Smoking
→Stress

7

3

1

↑7

↓3

—1

Evidence suggests Smoking mayincreaseStress.

10 studies (11 claims)

Moderate consensus

Study Claims

11 of 11

Intervention	Direction	Endpoint	Type	Population	Dosage	Title
Cigarette smoking	Increases - is associated with increased	cumulative and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation	Human	—	Not specified	Telomere length is a biomarker of cumulative oxidative stress, biologic age, and an independent predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking behavior.cited 99×
Cigarette smoking	Increases - generates	cumulative oxidative stress	Human	—	Not specified	Telomere length is a biomarker of cumulative oxidative stress, biologic age, and an independent predictor of survival and therapeutic treatment requirement associated with smoking behavior.cited 99×
Cigarette smoking (CS)	Increases - causes	oxidative stress	Human	COPD patients	Not specified	Multi-target natural products as alternatives against oxidative stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).cited 43×
cigarette smoking	Increases - exerts multiple adverse affects	oxidative stress and free radical damage	Human	adults	Not available	The pathophysiology of smoking during pregnancy: a systems biology approach.cited 25×
cigarette smoking	Increases - delivers and generates	oxidative stress within the lungs	Human	developed countries	Not specified	Current perspectives of oxidative stress and its measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.cited 46×
current therapies to maintain good glycemic control, adequate blood pressure and lipid levels, along with lifestyle measures such as regular exercise, optimization of diet and smoking cessation	Decreases - may help to reduce	oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction	Human	patients with diabetic nephropathy	Not specified	Oxidative stress in early diabetic nephropathy: fueling the fire.cited 276×
smoking and tobacco chewing	Increases - generate	nitrosative stress	Human	patients with cataractous lenses	Not specified	A comparative clinical study on the generation of nitrosative stress in cataractous lenses of smokers and non-smoker tobacco patients.cited 3×
smoking cessation	Decreases - counteract	oxidative/nitroxidative stress	Human	patients with multiple sclerosis	Not specified	Oxidative/Nitroxidative Stress and Multiple Sclerosis.cited 48×
smoking prevention	Decreases - provides a framework of understanding for	oxidative stress in TO	Human	—	Not specified	Pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: review and update on molecular mechanisms.cited 150×
chronic exposure to passive smoking	No effect - resulted in minimal increase or absence of oxidative stress after exercise	oxidative stress after exercise	Human	twenty men	Not specified	Passive smoking reduces and vitamin C increases exercise-induced oxidative stress: does this make passive smoking an anti-oxidant and vitamin C a pro-oxidant stimulus?cited 19×
smoking	Increases - largely through increased	oxidative stress	Human	—	500 mg every 8 hours (q8h)	Terminalia arjuna reverses impaired endothelial function in chronic smokers.cited 6×