Melatonin
→Sleep duration

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Evidence suggests Melatonin mayincreaseSleep duration.

466 studies (691 claims)

Conflicting evidence

Typical effective dose 5 (3–10) mgacross 100 dosed studies

Study Claims

797 of 860

Intervention	Direction	Endpoint	Type	Population	Dosage	Title
preoperative oral melatonin medication	Increases - was significantly better	postoperative sleep quality	Human	patients undergoing elective prostatectomy	6 mg melatonin the night before and 1 hour before surgery.	Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial.cited 61×
SR melatonin	Decreases - resulted in statistically significant decreases in	sleep latency	Human	prepubertal, developmentally normal children aged 6-11 years with epilepsy	9-mg sustained-release melatonin, administered once daily.	Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.cited 53×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	REM sleep duration	Human	prepubertal, developmentally normal children aged 6-11 years with epilepsy	9-mg sustained-release melatonin, administered once daily.	Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.cited 53×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	sleep latency	Human	prepubertal, developmentally normal children aged 6-11 years with epilepsy	9-mg sustained-release melatonin, administered once daily.	Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.cited 53×
melatonin	Increases - increased	slow-wave sleep duration	Human	prepubertal, developmentally normal children aged 6-11 years with epilepsy	9-mg sustained-release melatonin, administered once daily.	Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.cited 53×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)	Human	prepubertal, developmentally normal children aged 6-11 years with epilepsy	9-mg sustained-release melatonin, administered once daily.	Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study.cited 53×
melatonin 10 mg per day	Increases - Significant improvements	sleep	Human	the patient	10 mg per day	Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing Secondary to Head and Neck Trauma: Literature Review and Case Report.cited 5×
melatonin supplements	Increases - recommend	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Integrative Approaches to Caring for Children with Autism.cited 25×
melatonin administration	Increases - beneficial effect	circadian components of the sleep-wake cycle	Human	athletes	100 mg/day, 30 minutes before bedtime	The benefits of four weeks of melatonin treatment on circadian patterns in resistance-trained athletes.cited 21×
melatonin administration	Increases - improving	sleep efficiency	Human	athletes	100 mg/day, 30 minutes before bedtime	The benefits of four weeks of melatonin treatment on circadian patterns in resistance-trained athletes.cited 21×
melatonin administration	No effect - Treatment options include	delayed and advanced sleep-wake phase disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Phase Disorders.cited 22×
melatonin administration	Increases - improves	sleep measures	Human	clinically stable CF patients	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.cited 26×
melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with CF	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.cited 26×
melatonin	Increases - tended to improve	sleep latency	Human	patients with CF	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin improves sleep and reduces nitrite in the exhaled breath condensate in cystic fibrosis--a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.cited 26×
melatonin administration	Decreases - gradually reduces	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with insomnia and healthy volunteers	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	No effect - significant predictors of	sleep onset latency	Human	—	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	No effect - significant predictors of	sleep onset latency	Human	—	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	Increases - peaking at	sleep onset latency and total sleep time	Human	—	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	Increases - increases	total sleep time	Human	patients with insomnia and healthy volunteers	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	No effect - significant predictor of	total sleep time	Human	—	Up to 4 mg/day	Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.cited 9×
melatonin administration	Increases - associated with improved	sleep parameters	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Increases - improvements	sleep duration	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Increases - significant improvements	sleep duration	Human	children with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Increases - significant improvements	sleep duration	Human	children with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - improvements	sleep onset latency	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - significant improvements	sleep onset latency	Human	children with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - significant improvements	sleep onset latency	Human	children with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 243×
melatonin 6 mg daily	Increases - significant improvement was observed	sleep duration	Human	IBS patients with sleep disorders	6 mg daily (3 mg fasting and 3 mg at bedtime).	The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study.cited 5×
melatonin 6 mg daily	Increases - significant improvement was observed	sleep efficiency	Human	IBS patients with sleep disorders	6 mg daily (3 mg fasting and 3 mg at bedtime).	The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study.cited 5×
melatonin 6 mg daily	Decreases - significant improvement was observed	sleep latency	Human	IBS patients with sleep disorders	6 mg daily (3 mg fasting and 3 mg at bedtime).	The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study.cited 5×
melatonin 6 mg daily	No effect - there was no significant improvement	sleep parameters	Human	IBS patients without sleep disorders	6 mg daily (3 mg fasting and 3 mg at bedtime).	The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study.cited 5×
melatonin 6 mg daily	Increases - significant improvement was observed	subjective sleep quality	Human	IBS patients with sleep disorders	6 mg daily (3 mg fasting and 3 mg at bedtime).	The effect of melatonin on irritable bowel syndrome patients with and without sleep disorders: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial study.cited 5×
exogenous melatonin supplement	No effect - was not associated with significantly better improvement	sleep quality	Human	IBS patients	—	The efficacy of exogenous melatonin supplement in ameliorating irritable bowel syndrome severity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 6×
higher dose (25 mg) melatonin	Decreases - target	sleep disturbance	Human	older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)	25 mg oral melatonin nightly.	Feasibility of 3-month melatonin supplementation for brain oxidative stress and sleep in mild cognitive impairment: protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled study.cited 7×
melatonin	No effect - effect on	sleep	Human	individuals with MCI	25 mg oral melatonin nightly.	Feasibility of 3-month melatonin supplementation for brain oxidative stress and sleep in mild cognitive impairment: protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled study.cited 7×
immediate-release sublingual spray (IR form) melatonin	No effect - suitable for the treatment of certain sleep disorders such as sleep onset delay and transient nocturnal awakenings	sleep disorders	Human	—	1.9 mg (PR tablet) or 1 mg (IR spray)	Bioavailability of Melatonin after Administration of an Oral Prolonged-Release Tablet and an Immediate-Release Sublingual Spray in Healthy Male Volunteers.cited 4×
consumption of milk and sour cherries, sources of melatonin	Increases - may improve	sleep quality	Human	humans	Not specified	Influence of Dietary Sources of Melatonin on Sleep Quality: A Review.cited 55×
food sources of melatonin	No effect - potential suitability as adjuvants	prevention and treatment of sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Influence of Dietary Sources of Melatonin on Sleep Quality: A Review.cited 55×
