolerance, satiety and bowel function.cited 34× |
| VLCK diet supplemented with DHA | No effect - induced a significant change in | insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, resistin, TNF alpha, and leptin | Human | obese patients | Not specified | Effect of DHA supplementation in a very low-calorie ketogenic diet in the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial.cited 43× |
| olive oil diet | Increases - a significantly higher number (apolipoprotein B concentration) and lipid content | larger and medium-sized LDL subfractions | Human | Eighteen young, healthy men | 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet | An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets.cited 53× |
| olive oil diet | No effect - did not differ | The size of IDL, VLDL, and LDL subfractions | Human | Eighteen young, healthy men | 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet | An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets.cited 53× |
| chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet | Decreases - induced a decrease in | fasting plasma LDL cholesterol | Human | type 2 diabetic men | Not specified (dietary intervention). | Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial.cited 166× |
| diet supplementation with 20% of Bravo de Esmolfe apple cultivar | Decreases - decrease significantly | LDL cholesterol concentrations | Animal | male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (2%) | Diet supplemented with 20% of apple cultivars (Bravo de Esmolfe, Malápio Serra, and Golden). | Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties - Correlation of response with composition.cited 40× |
| high dose of black rice diet | No effect - had no effect on | LDL-C levels | Animal | C57BL/6 mice | — | Effects of sorghum rice and black rice on genes associated with cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic mice liver and intestine. |
| a 2-week diet that increased the proportion of SFA (<40% to 60% of dietary fat) | Increases - increase | LDL-cholesterol | Human | overweight young adults | Increased proportion of saturated fat from <40% to 60% of dietary fat, maintaining total fat, carbohydrate, protein, and calorie intake. | Changes in markers for cardio-metabolic disease risk after only 1-2 weeks of a high saturated fat diet in overweight adults.cited 5× |
| low-saturated fat diet | Decreases - reduced | LDL-C | Human | Twenty-five hyperlipidemic subjects | 16.6 g of almonds per 1,000 kcal | The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia.cited 74× |
| portfolio diet | Decreases - reduced | LDL-C | Human | Twenty-five hyperlipidemic subjects | 16.6 g of almonds per 1,000 kcal | The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia.cited 74× |
| portfolio diet | Decreases - reduced | the ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) | Human | Twenty-five hyperlipidemic subjects | 16.6 g of almonds per 1,000 kcal | The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia.cited 74× |
| ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | every woman | 4% carbohydrates, 77% fat, 19% protein (LCHF diet); 44% carbohydrates, 33% fat, 19% protein (control diet) | A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.cited 59× |
| Weight loss either with diet or antiobestic medication | Decreases - induces the decrease | LDL-C | Human | — | Not specified | Obesity and Dyslipidemia.cited 64× |
| habitual diet | Increases - Increases from baseline in LDL-cholesterol levels were reported | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | control group | Two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) using balanced shakes and dietary supplements, followed by 5 days of habitual diet. | Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study.cited 20× |
| a reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fibre, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods | Decreases - significant reductions | LDL cholesterol | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Not specified | A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes.cited 111× |
| Transition from a higher-SFA/lower-UFA to a lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting blood lipids: LDL cholesterol | Human | Healthy males (n = 109, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 y; BMI 25.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2) | SFA:UFA as % total energy—19.1:14.8 (higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet) and 8.9:24.5 (lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet). | Variation of LDL cholesterol in response to the replacement of saturated with unsaturated fatty acids: a nonrandomized, sequential dietary intervention; the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention ("RISSCI"-1) study.cited 3× |
| Feel4Diabetes Healthy Diet Score | Decreases - was significantly correlated with changes in | LDL cholesterol | Human | adults from high diabetes risk families | Not specified | Feel4Diabetes healthy diet score: development and evaluation of clinical validity.cited 9× |
| unrestricted vegan diet plan | No effect - No decrease | total or LDL cholesterol | Human | subjects in the unrestricted vegan group | Ad libitum meat and skim milk consumption (modified DF). | Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures.cited 12× |
