Smoking
→All cause mortality

4

11

1

↑4

↓11

—1

Evidence suggests Smoking maydecreaseAll cause mortality.

9 studies (16 claims)

Moderate consensus

Study Claims

16 of 16

Intervention	Direction	Endpoint	Type	Population	Dosage	Title
Lifestyle modifications, including weight control, cessation of smoking and dietary salt restriction	Decreases - should have a major impact	cardiovascular morbidity and mortality	Human	patients with CKD	Not specified	Cardiovascular risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic renal disease.cited 21×
decline in smoking	Decreases - favorably influencing	mortality of BA	Human	—	Not specified	Deficiency of vitamin D and vitamin C in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.cited 10×
Current smoking	Increases - predicted	mortality	Human	patients eligible for bariatric surgery	Not specified	A simple prediction rule for all-cause mortality in a cohort eligible for bariatric surgery.cited 28×
genetic predisposition to smoking	Increases - was associated with	CVD mortality	Human	individuals with a low DASH score	Not specified	The association of genetic susceptibility to smoking with cardiovascular disease mortality and the benefits of adhering to a DASH diet: The Singapore Chinese Health Study.cited 4×
genetic predisposition to ever smoking	Increases - was significantly associated with	CVD mortality	Human	Chinese adults from the Singapore Chinese Health Study	Not specified	The association of genetic susceptibility to smoking with cardiovascular disease mortality and the benefits of adhering to a DASH diet: The Singapore Chinese Health Study.cited 4×
ever smoking	No effect - did not support a causal relationship with	CVD mortality	Human	Chinese adults from the Singapore Chinese Health Study	Not specified	The association of genetic susceptibility to smoking with cardiovascular disease mortality and the benefits of adhering to a DASH diet: The Singapore Chinese Health Study.cited 4×
smoking cessation	Decreases - known benefits	global morbidity and mortality	Human	smokers	Not mentioned	Facilitators and barriers to smoking cessation: a qualitative study among health professionals in Germany.
smoking cessation	Decreases - reduced	mortality	Human	people living with cardiovascular disease	Not specified	Effects of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2021 to 2023 reviews.cited 1×
never smoking	Decreases - significantly lower hazard ratios for mortality	all-cause mortality and liver-related mortality	Human	No SLD cohort	Not Assessed	A comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking on adverse clinical outcomes of steatotic liver diseases.
never smoking	Decreases - significantly lower hazard ratios for mortality	all-cause mortality and liver-related mortality	Human	MASLD cohort	Not Assessed	A comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking on adverse clinical outcomes of steatotic liver diseases.
never smoking	Decreases - significantly lower hazard ratios for mortality	all-cause mortality and liver-related mortality	Human	MetALD cohort	Not Assessed	A comprehensive analysis of the impact of smoking on adverse clinical outcomes of steatotic liver diseases.
smoking	Decreases - declined	age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR)	Animal	China	Not Assessed	Burden of laryngeal cancer in China caused by smoking from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for 2035: An age-period-cohort analysis of global burden of disease study 2021.
smoking	Decreases - decline	mortality and DALY rates	Animal	China	Not Assessed	Burden of laryngeal cancer in China caused by smoking from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for 2035: An age-period-cohort analysis of global burden of disease study 2021.
smoking	Decreases - more pronounced decline	mortality and DALY rates	Animal	females in China	Not Assessed	Burden of laryngeal cancer in China caused by smoking from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for 2035: An age-period-cohort analysis of global burden of disease study 2021.
smoking	Decreases - local drift values <0	mortality and DALY rates	Animal	both sexes in China	Not Assessed	Burden of laryngeal cancer in China caused by smoking from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for 2035: An age-period-cohort analysis of global burden of disease study 2021.
Smoking	Increases - was associated with increased risk of	GC mortality	Human	participants	Not specified	Association Between Lifestyle Factors, Vitamin and Garlic Supplementation, and Gastric Cancer Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 28×