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Evidence suggests Ketogenic Diet maydecreaseFasting insulin.
35 studies (41 claims)
Moderate consensus
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| high-carbohydrate diet (HC) | No effect - Neither treatment altered | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | 20 glucose-intolerant subjects | 60% of energy as carbohydrate, 20% as fat | Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.cited 42× |
| very low carbohydrate diet (VLCD) | Decreases - decreases in | fasting insulin | Human | older adults with obesity | VLCD (<10% energy from carbohydrates, 25% from protein, >65% from fat); LFD (55% carbohydrates, 25% protein, 20% fat). | Effects of weight loss during a very low carbohydrate diet on specific adipose tissue depots and insulin sensitivity in older adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.cited 37× |
| hypocaloric Mediterranean diet | Decreases - reduction | fasting insulin level | Human | women who were overweight/obese with insulin resistance | 2400 mg/day of DCI. | Unexpected effects of treating insulin-resistant obese women with high-dose D-chiro-inositol: opening Pandora's box. |
| low-calorie DASH diet | Decreases - resulted in a significant decrease | fasting insulin levels | Human | overweight or obese patients with PCOS | Not specified (diet included 52%-55% carbohydrates, 16%-18% proteins, and 30% total fats, with low-fat dairy as part of the DASH diet). | The effects of dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet on weight loss, anti-Müllerian hormone and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.cited 44× |
| representative typical American diet (TAD) | No effect - did not affect | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| DGA-based diet | No effect - did not affect | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia | Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). | A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes.cited 25× |
| low dairy intake diet (LDD) | Decreases - were lower | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | overweight adults (aged 45-65 y) | High-dairy diet (HDD): 5-6 portions daily (200 g semi-skimmed yoghurt, 30 g reduced-fat cheese, 250 mL semi-skimmed milk/buttermilk); low-dairy diet (LDD): ≤1 portion daily. | The effect of high compared with low dairy consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility in overweight adults: a randomized crossover trial.cited 18× |
| diet with a low AGEs content | Decreases - significant reduction | fasting insulin | Human | adults | Not specified | The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 47× |
| Nut diet (healthy diet recommendations with 30 g/day of raw nuts) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Human | patients with MetS | 30 g/day of mixed nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds, 7.5 g hazelnuts). | Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome.cited 161× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - borderline significant interactions for | fasting insulin | Human | 722 overweight/obese adults from the POUNDS Lost trial | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - greater decreases in | fasting insulin level | Human | participants with the T allele in the high-fat diet group | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| high-fat diet | Decreases - similar significant interactions with | improvement in fasting insulin | Human | pooled results from POUNDS Lost and DIRECT trials | Not specified (hypocaloric high-fat diet). | HNF1A variant, energy-reduced diets and insulin resistance improvement during weight loss: The POUNDS Lost trial and DIRECT.cited 17× |
| 8-week low-starch/low-dairy diet | Decreases - reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with PCOS | Ad libitum low-starch/low-dairy diet (specific amounts not detailed). | Low Starch/Low Dairy Diet Results in Successful Treatment of Obesity and Co-Morbidities Linked to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).cited 30× |
| 12-week energy-restricted diet intervention | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | MAO and MHO women | Not specified (intervention was an energy-restricted diet, not alanine supplementation). | A weight loss diet intervention has a similar beneficial effect on both metabolically abnormal obese and metabolically healthy but obese premenopausal women.cited 31× |
| fasting mimicking diet (FMD) | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | patients with MASLD | 30 g/day of flaxseed powder. | Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.cited 2× |
| DGA-based diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | MetS persons | 17.5 g/day resistant starch from potatoes. | Daily Inclusion of Resistant Starch-Containing Potatoes in a Dietary Guidelines for Americans Dietary Pattern Does Not Adversely Affect Cardiometabolic Risk or Intestinal Permeability in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 9× |
| LF diet | Decreases - lowered | fasting insulin | Human | subjects | 20-30 energy percentage (E%) fat. | The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.cited 59× |
| MUFA diet | Decreases - lowered | fasting insulin | Human | subjects | 20-30 energy percentage (E%) fat. | The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period.cited 59× |
| high-protein diet | Decreases - greater reduction | fasting insulin | Human | white Americans with a higher genetic risk score for diabetes | Not specified | Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.cited 29× |
| low-protein weight-loss diet | Decreases - greater decrease | fasting insulin | Human | white Americans with a lower genetic risk score for diabetes | Not specified | Genetic susceptibility to diabetes and long-term improvement of insulin resistance and β cell function during weight loss: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST) trial.cited 29× |
| ketogenic diet (KD) | Decreases - significant reductions | fasting insulin (FINS) | Human | overweight or obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients | Not specified. | Impact of short-term ketogenic diet on sex hormones and glucose-lipid metabolism in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 1× |
