3
2
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↓2
—0
Evidence suggests Nicotine mayincreaseSide effects.
6 studies (5 claims)
Emerging evidence
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| co-administration of nicotine with Omega-3 fatty acids | Decreases - significantly prevents | nicotine withdrawal-induced adverse effects | Animal | male Wistar rats | Not specified | Omega-3 fatty acids prevent nicotine withdrawal-induced impairment of learning and memory via affecting oxidative status, inflammatory response, cholinergic activity, BDNF and amyloid-B in rat hippocampal tissues.cited 9× |
| melatonin supplementation during periods of heightened nicotine cravings | Decreases - reduce | reinforcing effects of nicotine | Human | — | Not specified | Exploring the association between melatonin and nicotine dependence (Review).cited 1× |
| nicotine exposure | Increases - induced a sustained increase | nicotine's rewarding effects | Animal | adolescent rats | Not specified | Roles of metabotropic signaling of nicotine receptors in the development and maintenance of nicotine reward through regulation of dopamine D3 receptor expression. |
| electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) | Increases - include | adverse effects on respiratory and cardiac systems | Human | — | Not specified | A review of vaping's health effects, treatment, and policy implications: Nursing's call to action. |
| acute nicotine administration (ANA) | Increases - exacerbated | effects of ANE on motivational value of RMF | Animal | rats | Not specified | Behavioral economics of polysubstance use: The role of orexin-1 receptors in nicotine-induced augmentation of synthetic opioid consumption. |
| two e-cigarette device platforms with varying concentrations of nicotine lactate (nicotine salt) e-liquid | No effect - evaluated | pharmacokinetic profiles and subjective effects of nicotine | Human | 15 healthy US adult smokers | 40-mg nicotine salt formulation (specific frequency not mentioned). | A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with nicotine salt formulations in US adult smokers.cited 78× |