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Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet mayincreaseEnergy expenditure.
22 studies (41 claims)
Conflicting evidence
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decrease in REE was least | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| very low-carbohydrate diet | Decreases - decrease in TEE showed a similar pattern | total energy expenditure (TEE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - decrease in REE was intermediate | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| low-glycemic index diet | Decreases - decrease in TEE showed a similar pattern | total energy expenditure (TEE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decrease in REE was greatest | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| low-fat diet | Decreases - decrease in TEE showed a similar pattern | total energy expenditure (TEE) | Human | overweight and obese young adults | 10% of energy from carbohydrates, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein (isocaloric). | Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.cited 274× |
| overfeeding with the low protein diet | No effect - did not increase | resting energy expenditure | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| overfeeding with the low protein diet | No effect - did not increase | total energy expenditure | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| overeating with high protein diet | Increases - increased significantly | resting energy expenditure | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| overeating with normal protein diet | Increases - increased significantly | resting energy expenditure | Human | 25 US healthy, weight-stable male and female volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years with a body mass index between 19 and 30 | Diets containing 5% (low), 15% (normal), or 25% (high) of energy from protein, overfed by ~40% (954 kcal/day). | Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial.cited 203× |
| high-protein low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diet | No effect - maintained | total energy expenditure (TEE) | Human | 14 men and 18 women [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 5 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 22.8 ± 2.0] | 30% protein, 35% carbohydrate, 35% fat (HPLC) vs. 5% protein, 60% carbohydrate, 35% fat (HCLP). | Maintenance of energy expenditure on high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diets at a constant body weight may prevent a positive energy balance.cited 26× |
| high-carbohydrate low-protein (HCLP) diet | Decreases - significantly decreased | total energy expenditure (TEE) | Human | 14 men and 18 women [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 5 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 22.8 ± 2.0] | 30% protein, 35% carbohydrate, 35% fat (HPLC) vs. 5% protein, 60% carbohydrate, 35% fat (HCLP). | Maintenance of energy expenditure on high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diets at a constant body weight may prevent a positive energy balance.cited 26× |
| cholesterol-rich lard-based high-fat diet | Increases - increased | energy expenditure | Animal | GF lard-fed mice | Not specified (high-fat diets based on lard or palm oil). | Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice.cited 147× |
| one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet | Increases - increased | sleeping energy expenditure | Human | eight healthy young adults | Not specified | Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants.cited 3× |
| one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet | No effect - did not differ | sleeping energy expenditure | Human | eight healthy young adults | Not specified | Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants.cited 3× |
| one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet | Increases - increased | total energy expenditure | Human | eight healthy young adults | Not specified | Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants.cited 3× |
| one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet | No effect - did not differ | total energy expenditure | Human | eight healthy young adults | Not specified | Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants.cited 3× |
| High-fat diet | Decreases - decreased | energy expenditure | Animal | Male C57BL/6 mice | — | Enhanced pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene and protein expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice treated with telmisartan. |
| high fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from fat) | Increases - exhibited increased energy expenditure | energy expenditure | Animal | female mice | Low-fat diet (10% calories from fat), Western Diet (45% calories from fat), high-fat diet (60% calories from fat). | Phenotypic sexual dimorphism in response to dietary fat manipulation in C57BL/6J mice.cited 127× |
| Western Diet (WD, 45% calories from fat) | Increases - exhibited increased energy expenditure | energy expenditure | Animal | female mice | Low-fat diet (10% calories from fat), Western Diet (45% calories from fat), high-fat diet (60% calories from fat). | Phenotypic sexual dimorphism in response to dietary fat manipulation in C57BL/6J mice.cited 127× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program | No effect - not significantly different | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| hypoenergetic diet (DI) only | No effect - not significantly different | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | overweight and obese participants | 2.5 hours of walking per week. | Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 11× |
| high-carbohydrate enteral diet | No effect - no differences | energy expenditure | Human | severely burned (>40% total body surface area) children | High-carbohydrate enteral diet (3% fat, 82% carbohydrate, 15% protein). | Efficacy of a high-carbohydrate diet in catabolic illness.cited 86× |
| high-fat enteral diet | No effect - no differences | energy expenditure | Human | severely burned (>40% total body surface area) children | High-carbohydrate enteral diet (3% fat, 82% carbohydrate, 15% protein). | Efficacy of a high-carbohydrate diet in catabolic illness.cited 86× |
