21
9
11
↑21
↓9
—11
Evidence suggests Caffeine mayincreaseSide effects.
30 studies (41 claims)
Emerging evidence
Typical effective dose 79.45 (45.42–125) mgacross 4 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| coffee and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) | No effect - present | therapeutic effects | Human | — | — | Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism-A Concise Review.cited 1× |
| moderate doses of caffeine | Increases - prevalence | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| moderate doses of caffeine | Increases - magnitude | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - produced a higher prevalence or magnitude of all side effects | all side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - had the highest prevalence and magnitude | negative effects on sleep onset | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| caffeine supplementation | Increases - produces several side effects | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| low doses of caffeine | Increases - prevalence | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| low doses of caffeine | Increases - magnitude | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| high doses of caffeine | Increases - prevalence | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| high doses of caffeine | Increases - magnitude | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| high doses of caffeine | Increases - prevalence and magnitude of side effects were habitually higher | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| ~3.0 mg/kg of caffeine | Decreases - may be the dose of choice to obtain the ergogenic benefits of caffeine with the lowest prevalence and magnitude | side effects | Human | athletes | — | Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.cited 48× |
| a unique combination of antioxidants including resveratrol, green tea polyphenols, and caffeine | No effect - not observed | adverse effects | Human | Subjects (n=16) presenting with facial redness | — | Reduction of facial redness with resveratrol added to topical product containing green tea polyphenols and caffeine.cited 10× |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - good reliability | caffeine effects within and across days | Human | well-trained cyclists | 5 mg/kg. | Efficacy of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in multiple cycling time trials. |
| caffeine supplementation | No effect - no differences in the prevalence | side effects | Human | male futsal players | — | Effects of acute caffeine ingestion on futsal performance in sub-elite players.cited 13× |
| habitual caffeine intake | No effect - do not seem to modulate | caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise | Human | — | — | Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research.cited 52× |
| caffeine-encapsulated titanium oxide nanoparticles (CF-TiO2 NPs) | Increases - showed a dose-dependent increase | cytotoxic effects | Molecular | KB cancer cells | 20-160 µg/mL | Inhibition of Oral Biofilms and Enhancement of Anticancer Activity on Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells Using Caffeine-Coated Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles. |
| lower caffeine doses | Decreases - are associated with few, if any, side effects | side effects | Human | — | Low doses (<3 mg/kg body mass, ~200 mg); moderate-high doses (5-13 mg/kg body mass). | Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.cited 186× |
| moderate to high caffeine doses (5-13 mg/kg body mass) | Increases - are associated with some undesirable side effects | side effects | Human | — | Low doses (<3 mg/kg body mass, ~200 mg); moderate-high doses (5-13 mg/kg body mass). | Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.cited 186× |
| regular caffeine use | Decreases - may lead to habituation and subsequently a reduction in the expected ergogenic effects | ergogenic effects | Human | athletes | — | What Should We Do About Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?cited 59× |
| regular caffeine use | Decreases - may diminish the performance-enhancing effects | performance-enhancing effects of a subsequent dose of caffeine | Human | — | — | A time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year.cited 3× |
| caffeine supplementation for four days | Decreases - would induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects | ergogenic effects | Human | cyclists | — | Caffeine Supplementation for 4 Days Does Not Induce Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effects Promoted by Acute Intake on Physiological, Metabolic, and Performance Parameters of Cyclists: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study.cited 5× |
| p-synephrine + caffeine (SCF; 100 mg of p-synephrine plus 100 mg of caffeine) | No effect - no adverse side effects were observed or reported | adverse side effects | Human | twelve healthy, college-aged men | 100 mg of caffeine combined with 100 mg of p-synephrine, consumed for 3 days prior to and on the day of the exercise protocol. | The effects of supplementation with P-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on resistance exercise performance.cited 19× |
| total phenolic content (TPC) to caffeine ratio in GE | No effect - varied with TPC | intensity of the arousal-inducing effects | Animal | — | 58.9 mg g-1 caffeine in GE, comparable to 25 mg kg-1 pure caffeine. | The polyphenol/caffeine ratio determines the arousal-inducing properties of the green tea ethanol extract. |
| dietary restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake | No effect - no evidence to support or refute | adverse effects | Human | patients with Ménière's disease or syndrome | Not specified | Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of Ménière's disease or syndrome.cited 31× |
| chronic exposure to caffeine | Increases - causing | anti-aggregatory effects | Human | — | Not specified. | The Effects of Caffeine on Blood Platelets and the Cardiovascular System through Adenosine Receptors.cited 3× |
| caffeine ingestion (3 mg/kg) | No effect - did not differ | acute effects | Human | low caffeine users | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake.cited 28× |
| caffeine ingestion (3 mg/kg) | No effect - did not differ | acute effects | Human | high caffeine users | — | Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake.cited 28× |
| caffeine (CAF) ingestion | Increases - have been observed | ergogenic effects | Human | different cycling exercise modes | — | Caffeine effects on VOcited 22× |
| caffeine citrate | Decreases - had fewer adverse effects | adverse effects | Human | preterm infants | Not specified | The Use of Caffeine Citrate in the Management of Neonatal Apnea in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Rapid Systematic Review. |
| alpha lipoic acid (LA) and/or caffeine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CCNPs) | No effect - evaluated | therapeutic effects on obesity-induced memory impairment | Animal | rats | Not specified | Therapeutic effects of alpha lipoic acid and/or caffeine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on memory impairment and neurochemical changes in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. |
| caffeine | Decreases - potential in mitigating | adverse effects of hypothyroidism on thyroid and heart health | Animal | — | Not specified | Cardiovascular Findings and Effects of Caffeine on Experimental Hypothyroidism.cited 1× |
| caffeine | Increases - may enhance antidepressant effects | antidepressant effects | Human | — | Not specified | Habitual caffeine consumption moderates the antidepressant effect of dorsomedial intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation.cited 6× |
| caffeine | No effect - sex differences regarding | effects | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?cited 14× |
| caffeine | No effect - CYP1A2 genotype variations may modulate ergogenic effects | ergogenic effects | Human | — | — | CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review.cited 24× |
| caffeine | No effect - differences between genotypes were small, inconsistent, or limited to specific exercise scenarios | ergogenic effects | Human | — | — | CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review.cited 24× |
| Caffeine (3-6 mg/kgBW/day) | Increases - could be incorporated due to | ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training | Human | resistance-trained athletes | — | Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review.cited 7× |
| caffeine | Increases - influences | the discriminative effects of psychostimulant drugs | Animal | — | Not specified | Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators.cited 36× |
| caffeine | Increases - influences | the reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs | Animal | — | Not specified | Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators.cited 36× |
| caffeine | Increases - influences | the stimulatory effects of psychostimulant drugs | Animal | — | Not specified | Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators.cited 36× |
| caffeine | Decreases - are due to | unfavourable effects | Human | — | Not specified | Coffee and endothelial function: a battle between caffeine and antioxidants?cited 16× |