| multibotanical plus soy diet counseling | No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change | LDL cholesterol | Human | peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms | 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). | The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin.cited 18× |
| Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | G allele carriers (CG + GG genotypes) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | no G allele carriers (CC genotype) | Not specified | Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets.cited 8× |
| low-fat diet pattern | Decreases - greater reduction trends were seen for LDL cholesterol | LDL cholesterol | Human | Women who completed treatment for breast cancer | Not specified (menu and recipe-defined dietary patterns). | Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipid and glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors.cited 24× |
| MFGM diet (whipping cream) | No effect - did not increase | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight men and women | 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. | Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study.cited 89× |
| control diet (butter oil) | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight men and women | 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. | Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study.cited 89× |
| ~60 g/d almonds (ALM) added to NCEP step II diet | No effect - were not changed | Mean total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | 33 Chinese T2DM patients | ~60g/d of almonds. | Almonds ameliorate glycemic control in Chinese patients with better controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial.cited 39× |
| Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods | Decreases - significant reductions | LDL cholesterol | Human | mildly hypercholesterolemic men | Not specified in the abstract. | Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.cited 28× |
| Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods | Decreases - significant reductions | LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol | Human | mildly hypercholesterolemic men | Not specified in the abstract. | Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.cited 28× |
| low-fat vegetarian diet | Decreases - led to rapid and sizable reductions | LDL cholesterol concentrations | Human | healthy premenopausal women | Approximately 10% of energy from fat. | Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women.cited 55× |
| DASH diet | Decreases - significant differences in favor of the DASH diet | Cholesterol LDL | Human | patients with MS | Not specified | Effectiveness of DASH Diet versus Other Diet Modalities in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 3× |
| Diet I - high-fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| Diet II - low fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | obese subjects | Not specified | Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects.cited 6× |
| aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet | Decreases - is highly efficacious for improving | TC, TC:HDL-C, LDL-C and TG | Human | adults | Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). | Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 34× |
| WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes | Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). | The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.cited 8× |
| low-glycemic index, low-carbohydrate diet | No effect - did not affect | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight adults | Four diets varying in glycemic index (40% or 65%) and carbohydrate content (40% or 58% of energy). | Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial.cited 151× |
| low-fat diet intake (20% of energy derived from fat) | Decreases - exhibited greater reductions | LDL cholesterol | Human | carriers of the risk allele (G allele) | Diets with 20% (low-fat) or 40% (high-fat) of energy derived from fat | APOA5 genotype modulates 2-y changes in lipid profile in response to weight-loss diet intervention: the Pounds Lost Trial.cited 45× |
| RESMENA diet | Increases - were increased | LDL-C:apoB ratio | Human | Subjects with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified | A new dietary strategy for long-term treatment of the metabolic syndrome is compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines: the MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) project.cited 65× |
| RESMENA diet | Increases - were increased | LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations | Human | Subjects with the metabolic syndrome | Not specified | A new dietary strategy for long-term treatment of the metabolic syndrome is compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines: the MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) project.cited 65× |
| Mediterranean style diet (MSD) | Decreases - significantly decrease | LDL-C | Human | children and adolescents with obesity | Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). | Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity.cited 120× |
| Control diet (healthy diet recommendations without nuts) | Decreases - significant reduction | LDL-cholesterol | Human | patients with MetS | 30 g/day of mixed nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds, 7.5 g hazelnuts). | Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 161× |