once daily oral administration of melatonin 4 mg	No effect	sleep quality	Human	critically ill patients	4 mg once daily.	Study protocol for a prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating a Better Outcome with Melatonin compared to Placebo Administered to normalize sleep-wake cycle and treat hypoactive ICU Delirium: the Basel BOMP-AID study.cited 3×
oral melatonin supplementation	Increases - improves	sleep quality	Human	patients with hypertension	—	Controlled-release oral melatonin supplementation for hypertension and nocturnal hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 16×
melatonin prolonged release (PR) 2 mg 1-2 h before bedtime	Increases - was associated with significant improvements relative to placebo in	many sleep and daytime parameters, including sleep quality and latency, morning alertness and health-related quality of life	Human	patients with primary insomnia aged ≥55 years	2 mg, 1-2 hours before bedtime.	Melatonin prolonged release: in the treatment of insomnia in patients aged ≥55 years.cited 35×
melatonin 20 mg	No effect - found to be nonsignificant	ESAS sleep	Human	patients with breast cancer undergoing RT	20 mg orally, starting the night before radiotherapy initiation until 2 weeks post-radiotherapy.	Melatonin Supplementation for Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With Early Stage Breast Cancer Receiving Radiotherapy: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 6×
melatonin	No effect - secondary outcomes included change	actigraphy sleep duration	Human	Youth (8-18 years of age) with PPCS and significant sleep-related problems (SRPs) at 4-6 weeks post-injury	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - secondary outcomes included change	actigraphy sleep efficiency	Human	Youth (8-18 years of age) with PPCS and significant sleep-related problems (SRPs) at 4-6 weeks post-injury	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - secondary outcomes included change	actigraphy sleep onset latency	Human	Youth (8-18 years of age) with PPCS and significant sleep-related problems (SRPs) at 4-6 weeks post-injury	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - secondary outcomes included change	actigraphy wake-after-sleep-onset	Human	Youth (8-18 years of age) with PPCS and significant sleep-related problems (SRPs) at 4-6 weeks post-injury	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - evaluate the efficacy of treatment	sleep disturbance	Human	youth with PPCS following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin treatment	No effect - is often recommended	sleep disturbance	Human	children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS)	3 mg and 10 mg melatonin.	Efficacy of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Children with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 23×
melatonin	Increases - improved	actual sleep time	Human	haemodialysis patients suffering from subjective sleep problems	3 mg per day.	Long-term effects of melatonin on quality of life and sleep in haemodialysis patients (Melody study): a randomized controlled trial.cited 41×
melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep efficiency	Human	haemodialysis patients suffering from subjective sleep problems	3 mg per day.	Long-term effects of melatonin on quality of life and sleep in haemodialysis patients (Melody study): a randomized controlled trial.cited 41×
melatonin	No effect - none of the sleep parameters differed significantly from placebo	sleep parameters	Human	haemodialysis patients suffering from subjective sleep problems	3 mg per day.	Long-term effects of melatonin on quality of life and sleep in haemodialysis patients (Melody study): a randomized controlled trial.cited 41×
melatonin	Decreases - neuroprotective effect	adverse effects of ACBC on cognitive function, sleep quality and depressive symptoms	Human	women with breast cancer	20mg of melatonin before and during the first cycle of chemotherapy.	Clinical impact of melatonin on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy; effects on cognition, sleep and depressive symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.cited 69×
melatonin	No effect - impact on	alcohol intoxication in terms of mental disorders, sleep and inflammation, hepatic injury, and mitochondrial function	Human	—	Not specified	Alcohol and melatonin.cited 14×
melatonin	No effect - exerts a wide range of different effects	circadian rhythm regulation, thermoregulation, sleep induction, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-stress ones	Human	—	Not specified	Alcohol and melatonin.cited 14×
melatonin	No effect - no evidence that improved	any major sleep outcome	Human	patients with AD	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 72×
melatonin	No effect - no difference between intervention and control groups	ratio of daytime sleep to night-time sleep	Human	patients with AD	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 72×
melatonin	No effect - no difference between intervention and control groups	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with AD	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 72×
melatonin	No effect - no difference between intervention and control groups	time awake after sleep onset	Human	patients with AD	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 72×
melatonin	No effect - no difference between intervention and control groups	total nocturnal sleep time	Human	patients with AD	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 72×
melatonin (doses up to 10 mg)	No effect - may have little or no effect	any major sleep outcome	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin	No effect - no evidence of an effect	mean duration of sleep bouts	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin	No effect - may have little or no effect	ratio of day-time to night-time sleep	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin	No effect - no evidence of an effect	sleep efficiency	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin	No effect - no evidence of an effect	time awake after sleep onset	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin	No effect - may have little or no effect	total nocturnal sleep time (TNST)	Human	people with AD and sleep disturbances	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 57×
melatonin (up to 10 mg)	No effect - no evidence that improved	any major sleep outcome	Human	patients with AD who were identified as having a sleep disturbance	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 88×
melatonin	No effect - mean difference	ratio of daytime sleep to night-time sleep	Human	patients with AD who were identified as having a sleep disturbance	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 88×
melatonin	No effect - no difference	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with AD who were identified as having a sleep disturbance	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 88×
melatonin	No effect - no difference	time awake after sleep onset	Human	patients with AD who were identified as having a sleep disturbance	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 88×
melatonin	No effect - mean difference	total nocturnal sleep time	Human	patients with AD who were identified as having a sleep disturbance	Not specified for light therapy.	Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.cited 88×
melatonin	No effect - preferred concurrent use of	behavioral interventions for management of sleep	Human	caregivers of children and adolescents	Not specified	Melatonin use in children and adolescents: A scoping review of caregiver perspectives.cited 7×
melatonin	No effect - provides an endogenous synchronizer, modulating	blood pressure, body temperature, cortisol rhythm, sleep-awake-cycle, immune function and anti-oxidative defence	Human	humans	Not specified in the abstract.	The analgesic effects of exogenous melatonin in humans.cited 13×
melatonin	No effect - is thought to play a role in governing	body's natural sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Tasimelteon: first global approval.
melatonin	No effect - is thought to play a role in governing	body's natural sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Tasimelteon: first global approval.
