3
4
14
↑3
↓4
—14
Evidence suggests Calcium haslittle to no effecton Cardiac death.
13 studies (21 claims)
Moderate consensus
Typical effective dose 1000 (1000–1200) mgacross 5 dosed studies
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| calcium and vitamin D | No effect - no increased risk of | death | Human | — | Not specified in the abstract. | Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men.cited 344× |
| calcium carbonate | No effect - did not have a higher risk | death or first-time hospitalization from atherosclerotic vascular disease | Human | 1460 women aged 75.1 ± 2.7 years at baseline | 1200 mg of calcium carbonate daily | Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up.cited 138× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - did not have a higher risk | death or first-time hospitalization from atherosclerotic vascular disease | Human | 1460 women aged 75.1 ± 2.7 years at baseline | 1200 mg of calcium carbonate daily | Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up.cited 138× |
| calcium electroporation | Increases - leading to | cell death | HumanMolecular | cells | Not specified | Advancing cancer therapy: Mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of calcium electroporation. |
| calcium electroporation | Increases - can effectively induce | cell death | HumanMolecular | cancer cells | Not specified | Advancing cancer therapy: Mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of calcium electroporation. |
| vitamin D with or without calcium | Decreases - reduces the risk | death | Human | — | Not specified | The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis.cited 305× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - reduced | composite outcome maternal death or serious morbidity | Human | women | High-dose: ≥1 g/day; Low-dose: <1 g/day (some trials combined with vitamin D, linoleic acid, or antioxidants). | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 209× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - no overall effect | risk of stillbirth or infant death before discharge from hospital | Human | — | High-dose: ≥1 g/day; Low-dose: <1 g/day (some trials combined with vitamin D, linoleic acid, or antioxidants). | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 209× |
| calcium supplementation | Decreases - reduced | composite outcome maternal death or serious morbidity | Human | women | At least 1 g daily | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 178× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - no overall effect | risk of stillbirth or death before discharge from hospital | Human | babies | At least 1 g daily | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 178× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - may make little or no difference to | pregnancy loss, stillbirth or neonatal death before discharge | Human | non-pregnant women with previous pre-eclampsia | 500 mg daily before conception until 20 weeks' gestation, then 1.5 g daily until birth. | Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.cited 40× |
| calcium supplementation | No effect - had no effect on | stillbirth or fetal death rate | Human | pregnant women | High-dose calcium (greater than 1000 mg/day) in 17 trials. | Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. |
| High-dose calcium supplementation (≥ 1 g/day) | Decreases - reduced | composite outcome maternal death or serious morbidity | Human | women | Low-dose calcium (< 1 g/day), with one trial combining calcium and antioxidants (specific dosage not detailed). | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 233× |
| High-dose calcium supplementation (≥ 1 g/day) | No effect - no clear effect | risk of stillbirth or infant death before discharge from hospital | Human | babies | Low-dose calcium (< 1 g/day), with one trial combining calcium and antioxidants (specific dosage not detailed). | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 233× |
| Low-dose calcium supplementation (< 1 g/day) | No effect - not reduced | stillbirth or death before discharge | Human | babies | Low-dose calcium (< 1 g/day), with one trial combining calcium and antioxidants (specific dosage not detailed). | Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems.cited 233× |
| low-dose calcium supplementation (500 mg elemental calcium/day) | No effect - non-inferiority | fetal death | Human | nulliparous pregnant women | 500 mg elemental calcium/day (low-dose) vs. 1500 mg elemental calcium/day (high-dose). | Non-inferiority of low-dose compared to standard high-dose calcium supplementation in pregnancy: study protocol for two randomized, parallel group, non-inferiority trials in India and Tanzania.cited 6× |
| low-dose calcium supplementation (500 mg elemental calcium/day) | No effect - non-inferiority | infant death | Human | nulliparous pregnant women | 500 mg elemental calcium/day (low-dose) vs. 1500 mg elemental calcium/day (high-dose). | Non-inferiority of low-dose compared to standard high-dose calcium supplementation in pregnancy: study protocol for two randomized, parallel group, non-inferiority trials in India and Tanzania.cited 6× |
| low-dose calcium supplementation (500 mg elemental calcium/day) | No effect - non-inferiority | pregnancy-related death | Human | nulliparous pregnant women | 500 mg elemental calcium/day (low-dose) vs. 1500 mg elemental calcium/day (high-dose). | Non-inferiority of low-dose compared to standard high-dose calcium supplementation in pregnancy: study protocol for two randomized, parallel group, non-inferiority trials in India and Tanzania.cited 6× |
| calcium supplements | No effect - no associations | risk of subsequent death | Human | participants | Not specified | Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation Are Not Associated With Risk of Incident Ischemic Cardiac Events or Death: Findings From the UK Biobank Cohort.cited 22× |
| Calcium exposure | Increases - has been linked to increased mechanisms in cell death | cell death | Human | older individuals with AMD | Not specified | The value of nutritional supplements in treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration: a review of the literature.cited 24× |
| calcium plus vitamin D supplementation | No effect - does not reduce risks | other major causes of death | Human | Black women | 1000 mg calcium carbonate plus 400 IU vitamin D3 daily. | Association of calcium and vitamin D supplementation with cancer incidence and cause-specific mortality in Black women: Extended follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D trial.cited 6× |