17
3
5
↑17
↓3
—5
Evidence suggests Calcium mayincreaseCardiovascular events.
19 studies (25 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 1000 (750–1000) mgacross 3 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dietary potassium, magnesium and calcium | Decreases - inverse correlation | cardiovascular events and risk factors | Human | — | Not specified | Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health.cited 23× |
| Calcium supplementation | Decreases - beneficial for prevention | cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality | Human | individuals with low intake | Not specified | Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health.cited 23× |
| standard-dose calcium supplements (eg, 1000 mg/d) | Increases - may increase the risk | cardiovascular events | Human | — | 500 mg/d or 250 mg/d (as calcium carbonate). | Effect of low-dose calcium supplements on bone loss in perimenopausal and postmenopausal Asian women: a randomized controlled trial.cited 22× |
| supplemental calcium (mainly calcium carbonate or citrate) | Increases - may be associated with an increased risk of | cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified. | Does calcium intake affect cardiovascular risk factors and/or events?cited 11× |
| high dietary calcium intake | Decreases - protective effect | cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified. | Calcium supplementation and cardiovascular risk: A rising concern.cited 56× |
| calcium supplementation | Increases - association | adverse cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified. | Calcium supplementation and cardiovascular risk: A rising concern.cited 56× |
| calcium supplements with or without vitamin D | Increases - modestly increase the risk | cardiovascular events | Human | — | 1g calcium and 400 IU vitamin D daily. | Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis.cited 596× |
| calcium supplementation | Increases - was associated with an increased risk for | adverse cardiovascular events | Human | calcium-replete subjects | — | Calcium, Is It Better to Have Less?--Global Health Perspectives.cited 5× |
| calcium supplementation | Increases - suggest an increased risk | cardiovascular events | Human | — | High doses (specific amounts not mentioned) | Calcium builds strong bones, and more is better--correct? Well, maybe not.cited 6× |
| calcium supplementation | Increases - are at an increased risk | cardiovascular events | Human | healthy postmenopausal women | Not specified | Effects of calcium on cardiovascular events in patients with kidney disease and in a healthy population.cited 45× |
| Calcium supplementation | No effect - risk is not mitigated | cardiovascular events | Human | 29,000 participants | Not specified | Calcium supplementation: balancing the cardiovascular risks.cited 19× |
| Calcium supplementation | Increases - number of cardiovascular events caused is likely to be greater than the number of fractures prevented | cardiovascular events vs fractures | Human | — | Not specified | Calcium supplementation: balancing the cardiovascular risks.cited 19× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - conflicting data | cardiovascular events | Human | — | — | Calcium use in the management of osteoporosis: continuing questions and controversies.cited 11× |
| calcium supplementation | Increases - might increase the risk of | major cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Effect of calcium or vitamin D supplementation on vascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 87× |
| calcium supplementation alone | Increases - might play an important role in increasing the risk of | major cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Effect of calcium or vitamin D supplementation on vascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 87× |
| calcium or vitamin D supplementation | No effect - did not have an effect on | major cardiovascular events | Human | 50,252 individuals | Not specified in the abstract. | Effect of calcium or vitamin D supplementation on vascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 87× |
| coronary calcium score (CCS) | No effect - is a time-tested tool for the evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis and predictor of future cardiovascular events | coronary atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not available | Non-traditional tools for predicting coronary artery disease. |
| calcium supplements | Increases - showing a relationship to | cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified | Calcium primer: current controversies and common clinical questions.cited 2× |
| Calcium supplements | Increases - associated with an increased risk | cardiovascular events | Human | — | Single oral dose of 1000 mg calcium citrate. | Acute effect of calcium citrate on serum calcium and cardiovascular function.cited 30× |
| calcium supplements | No effect - no increased risk | cardiovascular events | Human | — | 1 g/day calcium citrate | The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up.cited 21× |
| Calcium supplements | Increases - have been associated with increased | cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified | Changes in vascular calcification and bone mineral density in calcium supplement users from the Canadian Multi-center Osteoporosis Study (CaMOS).cited 6× |
| calcium supplement use | Increases - prompted concern about a potential association with a small increase in the risk | adverse cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified | A review of calcium supplements and cardiovascular disease risk.cited 51× |
| calcium intake | No effect - no effects | cardiovascular events | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified | Effects of calcium intake on the cardiovascular system in postmenopausal women.cited 12× |
| calcium intake | Increases - beneficial outcomes | cardiovascular events | Human | postmenopausal women | Not specified | Effects of calcium intake on the cardiovascular system in postmenopausal women.cited 12× |
| calcium | Increases - increased risk of | myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events | Human | patients taking calcium or placebo | Not specified | Calcium supplementation: lessons from the general population for chronic kidney disease and back.cited 7× |
| calcium | Increases - increased risk of | myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events | Human | — | Not specified | Calcium supplementation: lessons from the general population for chronic kidney disease and back.cited 7× |