melatonin	Decreases - improvement	both many sleep-related phenomena and the severity of seizures	Human	patients with intractable seizures	Not specified	Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy.cited 44×
oral melatonin before bedtime	Decreases - exhibited significant improvement	bedtime resistance, sleep duration, sleep latency, frequent nocturnal arousals, sleep walking, excessive daytime sleepiness, nocturnal enuresis, forcible teeth grinding, sleep apnea, and Epworth sleepiness scores	Human	patients with intractable epilepsy	Not specified	Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy.cited 44×
melatonin	Increases - has evidently been shown to play a regulatory role	cardiorespiratory system and sleep-wake cycles	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as an Antiepileptic Molecule: Therapeutic Implications via Neuroprotective and Inflammatory Mechanisms.cited 10×
melatonin	No effect - is involved in	circadian phasing and sleep-wake cycle	Human	humans	—	Melatonergic drugs in development.
melatonin (agonists)	Decreases - most promising treatment options	circadian rhythm and sleep disruption	Human	HD patients	Not specified	Therapeutic strategies for circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances in Huntington disease.cited 17×
melatonin	No effect - stabilises and strengthens coupling of	circadian rhythms, especially of core temperature and sleep-wake rhythms	Human	humans	Not specified (mentions "physiological" dose matching nocturnal peak levels).	Melatonin: Physiological effects in humans.cited 353×
Melatonin	No effect - modulates	circadian rhythms in physiology and sleep initiation	Human	—	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep duration	Human	Patients with rare MTNR1B variants	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep duration	Human	T2D MTNR1B variant carriers	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep efficiency	Human	Patients with rare MTNR1B variants	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep efficiency	Human	T2D MTNR1B variant carriers	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep latency	Human	Patients with rare MTNR1B variants	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep latency	Human	T2D MTNR1B variant carriers	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	T2D MTNR1B variant carriers	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	Patients with rare MTNR1B variants	—	Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study.
melatonin	No effect - regulates	circadian rhythm sleep disorders such as sleep-onset insomnia (SOI)	Human	children with ADHD	3 to 6 mg administered within a few hours of bedtime.	Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 61×
melatonin	Decreases - showed improvement	sleep latency	Human	children with ADHD and insomnia	3 to 6 mg administered within a few hours of bedtime.	Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 61×
melatonin	Increases - showed improvement	sleep onset	Human	children with ADHD and insomnia	3 to 6 mg administered within a few hours of bedtime.	Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 61×
melatonin	No effect - therapeutic applications	circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	—	—	Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: a Contemporary Review of Neurobiology, Treatment, and Dysregulation in Neurodegenerative Disease.cited 35×
the melatonin agonist tasimelteon	No effect - therapeutic applications	circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	—	—	Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: a Contemporary Review of Neurobiology, Treatment, and Dysregulation in Neurodegenerative Disease.cited 35×
melatonin	No effect - is registered to treat	circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and insomnia	Human	patients aged 55 years and over	Not specified	Melatonin as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment for COVID-19 beyond Sleep Disorders.cited 22×
melatonin	No effect - is a preferable drug for treating	sleep disturbances	Human	COVID-19 patients	Not specified	Melatonin as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment for COVID-19 beyond Sleep Disorders.cited 22×
melatonin	No effect - has the potential to be a recommended treatment for	sleep disturbances related to COVID-19	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment for COVID-19 beyond Sleep Disorders.cited 22×
melatonin	No effect - plays a major role	circadian sleep-wake rhythm	Human	many mammals, including humans	Not available	Melatonin deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence.cited 27×
melatonin	Decreases - advanced	clock hour of sleep onset	Human	individuals with delayed sleep phase disorder	Not specified	The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis.cited 167×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	sleep-onset latency	Human	individuals with delayed sleep phase disorder	Not specified	The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis.cited 167×
melatonin	No effect - did not change significantly	total sleep time	Human	individuals with delayed sleep phase disorder	Not specified	The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis.cited 167×
melatonin	Increases - has a good potential	controlling and regulating sleep and wakefulness	Human	—	—	Melatonin as a complementary and prophylactic agent against COVID-19 in high-risk populations: A narrative review of recent findings from clinical and preclinical studies.cited 2×
melatonin	Increases - might act as a prophylactic agent with sedative effects and sleep enhancement potential	sedative effects and sleep enhancement	Human	patients, their families, health care workers, and occupations affected by psychological stress caused by COVID-19	—	Melatonin as a complementary and prophylactic agent against COVID-19 in high-risk populations: A narrative review of recent findings from clinical and preclinical studies.cited 2×
melatonin	Decreases - likely to be useful in treating	delayed sleep phase, jet lag, or shift work	Human	—	Not available	Complementary and alternative medicine usage for behavioral health indications.cited 11×
melatonin	Decreases - best evidence for efficacy	delayed sleep phase syndrome	Human	children	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Decreases - can benefit	sleep disturbance	Human	children with developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Increases - can also be of value in the performance of	sleep EEGs	Human	—	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Decreases - best evidence for efficacy	sleep onset insomnia	Human	children	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Decreases - decreases	sleep onset latency	Human	children	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Increases - increases	total sleep time	Human	children	Most effective when administered 3-5 h before physiological dim light melatonin onset; no advantage of extended-release over immediate-release noted.	Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.cited 155×
melatonin	Decreases - acts to prevent these events	destructive interactions of HOCl with tetrapyrrole rings, oxygen deficiency, hypoxia, vitamin B12 deficiency, NO deficiency, increased oxidative stress, sleep disturbance	Human	—	Not specified.	Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at several distinct ROS-related steps.cited 31×
melatonin	No effect - could affect	developing infants' sleep-wake cycle and cardiovascular function	Human	developing infants	Not specified	Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on sleep and the cardiovascular system: The use of melatonin as a potential therapy?cited 19×
melatonin	Decreases - useful in treating	disturbed sleep in PD	Human	—	—	Therapeutic potential of melatonin and its analogs in Parkinson's disease: focus on sleep and neuroprotection.
