21
16
2
↑21
↓16
—2
Evidence suggests Smoking mayincreaseLung cancer incidence.
25 studies (39 claims)
Emerging evidence
Study Claims
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Type | Population | Dosage | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| avoiding smoking | Decreases - associated with | cancer development, progression, and severity | Human | — | Not specified | Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer.cited 49× |
| smoking | Increases - induced an increase | incidence of all three types of cancer under study | Human | — | Not specified | Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer.cited 49× |
| reducing an average of 5 cigarettes per day per year while smoking | Decreases - associated with a lower risk | lung cancer | Human | Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years | Not specified in the abstract. | Changes in smoking use and subsequent lung cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.cited 2× |
| quitting smoking completely | Decreases - the most effective way to reduce their risk | lung cancer | Human | smokers | Not specified in the abstract. | Changes in smoking use and subsequent lung cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.cited 2× |
| reducing smoking intensity (cigarettes per day while smoking) | Decreases - may lower their risk | lung cancer | Human | Smokers | Not specified in the abstract. | Changes in smoking use and subsequent lung cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study.cited 2× |
| active smoking | Increases - associated with an increased risk | colorectal cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Risk Factors for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer.cited 108× |
| passive smoking | Increases - associated with an increased risk | colorectal cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Risk Factors for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer.cited 108× |
| Oral health indicators in combination with smoking | Increases - conferred an increased risk | oral cancer | Human | pathologically confirmed patients with oral cancer and ethnically and linguistically-matched controls | Not specified | Epidemiological and clinical correlates of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients from north-west Pakistan.cited 16× |
| Smoking | Increases - were significant variables | oral cancer | Human | pathologically confirmed patients with oral cancer and ethnically and linguistically-matched controls | Not specified | Epidemiological and clinical correlates of oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients from north-west Pakistan.cited 16× |
| Tobacco smoking | Increases - risk factor | gastric cancer | Human | — | Not Assessed | Gastric cancer after Bariatric Bypass Surgery. Do they relate? (A Systematic Review).cited 7× |
| cigar smoking | Increases - Statistically significant association | primary bladder cancer risk | Human | — | Not specified | Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses.cited 143× |
| pipe smoking | Increases - Statistically significant association | primary bladder cancer risk | Human | — | Not specified | Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses.cited 143× |
| former cigarette smoking | Increases - Statistically significant association | primary bladder cancer risk | Human | — | Not specified | Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses.cited 143× |
| current cigarette smoking | Increases - Statistically significant association | primary bladder cancer risk | Human | — | Not specified | Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses.cited 143× |
| preventive strategies related to reducing tobacco smoking | Decreases - emphasis on | cancer | Human | general public in Sri Lanka | Not available | Cancer services in Sri Lanka: current status and future directions.cited 22× |
| Current smoking | Decreases - less pronounced risk reduction | follicular thyroid cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Smoking and thyroid.cited 256× |
| Current smoking | Decreases - more pronounced risk reduction | papillary thyroid cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Smoking and thyroid.cited 256× |
| Current smoking | Decreases - reduces dose dependently the risk | thyroid cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Smoking and thyroid.cited 256× |
| paternal smoking | Increases - associated with | cancer risk | Human | children aged 1-19 yr at diagnosis | Not specified (duration categories: 6, 12, and 18+ months of any breastfeeding). | Breastfeeding, Other Early Life Exposures and Childhood Leukemia and Lymphoma.cited 28× |
| smoking cessation | Decreases - can decrease | bladder cancer incidence | Human | — | Not specified. | Prevention of bladder cancer incidence and recurrence: nutrition and lifestyle.cited 41× |
| smoking cessation | Decreases - strongly recommended | bladder cancer risk | Human | patients | Not mentioned | Perspectives on an Intensive Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention in Relation to Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumour (TURBT): Interviews with Patients, Relatives, and Clinicians. |
| stopping smoking | Decreases - should be encouraged | prostate cancer risk | Human | men concerned with prostate cancer risk | Not specified | Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer.cited 32× |
| smoking | Increases - consistently associated with higher risk | advanced prostate cancer risk | Human | men | Not specified | Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer.cited 32× |
| smoking | Increases - are linked to a higher risk | breast cancer risk | Human | — | Not mentioned | Modifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: Insights From Systematic Reviews.cited 2× |
| smoking | No effect - conflicting | breast cancer risk | Human | women | Not specified | Lifestyle components and primary breast cancer prevention.cited 19× |
| smoking | Increases - implicated in the development | colorectal cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention.cited 223× |
| smoking | Decreases - reduce the risk | differentiated thyroid cancer | Human | — | — | Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland--an update.cited 36× |
| smoking | No effect - yields similar risks | lung cancer | Human | women compared with men | Not specified | Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 170× |
| smoking | Increases - associated with | lung cancer risk | Human | women | Not specified | Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 170× |
| smoking | Increases - associated with | lung cancer risk | Human | men | Not specified | Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 170× |
| smoking | Increases - significantly associated with increased risk | lung cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Risk mapping of lung cancer: a comprehensive appraisal of published meta-analyses incorporating Mendelian randomization studies.cited 3× |
| smoking | Increases - was 1.02 times significantly higher | odds of having bladder cancer | Human | cases vs. controls | Not specified | Urinary bladder cancer risk factors: a Lebanese case- control study.cited 34× |
| smoking | Increases - increased | overall burden of laryngeal cancer | Animal | China | Not Assessed | Burden of laryngeal cancer in China caused by smoking from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for 2035: An age-period-cohort analysis of global burden of disease study 2021. |
| avoidance of smoking and heavy alcohol use, prevention of weight gain, and maintenance of a reasonable level of physical activity | Decreases - are associated with markedly lower risks | colorectal cancer | Human | — | Not specified | Primary prevention of colorectal cancer.cited 437× |