| semaglutide 1 mg | No effect - did not differ significantly | incremental glucose AUC | Human | patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin | — | Effects of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide on β-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Control During a Meal Test. |
| second-generation incretin analogs semaglutide and tirzepatide | Increases - remarkable clinical benefits | glucose control | Human | patients with T2D and/or overweight/obesity | — | Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of the Second-Generation Incretin Analogs Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Type 1 Diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. |
| semaglutide | Decreases - significantly reduced | blood glucose | Animal | obese type 2 diabetic db/db mice | — | Tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, exhibits favourable effects on pancreatic β-cells and hepatic steatosis in obese type 2 diabetic db/db mice. |
| semaglutide (Ozempic and Wegovy) | Decreases - help to regulate | blood glucose levels | Animal | — | — | Long-acting hydrogel-based depot formulations of tirzepatide and semaglutide for the management of type 2 diabetes and weight. |
| semaglutide | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting plasma glucose | Human | participants with type 2 diabetes | — | Effects of semaglutide on beta cell function and glycaemic control in participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. |
| semaglutide | Decreases - significantly reduced | glucose AUC | Human | participants with type 2 diabetes | — | Effects of semaglutide on beta cell function and glycaemic control in participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. |
| semaglutide | Decreases - more pronounced glucose-lowering effects | glucose | Human | Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes | Not specified (doses approved for use in Japan). | Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized, parallel-group, multicentre, open-label trial (COMING study).cited 9× |
| semaglutide | Decreases - lowering | glucose | AnimalMolecular | DN mice | — | GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide normalizes diabetic nephropathy via PI3K/AKT mediated suppression of oxidative stress. |
| semaglutide | Increases - improved | glucose tolerance | Animal | 12-month-old male and female 5XFAD and APP/PS1 mice | — | The GLP-1 medicines semaglutide and tirzepatide do not alter disease-related pathology, behaviour or cognitive function in 5XFAD and APP/PS1 mice. |
| semaglutide | Increases - improving | glucose tolerance | Animal | 6-month-old male and female 5XFAD mice | — | The GLP-1 medicines semaglutide and tirzepatide do not alter disease-related pathology, behaviour or cognitive function in 5XFAD and APP/PS1 mice. |
| semaglutide | Increases - were equally effective in | improving glucose tolerance | Animal | obese mice | Once daily, 5 days per week (specific dosage not provided). | Opaganib Promotes Weight Loss and Suppresses High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Glucose Intolerance. |
| semaglutide | Increases - have shown improvements | parameters related to glucose metabolism | Human | overweight/obesity | — | GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment: Effects on cardiometabolic variables and cardiovascular disease. |
| semaglutide prescription | Decreases - adjusted odds ratios were | prescription of high-efficacy glucose-lowering medications | Human | AI/AN patients with uncomplicated T2D | — | Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. |
| semaglutide prescription | Decreases - adjusted odds ratios were | prescription of high-efficacy glucose-lowering medications | Human | Asian patients with uncomplicated T2D | — | Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. |
| semaglutide prescription | Decreases - adjusted odds ratios were | prescription of high-efficacy glucose-lowering medications | Human | Black patients with uncomplicated T2D | — | Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. |
| semaglutide prescription | Decreases - adjusted odds ratios were | prescription of high-efficacy glucose-lowering medications | Human | Hispanic patients with uncomplicated T2D | — | Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. |
| semaglutide prescription | Decreases - adjusted odds ratios were | prescription of high-efficacy glucose-lowering medications | Human | NH/PI patients with uncomplicated T2D | — | Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescribing of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. |
| combining 1 mM metformin with 10 nM semaglutide | Increases - demonstrated superior restoration | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) functionality | Molecular | INS-1 β-cells | — | Single and Combined Impact of Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Metformin on β-Cell Maintenance and Function Under High-Glucose-High-Lipid Conditions: A Comparative Study. |