melatonin	No effect - no difference	duration of sleep	Human	adults in the intensive care unit	Not specified (doses varied between studies).	Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.cited 56×
melatonin	Increases - longer sleep	sleep duration	Human	adults in the intensive care unit	Not specified (doses varied between studies).	Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.cited 56×
melatonin	No effect - no difference	sleep efficiency index scores	Human	adults in the intensive care unit	Not specified (doses varied between studies).	Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.cited 56×
melatonin	No effect - no difference	sleep efficiency index scores	Human	adults in the intensive care unit	Not specified (doses varied between studies).	Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.cited 56×
melatonin	Increases - improved sleep	sleep quality	Human	adults in the intensive care unit	Not specified (doses varied between studies).	Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.cited 56×
melatonin	Increases - most frequently prescribed	facilitate spontaneous sleep	Human	one third of participating centers	Not specified	Need for a standardized technique of nap EEG recordings: results of a national online survey in Italy.cited 1×
melatonin	No effect - could be the molecule linking	homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin	No effect - could be the molecule linking	homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - might not only influence	circadian aspects of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - might not only influence	circadian aspects of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - likely also modulate	homeostatic process of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - likely also modulate	homeostatic process of sleep	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - likely also modulate	sleep architecture	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin through MT1 and MT2 receptors	No effect - likely also modulate	sleep architecture	Animal	—	Not specified	Melatonin, Melatonin Receptors and Sleep: Moving Beyond Traditional Views.
melatonin (5 mg)	No effect - no statistically significant between-group differences	how sleep is affecting daily life	Human	males 18 years of age and older in recovery from substance use	5 mg melatonin daily.	The Effect of Melatonin Upon Postacute Withdrawal Among Males in a Residential Treatment Program (M-PAWS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.cited 3×
melatonin (5 mg)	No effect - no statistically significant between-group differences	Pittsburgh Sleep Symptom Questionnaire-Insomnia (PSSQ-1)	Human	males 18 years of age and older in recovery from substance use	5 mg melatonin daily.	The Effect of Melatonin Upon Postacute Withdrawal Among Males in a Residential Treatment Program (M-PAWS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.cited 3×
melatonin (5 mg)	No effect - no statistically significant between-group differences	weekly self-reported severity of anxiety, depression, stress, and sleep complaints	Human	males 18 years of age and older in recovery from substance use	5 mg melatonin daily.	The Effect of Melatonin Upon Postacute Withdrawal Among Males in a Residential Treatment Program (M-PAWS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.cited 3×
Melatonin (MLT)	No effect - is crucial in controlling	human sleep-wake patterns	Human	human	Not specified	Unlocking the health benefits of melatonin supplementation: A promising preventative and therapeutic strategy.cited 2×
melatonin	Increases - effective in improving	initiation and maintenance of sleep	Human	healthy children suffering from insomnia	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	Increases - more effective than placebo in improving	initiation and maintenance of sleep and most of its subscales	Human	primary school aged children	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	Decreases - effective in improving	sleep anxiety	Human	healthy children suffering from insomnia	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	No effect - ineffective in	sleep disordered breathing	Human	healthy children suffering from insomnia	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	Increases - effective in improving	sleep duration	Human	healthy children suffering from insomnia	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	Decreases - effective in improving	sleep onset delay	Human	healthy children suffering from insomnia	—	The effect of treatment with melatonin on primary school aged children with difficulty in initiation and maintenance of sleep.cited 2×
melatonin	No effect - Management options include	irregular sleep-wake rhythm (ISWR)	Human	patients with dementia	Not specified	The management of sleep and circadian disturbance in patients with dementia.cited 24×
melatonin	Increases - may be useful	irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder	Human	some patients	Not specified	Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder.cited 20×
melatonin	No effect - effects	management of sleep-wake disturbances	HumanMolecular	cancer patients	Not specified	Update on the role of melatonin in the prevention of cancer tumorigenesis and in the management of cancer correlates, such as sleep-wake and mood disturbances: review and remarks.cited 47×
melatonin	No effect - influence	sleep	HumanMolecular	—	Not specified	Update on the role of melatonin in the prevention of cancer tumorigenesis and in the management of cancer correlates, such as sleep-wake and mood disturbances: review and remarks.cited 47×
melatonin	Increases - induced improvements	measures of sleep	Human	persons with Parkinson's disease (PwP)	Not specified	The multimodal effect of circadian interventions in Parkinson's disease: A narrative review.cited 3×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - positive effects	sleep quality	Human	persons with Parkinson's disease (PwP)	Not specified	The multimodal effect of circadian interventions in Parkinson's disease: A narrative review.cited 3×
melatonin agonists	Increases - induced improvements	measures of sleep	Human	persons with Parkinson's disease (PwP)	Not specified	The multimodal effect of circadian interventions in Parkinson's disease: A narrative review.cited 3×
melatonin agonists	Increases - positive effects	sleep quality	Human	persons with Parkinson's disease (PwP)	Not specified	The multimodal effect of circadian interventions in Parkinson's disease: A narrative review.cited 3×
Melatonin	Decreases - decrease in	muscle tonicity during REM sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder: a critical review of evidence.cited 99×
Melatonin	No effect - appears to be beneficial for the management	Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD)	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder: a critical review of evidence.cited 99×
melatonin	Increases - adverse effects	nightmares, hypotension, and sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in experimental seizures and epilepsy.cited 73×
melatonin	Increases - promotes	NREM sleep	Animal	mice	—	Sleep well. Untangling the role of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors in sleep.