| control diet | No effect - changes | LDL-cholesterol (in mg/dl) | Human | patients aged 40 to 80 years and diagnosed with CAD | Group 1: 30 g/day of pecan nuts; Group 2: 30 ml/day of olive oil; Group 3: control diet. | Effect of polymorphisms in the CD36 and STAT3 genes on different dietary interventions among patients with coronary artery disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 8× |
| healthy diet | Increases - improved | antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles | Human | hypercholesterolemic subjects | Not specified for beta-carotene (PS dosage: 2 g/day) | Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols.cited 24× |
| healthy diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | LDL cholesterol | Human | hypercholesterolemic subjects | Not specified for beta-carotene (PS dosage: 2 g/day) | Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols.cited 24× |
| Healthy diet | Decreases - Significant changes between the groups were found | LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio | Human | people with metabolic syndrome | Low-fat dairy products included as part of the diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET).cited 187× |
| Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - reduced | LDL-cholesterol | Human | Australian patients post coronary event | Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). | Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study.cited 23× |
| Mediterranean Diet | Decreases - showed lower serum LDL cholesterol levels | serum LDL cholesterol levels | Human | subjects in the Mediterranean Diet group | Not specified (dietary intervention) | Mediterranean diet effects on vascular health and serum levels of adipokines and ceramides.cited 3× |
| low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y | Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). | No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet.cited 174× |
| Modified Portfolio Diet (MPD) | Decreases - resulted in a 19% relative reduction | LDL | Human | 30 patients with type II diabetes, 6 weeks post bypass surgery | Low fat, 8 g/1000 kcal viscous fibres, 17 g/1000 kcal soy protein, and 22 g/1000 kcal almonds. | A modified portfolio diet complements medical management to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease.cited 13× |
| soybean oil (SBO) diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | healthy participants | Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). | Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial.cited 13× |
| a low-fat vegetarian diet | Decreases - statistically significant reductions | LDL-C | Human | previously non-vegetarian subjects from a Mediterranean population | A whole lacto-vegetarian diet low in fat (20%) was provided as a full daily menu. | [SHORT TERM EFFECTS ON LIPID PROFILE AND GLYCAEMIA OF A LOW-FAT VEGETARIAN DIET].cited 9× |
| a low-fat vegetarian diet | Decreases - produces favourable and significant decreases | LDL-C | Human | — | A whole lacto-vegetarian diet low in fat (20%) was provided as a full daily menu. | [SHORT TERM EFFECTS ON LIPID PROFILE AND GLYCAEMIA OF A LOW-FAT VEGETARIAN DIET].cited 9× |
| ketogenic diet protocol | Decreases - significant decreases | LDL-c | Human | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | Not specified | Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet.cited 52× |
| MUFA diet | Increases - increased | flux to LDL from E-CIII+ TRLs | Human | Twelve adults | 24% MUFAs in the MUFA-rich diet (vs. 8% in the carbohydrate-rich diet) | Dietary monounsaturated fat activates metabolic pathways for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that involve apolipoproteins E and C-III.cited 39× |
| MUFA diet | No effect - did not change | Total LDL flux | Human | Twelve adults | 24% MUFAs in the MUFA-rich diet (vs. 8% in the carbohydrate-rich diet) | Dietary monounsaturated fat activates metabolic pathways for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that involve apolipoproteins E and C-III.cited 39× |
| calorie-restricted, low-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting LDL cholesterol | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) | Increases - increased | LDL-cholesterol concentrations | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteriaceae) supplementation combined with local diet | Decreases - significant decrease | LDL-cholesterol | Human | HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients | Not specified | Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study.cited 29× |
| calorie-restricted legume-based diet (L-diet) | Decreases - improved | Total and LDL cholesterol levels | Human | obese subjects | 4 weekly servings (160-235 g per serving) of lentils, chickpeas, peas, or beans. | A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight/obese subjects.cited 142× |
| enriched-polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | A-allele carriers | Not specified | [Influence of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on serum HDL response to an enriched-polyunsaturated vs. an enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet].cited 2× |
| lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) | Decreases - significantly decreased | LDL-cholesterol | Human | obese middle-aged individuals | 20 mg/d | Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters.cited 16× |