| high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet | No effect - had similar | energy expenditure | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-protein (PRO) diet | No effect - had similar | energy expenditure | Human | participants diagnosed with LC-FAODs | Not specified | Higher dietary protein intake preserves lean body mass, lowers liver lipid deposition, and maintains metabolic control in participants with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.cited 8× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% fat) | No effect - assessed | resting energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% fat) | No effect - evaluated | total energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat) | No effect - assessed | resting energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| moderate-carbohydrate diet (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat) | No effect - evaluated | total energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (20% carbohydrate, 60% fat) | No effect - assessed | resting energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (20% carbohydrate, 60% fat) | No effect - evaluated | total energy expenditure | Human | 164 participants aged 18 to 65 years | Diets provided 20% protein, with varying carbohydrate (20–60%) and fat (20–60%) ratios. | A randomized study of dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance: Rationale, study design, intervention, and assessment.cited 14× |
| low-fat diet vs personalized diet | Increases - was significantly greater | resting energy expenditure | Human | adults with abnormal glucose metabolism and obesity | <25% of energy intake from fat | Effect of a Personalized Diet to Reduce Postprandial Glycemic Response vs a Low-fat Diet on Weight Loss in Adults With Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 30× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | No effect - did not differ | energy expenditure (EE) | Human | healthy, overweight women | Not specified (diets matched in macronutrient composition, fiber content, energy content, and energy density). | A low glycemic index diet does not affect postprandial energy metabolism but decreases postprandial insulinemia and increases fullness ratings in healthy women.cited 34× |
| low glycemic index (LGI) diet | No effect - were not affected | energy expenditure (EE) | Human | healthy, overweight women | Not specified (diets matched in macronutrient composition, fiber content, energy content, and energy density). | A low glycemic index diet does not affect postprandial energy metabolism but decreases postprandial insulinemia and increases fullness ratings in healthy women.cited 34× |
| moderate-protein diet with 25 g beef/d (B25) | No effect - no differences between groups | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | adults with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 who lost ≥8% body weight | 25 g beef/day (moderate-protein diet) vs. 150 g beef/day (high-protein diet). | Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss.cited 5× |
| high-protein diet with 150 g beef/d (B150) | No effect - no differences between groups | resting energy expenditure (REE) | Human | adults with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 who lost ≥8% body weight | 25 g beef/day (moderate-protein diet) vs. 150 g beef/day (high-protein diet). | Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss.cited 5× |
| high salt diet | No effect - could influence | energy expenditure | Human | — | 6 g/d salt (NaCl) in capsules, resulting in a total intake of 12 g/d in the salt group and 6 g/d in the placebo group. | Increased Salt Intake Decreases Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.cited 5× |
| low-calorie diet (LCD, 890 kcal/day supplement diet until 15% weight loss, then weight maintenance) | Decreases - larger decreases in AEE were observed | activity energy expenditure (AEE) | Human | nonobese adults at Pennington Biomedical Research Center (PBRC) | Not applicable (study focused on calorie restriction, not Water). | Effect of calorie restriction on the free-living physical activity levels of nonobese humans: results of three randomized trials.cited 55× |
| high-calorie cafeteria diet | Increases - enhanced | energy expenditure | Animal | TGR(ASrAOGEN) rats | — | The brain renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in regulating body weight in diet-induced obesity in rats. |
| low-fat and high-complex carbohydrate diet | Increases - attributed to a mild increase in energy expenditure | energy expenditure | Animal | obese male and female mice | 60% cocoa butter (high-fat diet), 85% cocoa butter (ketogenic diet), 10% cocoa butter (low-fat diet) | An isoproteic cocoa butter-based ketogenic diet fails to improve glucose homeostasis and promote weight loss in obese mice.cited 6× |
| moderate carbohydrate diet (40%) | Increases - increased | total energy expenditure | Human | adults aged 18-65 years with a body mass index of 25 or more | Diets with 20% (low), 40% (moderate), or 60% (high) carbohydrate content, adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. | Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.cited 192× |
| low carbohydrate diet (20%) | Increases - increased | total energy expenditure | Human | adults aged 18-65 years with a body mass index of 25 or more | Diets with 20% (low), 40% (moderate), or 60% (high) carbohydrate content, adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. | Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.cited 192× |
| low carbohydrate diet (20%) | Increases - increased | total energy expenditure | Human | participants in the highest third of pre-weight loss insulin secretion | Diets with 20% (low), 40% (moderate), or 60% (high) carbohydrate content, adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. | Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.cited 192× |
| low carbohydrate diet (20%) | Increases - increased | total energy expenditure | Human | participants in the highest third of pre-weight loss insulin secretion | Diets with 20% (low), 40% (moderate), or 60% (high) carbohydrate content, adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. | Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.cited 192× |
| high-saturated fat/low-sugar diet | Increases - increasing | total energy expenditure | Animal | mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism | — | Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. |
| chow diet | Increases - expended more energy per unit of SPA | energy expenditure per unit of SPA | Animal | mice | Not specified | Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet.cited 790× |