melatonin	Decreases - significantly reduced	number of 30-s REM sleep epochs without muscle atonia	Human	patients with RBD	3 mg daily, administered between 22:00 h and 23:00 h.	A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder.cited 157×
melatonin	Increases - improvements	REM sleep muscle atonia	Human	patients who took placebo during Part I	3 mg daily, administered between 22:00 h and 23:00 h.	A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder.cited 157×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvements in	objective sleep efficiency	Human	participants with TBI-induced sleep disturbance	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - beneficial to	sleep duration	Human	individuals with sleep disturbance after TBI	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - beneficial to	sleep efficiency	Human	individuals with sleep disturbance after TBI	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - beneficial to	sleep quality	Human	individuals with sleep disturbance after TBI	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvements in	subjective sleep quality	Human	participants with TBI-induced sleep disturbance	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvements in	total sleep time	Human	participants with TBI-induced sleep disturbance	—	The Utility of Melatonin for the Treatment of Sleep Disturbance After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - increased	objective sleep efficiency	Human	women with primary dysmenorrhea	Not specified	Both melatonin and meloxicam improved sleep and pain in females with primary dysmenorrhea-results from a double-blind cross-over intervention pilot study.cited 9×
melatonin	Decreases - shortened	objective sleep latency	Human	women with primary dysmenorrhea	Not specified	Both melatonin and meloxicam improved sleep and pain in females with primary dysmenorrhea-results from a double-blind cross-over intervention pilot study.cited 9×
melatonin	Increases - improved	subjective sleep	Human	women with primary dysmenorrhea	Not specified	Both melatonin and meloxicam improved sleep and pain in females with primary dysmenorrhea-results from a double-blind cross-over intervention pilot study.cited 9×
melatonin	Increases - superior efficacy	treatment of pain and PD-related sleep complaints	Human	women with primary dysmenorrhea	Not specified	Both melatonin and meloxicam improved sleep and pain in females with primary dysmenorrhea-results from a double-blind cross-over intervention pilot study.cited 9×
melatonin	No effect - did not significantly change	objective sleep measurements	Human	inpatients age ≥65 years, admitted to internal medicine wards (non-intensive care units)	3 mg nightly	Melatonin and Sleep in Preventing Hospitalized Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 48×
melatonin	No effect - did not significantly change	subjective sleep measurements	Human	inpatients age ≥65 years, admitted to internal medicine wards (non-intensive care units)	3 mg nightly	Melatonin and Sleep in Preventing Hospitalized Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 48×
melatonin	Increases - may be minimal benefit	objective sleep measures	Human	Parkinson's patients	Not specified	Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 20×
melatonin	Increases - a suggestion of subjective benefit	sleep	Human	Parkinson's patients	Not specified	Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 20×
melatonin	Increases - possible symptomatic improvements seen	sleep quality	Human	Alzheimer's patients	Not specified	Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 20×
melatonin	No effect - demonstrate a lack of benefit	sleep quantity	Human	Alzheimer's patients	Not specified	Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 20×
melatonin	No effect - are mixed	subjective measures of sleep quality	Human	Alzheimer's patients	Not specified	Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 20×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvement	objective sleep quality	Human	breast cancer patients	5 mg at bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep and quality of life in patients with advanced breast cancer.cited 74×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvement	sleep fragmentation and quantity	Human	breast cancer patients	5 mg at bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep and quality of life in patients with advanced breast cancer.cited 74×
melatonin	Increases - significant improvement	subjective sleep	Human	breast cancer patients	5 mg at bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep and quality of life in patients with advanced breast cancer.cited 74×
melatonin	No effect - broadly similar	occurrence of epileptiform activity during sleep	Human	children	Not specified	Sleep deprivation and melatonin for inducing sleep in paediatric electroencephalography: a prospective multicentre service evaluation.cited 12×
melatonin	Increases - achieved	stage II sleep	Human	children	Not specified	Sleep deprivation and melatonin for inducing sleep in paediatric electroencephalography: a prospective multicentre service evaluation.cited 12×
Melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	overall sleep quality	Human	subjects taking melatonin	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
Melatonin	Decreases - demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing	sleep latency	Human	subjects with primary sleep disorders	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
Melatonin	Decreases - demonstrated greater effects on decreasing	sleep latency	Human	—	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
Melatonin	No effect - No significant effects of trial duration and melatonin dose were observed on	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
Melatonin	Increases - increasing	total sleep time	Human	subjects with primary sleep disorders	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
Melatonin	Increases - demonstrated greater effects on increasing	total sleep time	Human	—	Not specified (higher doses showed greater effects).	Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.cited 269×
melatonin	Decreases - reduced more than did placebo	pain-related sleep interference scores	Human	type 2 diabetic patients suffering from painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN)	3 mg/day for 1 week, then 6 mg/day for 7 weeks.	Adjuvant use of melatonin for relieving symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: results of a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.cited 13×
melatonin	No effect - can be safe and effective	pediatric insomnia and sleep disturbances	Human	children	Not specified (individualized based on severity and type of disorder).	Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin.cited 60×
melatonin	No effect - can be safe and effective	primary sleep disorders	Human	children	Not specified (individualized based on severity and type of disorder).	Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin.cited 60×
melatonin	No effect - can be safe and effective	sleep disorders associated with various neurological conditions	Human	children	Not specified (individualized based on severity and type of disorder).	Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin.cited 60×
melatonin	Increases - role in the restorative value of sleep	perceived sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation.cited 455×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - clinically meaningful effects have been demonstrated	circadian rhythm-related sleep disorders, jet lag and shift work, insomnia in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, poor (non-restorative) sleep quality, non-dipping nocturnal blood pressure (nocturnal hypertension) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)	Human	humans	Not specified	New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation.cited 455×
melatonin	No effect - most commonly used	pharmacologic treatment of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Not available	Drugs Used in Parasomnia.cited 10×
melatonin (3 mg)	Decreases - favoring melatonin	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score	Human	IPD patients	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin (3 mg)	Decreases - favoring melatonin	Polysomnography (PSG) parameters - sleep latency	Human	IPD patients	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin (3 mg)	Increases - favoring melatonin	Polysomnography (PSG) parameters - total sleep time	Human	IPD patients	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin (3 mg)	Decreases - is an effective and safe treatment option	sleep problems	Human	PD patients	3 mg melatonin daily.	Melatonin on sleep in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin	Decreases - decreases with age, in inverse correlation with the frequency of	poor sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in sleep disorders.cited 14×