| high-salt diet (8% NaCl) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Animal | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.3% NaCl (normal), 2% NaCl (moderate), 8% NaCl (high) | Effects of high salt intake on glucose metabolism, liver function, and the microbiome in rats: influence of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. |
| high-salt diet (8% NaCl) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Animal | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.3% NaCl (normal), 2% NaCl (moderate), 8% NaCl (high) | Effects of high salt intake on glucose metabolism, liver function, and the microbiome in rats: influence of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. |
| Gluten free diet (GFD) | No effect - showed no effects | fasting insulin | Human | subjects diagnosed with MES | Not specified | The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 22× |
| healthy low-carbohydrate diet achieved through behavioral intervention and key food supplementation | No effect - differences in 6-month changes | fasting insulin | Human | participants | <40g net carbohydrates for the first 3 months, <40-60g net carbohydrates for months 3-6. | Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 2× |
| habitual diet | Increases - Increases from baseline in fasting insulin levels were reported | fasting insulin levels | Human | control group | Two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) using balanced shakes and dietary supplements, followed by 5 days of habitual diet. | Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study.cited 20× |
| ricotta cheese (210 g/day) plus the habitual diet | Decreases - improved | fasting insulin levels | Human | men in the intervention group | 210 g/day of ricotta cheese. | Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich food.cited 60× |
| diet supplement made from unripe avocado | No effect - no between-group differences | fasting insulin | Human | free-living nondiabetic adults with obesity | Not specified in the abstract. | Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial. |
| usual diet | No effect - no significant change | fasting insulin | Human | adolescent boys with NAFLD | Not specified (intervention was a diet low in free sugars). | Dietary sugar restriction reduces hepatic de novo lipogenesis in adolescent boys with fatty liver disease.cited 53× |
| Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) | Decreases - reduced | fasting insulin | Human | Australian patients post coronary event | Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). | Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study.cited 23× |
| extra-virgin olive oil + a traditional Brazilian diet (OliveOil+DietBra) | Decreases - had significantly lower levels | fasting insulin | Human | adults with T2DM and class II/III obesity | 37.88 ± 12.50 mL/day (olive oil group) and 37.71 ± 12.23 mL/day (OliveOil+DietBra group). | Positive Effects of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation and DietBra on Inflammation and Glycemic Profiles in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Class II/III Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 3× |
| diet high in primarily low-fat dairy (from milk, yogurt, or custard) with no red meat | Increases - significantly higher | fasting insulin | Human | 47 overweight and obese men and women | Not specified (high consumption of primarily low-fat dairy from milk, yogurt, or custard). | Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study.cited 45× |
| low-starch/low-dairy diet | Decreases - had a reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | overweight and obese women with PCOS | Ad libitum (no specific dosage mentioned). | Effect of a low-starch/low-dairy diet on fat oxidation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.cited 17× |
| high-MUFA diet | Decreases - comparable improvement | fasting insulin | Human | overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes | Not specified | One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.cited 136× |
| well-formulated ketogenic diet | Decreases - significant improvements | fasting insulin levels | Human | children with obesity and metabolic disorders | Not specified | Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diet in Children with Obesity: Part 1-Diet Impact on Anthropometric Indicators and Indicators of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance. |
| low-GI diet | Decreases - had significant reduction in | fasting insulin | Human | obese children | Not specified | Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in obese children.cited 2× |
| Hipcref diet | Decreases - higher reduction | fasting insulin | Human | Overweight/obese Malaysian adults | Not specified (diet charts based on personal preferences). | Effect of an individualised high-protein, energy-restricted diet on anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters in overweight and obese Malaysian adults: a 6-month randomised controlled study.cited 8× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (LC) | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting insulin | Human | overweight/obese Chinese females | Not specified | Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females.cited 25× |
| low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin | Human | Healthy, obese adults | High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. | Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet.cited 40× |
| low carbohydrate (LC) diet | Decreases - significantly reduced | fasting insulin | Human | mostly obese participants with T2D | Not specified | Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets, in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 18× |
| low-AGE diet | Decreases - decreased | fasting insulin concentrations | Human | overweight women | Not specified | Consumption of a diet low in advanced glycation end products for 4 weeks improves insulin sensitivity in overweight women.cited 105× |