| supplementation of a moderately low-fat diet with palatable quantities of oat bran or beans without changing the overall fat intake | Decreases - may have a benefit by reducing | the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C | Human | — | 55 g low-fiber oat bran, 55 g high-fiber oat bran, or 80 g mixed cooked beans daily. | Do beans and oat bran add to the effectiveness of a low-fat diet?cited 36× |
| diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) | Decreases - had a greater effect on | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) | 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). | Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women.cited 36× |
| diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) | Decreases - decreased | LDL-cholesterol levels | Human | forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) | 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). | Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women.cited 36× |
| low carbohydrate diet (<20g daily intake) | Increases - increased LDL-C | LDL-C | Human | patients with T2DM and DKD | <20g carbohydrates daily (VLCBD) vs. 0.8g/kg/day protein (control). | Safety and efficacy of very low carbohydrate diet in patients with diabetic kidney disease-A randomized controlled trial.cited 15× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LC) | Decreases - significantly reduced | LDL cholesterol | Human | overweight/obese Chinese females | Not specified | Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females.cited 25× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Increases - increased | LDL cholesterol | Human | trials with mean baseline BMI <25 | <130 g/d carbohydrate | Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis.cited 16× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | No effect - did not change | LDL cholesterol | Human | trials with a mean of BMI 25-<35 | <130 g/d carbohydrate | Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis.cited 16× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - decreased | LDL cholesterol | Human | trials with a mean BMI ≥35 | <130 g/d carbohydrate | Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis.cited 16× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) | Decreases - had a strong inverse association with | LDL cholesterol change | Human | participants in randomized controlled trials | <130 g/d carbohydrate | Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis.cited 16× |
| low-carbohydrate diet | Increases - increased | plasma LDL-C level | Human | — | Not specified | The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis.cited 58× |
| MBP-NC (nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice extract, berberine, policosanols) in association with a hypolipidic diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | LDL-C levels | Human | patients with low- to moderate-risk hypercholesterolemia | 200 mg red yeast rice extract (equivalent to 3 mg monacolins), 500 mg berberine, and 10 mg policosanols once daily after dinner. | Efficacy and Tolerability of a Nutraceutical Combination (Red Yeast Rice, Policosanols, and Berberine) in Patients with Low-Moderate Risk Hypercholesterolemia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.cited 33× |
| calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Decreases - decreased | LDL-C | Human | sedentary obese older adults | 3 oz (85 g) or 6 oz (170.1 g) of lean fresh beef daily within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet. | Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults.cited 9× |
| diet manipulation | Decreases - significant reductions | LDL-C | Human | individuals with HeFH | Not specified | Impact of Diet on Plasma Lipids in Individuals with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Nutritional Studies.cited 12× |
| diet manipulation | No effect - apparent lack of effectiveness | plasma levels of LDL-C | Human | individuals with HeFH | Not specified | Impact of Diet on Plasma Lipids in Individuals with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Nutritional Studies.cited 12× |
| high cholesterol (HC) diet | Increases - significantly elevated | LDL-C concentrations | Animal | rats | — | Polysaccharide from fuzi (FPS) prevents hypercholesterolemia in rats. |
| high cholesterol (HC) diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | LDL-R expression | Animal | rats | — | Polysaccharide from fuzi (FPS) prevents hypercholesterolemia in rats. |
| high-cholesterol diet (HCD) | Increases - significantly increased | LDL cholesterol | Animal | rats | 0.5 mL/kg | The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.cited 6× |
| high-cholesterol diet | Increases - showed elevated | LDL-C levels | Molecular | hamsters | — | In vivo biochemical and gene expression analyses of the antioxidant activities and hypocholesterolaemic properties of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract. |
| Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet using local foodstuffs | Decreases - significant decreases | LDL-c | Human | test group | Maximum of 2000 kcal/day. | Assessing the effectiveness of a DASH diet in hypertensive patients attending the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital - Cameroon: a case-control study. |
| hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet | No effect - showed no improvement | LDL-cholesterol | Human | G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) | Not specified | Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.cited 2× |