melatonin	No effect - has been suggested that deficit is at least partly responsible for	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in sleep disorders.cited 14×
melatonin	No effect - is the main hormone involved in the control of	sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in sleep disorders.cited 14×
melatonin	Increases - can be used to improve	postoperative sleep	Human	patients after surgery	Not specified	Improve postoperative sleep: what can we do?cited 125×
melatonin	Decreases - appears promising	post paediatric ABI sleep impairment	Human	children following acquired brain injury (ABI)	Not specified	Effectiveness of melatonin for sleep impairment post paediatric acquired brain injury: evidence from a systematic review.cited 5×
melatonin	No effect - paucity of high-quality evidence to support use	sleep impairment post paediatric ABI	Human	children following acquired brain injury (ABI)	Not specified	Effectiveness of melatonin for sleep impairment post paediatric acquired brain injury: evidence from a systematic review.cited 5×
melatonin	Increases - could improve	quality of sleep	Human	patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)	6 mg melatonin tablets taken 45 minutes before sleep.	Efficacy of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.cited 17×
melatonin	Decreases - results in decrease	sleep latency (SL)	Human	patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)	6 mg melatonin tablets taken 45 minutes before sleep.	Efficacy of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.cited 17×
melatonin	Increases - improved	quality of sleep	Human	subjects who received melatonin	—	Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcomes and quality of sleep in epilepsy with idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone in adult patients: Cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.cited 14×
melatonin	Increases - improving	quality of sleep	Human	critical care patients	Not specified	Clinical Trials for Use of Melatonin to Fight against COVID-19 Are Urgently Needed.cited 45×
melatonin	Decreases - treated	Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	patients with Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Not specified	Management of common sleep disorders.cited 50×
melatonin	Decreases - treatment	rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	patients	Not specified	REM Sleep Behavior Disorder.cited 22×
melatonin	No effect - most commonly used	rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	—	Not available	Drugs Used in Parasomnia.cited 5×
Melatonin	Decreases - reported improvements	Rapid Eye Movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD)	Human	RBD patients	Not specified	A critical review of the pharmacological treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in adults: time for more and larger randomized placebo-controlled trials.cited 36×
Melatonin	No effect - did not find to be superior to placebo	Rapid Eye Movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD)	Human	—	Not specified	A critical review of the pharmacological treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in adults: time for more and larger randomized placebo-controlled trials.cited 36×
melatonin	Decreases - treatable	rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	patients with RBD	3-6 mg before bed	Importance of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder to the Primary Care Physician.cited 4×
melatonin	No effect - most commonly used	rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Human	patients with Parkinson's disease	Not available	Treatment of the sleep disorders associated with Parkinson's disease.cited 38×
melatonin	No effect - most commonly used as symptomatic treatments	rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder (RBD)	Human	RBD population	Not specified	Clinical trials in REM sleep behavioural disorder: challenges and opportunities.cited 60×
melatonin	No effect - used routinely in the treatment	rapid-eye movement sleep-behaviour disorder	Human	—	Not specified	The use and misuse of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders.cited 21×
melatonin	Decreases - reducing	sleep onset latency	Human	adults	Not specified	The use and misuse of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders.cited 21×
melatonin	Decreases - reducing	sleep onset latency	Human	adults	Not specified	The use and misuse of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders.cited 21×
exogenously administered melatonin	No effect - evidence for the efficacy	sleep disorders	Human	children and adults	Not specified	The use and misuse of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders.cited 21×
dual melatonin receptor agonists	No effect - being trialled	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	The use and misuse of exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders.cited 21×
melatonin	No effect - identified as important players	regulation and maintenance of sleep-wake-dependent changes in neuronal activity and the sleep-wake continuum	HumanAnimal	genetically engineered animal models, healthy volunteers, and sleep-disordered patients	Not specified	Sleep Pharmacogenetics: Personalized Sleep-Wake Therapy.cited 30×
Melatonin	No effect - most commonly used therapy	REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)	Human	Parkinson's disease patients	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease: if when and how.
melatonin	Increases - possible benefit	re-regulation of sleep-wake cycle disruption in delirium	Human	—	Not specified	Pharmacological Management of Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Delirium.cited 1×
melatonin	No effect - plays important roles in	rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	—	Melatonin in Reproductive Medicine: A Promising Therapeutic Target?cited 4×
melatonin	No effect - has	role in promoting sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review.cited 52×
melatonin	Increases - favourable effects	sleep	Human	—	Not mentioned.	Exploring the reasons why melatonin can improve tinnitus.cited 16×
melatonin	Increases - positively associated with greater likelihood of improvement	sleep	Human	those with absence of depression and/or anxiety at baseline	3 mg nightly	Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?cited 27×
melatonin	Increases - positively associated with greater likelihood of improvement	sleep	Human	those with greater pretreatment TSI scores	3 mg nightly	Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?cited 27×
melatonin	Increases - positively associated with greater likelihood of improvement	sleep	Human	those with greater pretreatment SRT scores	3 mg nightly	Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?cited 27×
melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	patients with chronic tinnitus	3 mg nightly	Melatonin: can it stop the ringing?cited 27×
melatonin	No effect - interactions between	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Ocular and systemic melatonin and the influence of light exposure.cited 76×
Melatonin	Increases - has been used for improving sleep	sleep	Human	patients with insomnia	2-3 mg/day for melatonin; 50-100 mg/day suggested for future studies.	Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression.
Melatonin	Increases - has been used for improving sleep	sleep	Human	patients with insomnia	2-3 mg/day for melatonin; 50-100 mg/day suggested for future studies.	Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression.
melatonin	Increases - has been used for improving	sleep	Human	patients with insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep disorders	2-5 mg/day for sleep disorders; 50-100 mg/day proposed for MS.	Disrupted chronobiology of sleep and cytoprotection in obesity: possible therapeutic value of melatonin.cited 24×
melatonin	Increases - may promote	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Emerging targets for the pharmacological treatment of depression: focus on melatonergic system.
melatonin	Increases - may promote	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Emerging targets for the pharmacological treatment of depression: focus on melatonergic system.
Melatonin	Increases - has been shown to improve	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Agomelatine in depressive disorders: its novel mechanisms of action.
Melatonin	Increases - has been shown to improve	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Agomelatine in depressive disorders: its novel mechanisms of action.
Melatonin	Increases - is involved in the regulation of	the sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Agomelatine in depressive disorders: its novel mechanisms of action.
Melatonin	Increases - is involved in the regulation of	the sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Agomelatine in depressive disorders: its novel mechanisms of action.
melatonin	No effect - plays an important role	sleep	HumanMolecular	—	Not specified	Melatonin: its possible role in the management of viral infections--a brief review.cited 48×
melatonin	No effect - did not affect	sleep	Human	postmenopausal women with osteopenia	1 mg or 3 mg nightly.	The effect of melatonin treatment on postural stability, muscle strength, and quality of life and sleep in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.cited 41×
melatonin	Increases - a trend towards an improved	sleep quality	Human	subgroup of women with sleep disturbances at baseline	1 mg or 3 mg nightly.	The effect of melatonin treatment on postural stability, muscle strength, and quality of life and sleep in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.cited 41×
Melatonin	Increases - appears to improve	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Pharmacotherapy for mental health problems in people with intellectual disability.cited 40×
melatonin	Increases - administered to improve sleep	sleep	Human	—	4 mg enterally once daily at 21:00.	Prophylactic Melatonin for Delirium in Intensive Care (Pro-MEDIC): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.cited 26×
melatonin	Increases - has proven hypnotic effects	sleep	Human	—	25 mg melatonin.	The effect of MElatonin on Depressive symptoms, Anxiety, CIrcadian and Sleep disturbances in patients after acute coronary syndrome (MEDACIS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 16×
melatonin	Decreases - has a preventive effect	sleep disturbances	Human	patients after acute coronary syndrome	25 mg melatonin.	The effect of MElatonin on Depressive symptoms, Anxiety, CIrcadian and Sleep disturbances in patients after acute coronary syndrome (MEDACIS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 16×
melatonin	No effect - adequately support the pharmacological treatment	sleep	Human	autism spectrum disorder	Not specified	Clinical trials in autism spectrum disorder: evidence, challenges and future directions.cited 36×
melatonin	Increases - appeared safe and effective in improving	sleep	Human	the studied children	Not specified	Melatonin for the management of sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 62×
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	total sleep time	Human	children (<18 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders	Not specified	Melatonin for the management of sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 62×
melatonin	Increases - sleep-enhancing properties	sleep	Human	—	Not specified (mentions "recommended use" but no specific dosage).	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 9×
other melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - sleep-enhancing properties	sleep	Human	—	Not specified (mentions "recommended use" but no specific dosage).	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 9×
melatonin	Increases - improvement was greatest	sleep	Human	children with autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders	Not specified	Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review.cited 25×
melatonin	Increases - improvement was smaller	sleep	Human	adolescents and children with chronic delayed sleep onset	Not specified	Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review.cited 25×
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	sleep duration	Human	—	Not specified	Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review.cited 25×
melatonin	Decreases - significantly improved	sleep latency	Human	—	Not specified	Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review.cited 25×
melatonin	Decreases - significantly improved	wake time after sleep onset	Human	—	Not specified	Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review.cited 25×
melatonin	Increases - likely have the most promise to improve	sleep	Human	inpatient medical settings	Not available	Sleepless in the hospital: A systematic review of non-pharmacological sleep interventions.cited 41×
melatonin	No effect - no significant effect	sleep	Human	youth (ages 8-18 years) with PPCS at 4 to 6 weeks after mild traumatic brain injury	3 mg or 10 mg melatonin (frequency not specified).	Efficacy of Melatonin in Children With Postconcussive Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 30×
melatonin	No effect - is involved in the initiation of	sleep	Human	—	Not mentioned	Quality of life for older patients with cancer: a review of the evidence supporting melatonin use.cited 7×
melatonin	Increases - have shown promise for improving	sleep	Human	adults with critical conditions	Not specified	Effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine interventions for sleep quality in adult intensive care patients: A systematic review.cited 19×
melatonin	Increases - sleep-enhancing	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 8×
other melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - sleep-enhancing	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 8×
melatonin	Increases - has been implicated in promoting and maintaining	sleep	Molecular	—	Not mentioned	Melatonin's neuroprotective role in mitochondria and its potential as a biomarker in aging, cognition and psychiatric disorders.cited 59×
melatonin	No effect - maintain synchrony of sleep with the day/night cycle	sleep	Human	humans	Not specified	What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of melatonin for sleep disorders?cited 13×
melatonin	No effect - little effect on sleep efficiency	sleep efficiency	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disabilities	Not specified	What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of melatonin for sleep disorders?cited 13×
melatonin	Decreases - can advance the time of sleep onset	sleep onset	Human	—	Not specified	What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of melatonin for sleep disorders?cited 13×
melatonin	Decreases - effect is modest and variable	sleep onset	Human	—	Not specified	What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of melatonin for sleep disorders?cited 13×
melatonin	Decreases - appears to have the greatest impact on sleep onset	sleep onset	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disabilities	Not specified	What do we really know about the safety and efficacy of melatonin for sleep disorders?cited 13×
melatonin	No effect - clinical effects	sleep	Human	patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD	Not specified	Role of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease: From preclinical studies to novel melatonin-based therapies.cited 42×
melatonin	Increases - adding a sleep-promoting agent	sleep	Human	—	—	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medications and Sleep.cited 5×
melatonin	Increases - result in improved sleep	sleep	Human	children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)	Not specified	The impact of the physical activity intervention on sleep in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 7×
melatonin	Increases - widespread oral use as a dietary supplement to improve	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Clinical Studies Using Topical Melatonin.cited 8×
melatonin	No effect - plays a critical role in	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin: Evolving Physiological Understanding and Potential Therapeutic Role in Pain Medicine Including Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.cited 1×
Melatonin	Increases - is known for its sleep-enhancing properties	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in Alzheimer's Disease: Literature Review and Therapeutic Trials.cited 4×
Melatonin (MT)	No effect - regulating	sleep	Human	humans and animals	Not specified	Microbial melatonin metabolism in the human intestine as a therapeutic target for dysbiosis and rhythm disorders.cited 2×
Melatonin (MLT)	Increases - has long been associated with promoting and maintaining	sleep	HumanAnimal	—	—	Melatonin Induces Analgesic Effects through MT
Melatonin	Increases - increase sleep	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Good night and good luck: norepinephrine in sleep pharmacology.cited 101×
melatonin-related compounds	Increases - increase sleep	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Good night and good luck: norepinephrine in sleep pharmacology.cited 101×
melatonin	No effect - considered	sleep abnormalities in neurodegenerative disease states	Human	patients with neurodegenerative disease	Not specified	The Treatment of Sleep Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - formulated as a medicinal product	sleep and behavioral problems	Human	—	Low doses (usually below 1 mg) as a nutraceutical; higher doses as a psychotropic drug.	Pharmacotherapy and Nutritional Supplements for Neovascular Eye Diseases.cited 6×
melatonin	Decreases - hold promise in alleviating	sleep and circadian dysfunction	Human	neuro-immune disorders	Not specified	The putative role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathophysiology of sleep dysfunction across neuropsychiatric disorders: Focus on chronic fatigue syndrome, bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis.cited 77×
melatonin	Increases - is used to facilitate	sleep and circadian realignment	Human	—	Not available	Jet Lag and Shift Work Disorder.cited 41×
melatonin	No effect - has apparent effects	sleep and circadian rhythm	Molecular	—	Not specified	Melatonin as an endogenous regulator of diseases: The role of autophagy.cited 49×
melatonin	Increases - can improve	sleep and circadian rhythm disruption	Human	PD and AD patients	50-100mg/day (therapeutic range suggested for neurodegenerative disorders).	Melatonin and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system.cited 67×
melatonin	No effect - required to affect	sleep and circadian rhythms	Human	—	50-100mg/day (therapeutic range suggested for neurodegenerative disorders).	Melatonin and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system.cited 67×
melatonin analogs	No effect - employed in clinical trials in	sleep-disturbed or depressed patients	Human	sleep-disturbed or depressed patients	50-100mg/day (therapeutic range suggested for neurodegenerative disorders).	Melatonin and mitochondrial dysfunction in the central nervous system.cited 67×
Melatonin	No effect - plays an important physiologic role	sleep and circadian rhythm regulation	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in septic shock: some recent concepts.cited 64×
melatonin	Increases - may be advantageous in improving	sleep and circadian rhythms	Human	—	Not specified	Circadian Disruption Associated with Alzheimer's Disease.cited 37×
melatonin	No effect - influences	sleep and mood	Human	—	Not specified	Exploring the association between melatonin and nicotine dependence (Review).cited 1×
melatonin	Increases - is demonstrable with significant improvement	sleep and quality of life	Human	patients in the preclinical stage of dementia (minimal cognitive impairment)	Not specified	Neuroendocrine-Metabolic Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbances in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focus on Alzheimer's Disease and Melatonin.cited 39×
melatonin	No effect - regulation	sleep and wakefulness	Human	—	Melatonin with adenosine at a 1:4 ratio, stabilized with 30% glycine (MLT-DBM).	Melatonin with adenosine solubilized in water and stabilized with glycine for oncological treatment - technical preparation, effectivity and clinical findings.cited 3×
melatonin	No effect - not improved	sleep awaking	Human	children and adolescents with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders	—	Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 23×
melatonin	Decreases - significantly improved	sleep onset latency	Human	children and adolescents with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders	—	Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 23×
melatonin	Decreases - significantly improved	sleep onset latency (measured by diary)	Human	adults with delayed sleep phase disorder	—	Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 23×
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	total sleep time	Human	children and adolescents with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders	—	Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 23×
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	total sleep time (measured with polysomnography)	Human	adults with delayed sleep phase disorder	—	Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - regulates	sleep cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in Dermatologic Allergic Diseases and Other Skin Conditions: Current Trends and Reports.cited 16×
melatonin	No effect - can be used in the treatment of	sleep disturbances	Human	those with chronic allergic diseases accompanied by intensive itching (such as atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria)	Not specified	Melatonin in Dermatologic Allergic Diseases and Other Skin Conditions: Current Trends and Reports.cited 16×
melatonin	No effect - is used as a natural supplement among athletes to regulate and protect	sleep cycles and muscles against oxidative damage	Human	athletes	Not specified	Exercise-induced oxidative stress and melatonin supplementation: current evidence.cited 49×
melatonin	No effect - recommend a new treatment	sleep deprivation	Human	ICU patients	3 mg of oral melatonin administered at 9:00 pm.	Impact of oral melatonin on critically ill adult patients with ICU sleep deprivation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 15×
melatonin	Increases - benefit	sleep quality	Human	certain people	3 mg of oral melatonin administered at 9:00 pm.	Impact of oral melatonin on critically ill adult patients with ICU sleep deprivation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 15×
melatonin	No effect - evaluate the effect	sleep quality	Human	ICU patients	3 mg of oral melatonin administered at 9:00 pm.	Impact of oral melatonin on critically ill adult patients with ICU sleep deprivation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.cited 15×
melatonin	Decreases - effectively ameliorated	sleep deprivation-caused oxidative stress-mediated gut microbiota disorder and colitis	Animal	—	—	The Role of
melatonin	No effect - therapeutic benefits	sleep disorder	Human	—	Not specified	Physiological and pharmacological perspectives of melatonin.cited 30×
melatonin	No effect - regulates	sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Physiological and pharmacological perspectives of melatonin.cited 30×
impaired melatonin secretion	Increases - promotes	sleep disorder	Human	—	Not specified	Physiological and pharmacological perspectives of melatonin.cited 30×
melatonin	Increases - therapeutic benefits	sleep disorders	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 49×
melatonin	Increases - well-validated and tolerated treatment	sleep disorders	Human	children and adolescents with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 49×
melatonin	Increases - observed	sleep latency	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 49×
melatonin	Increases - observed	sleep quality	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 49×
melatonin	No effect - adjuvant	sleep disorders	HumanAnimal	patients with epilepsy suffering from sleep disorders	Not specified	The Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy-Focus on Melatonin.cited 2×
melatonin	No effect - included	sleep disorders	Human	elderly patients with Alzheimer dementia	Not specified	Outpatient treatment of sleep disorders in Alzheimer patients.cited 7×
melatonin	No effect - therapeutic use	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified (some studies used very large doses).	Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine/Z drug abuse.
melatonin	No effect - therapeutic use	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified (some studies used very large doses).	Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine/Z drug abuse.
exogenously administered melatonin	Increases - sleep-promoting effects	sleep	Human	—	Not specified (some studies used very large doses).	Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine/Z drug abuse.
exogenously administered melatonin	Increases - sleep-promoting effects	sleep	Human	—	Not specified (some studies used very large doses).	Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine/Z drug abuse.
melatonin	No effect - available evidence for the use	sleep disorders	Human	children with NDDs	Not specified	Management of Sleep Disorders in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Review.cited 131×
melatonin receptor agonists	No effect - available evidence for the use	sleep disorders	Human	children with NDDs	Not specified	Management of Sleep Disorders in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Review.cited 131×
melatonin	No effect - has been widely studied in the treatment of	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a treatment for mood disorders: a systematic review.cited 36×
melatonin	Decreases - has demonstrated efficacy	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: Is there a link between sleep and migraine?cited 11×
melatonin	No effect - most used interventions	sleep disorders	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	—	Melatonin for sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials.cited 1×
melatonin	No effect - effects	sleep disorders	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	—	Melatonin for sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials.cited 1×
melatonin	No effect - should be included in treatment	sleep disorders	Human	patients with neurodegenerative diseases	Not available	Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases.cited 63×
melatonin	Decreases - supporting	sleep disorders associated with ADHD	Human	individuals with ADHD	Not available	The management of sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update of the literature.cited 5×
melatonin	No effect - treatment with	sleep disorders in autism	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in children with autistic spectrum disorders: recent and practical data.cited 34×
melatonin	No effect - effect on	sleep disturbances	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in children with autistic spectrum disorders: recent and practical data.cited 34×
Melatonin	Decreases - is the most widely researched medication strategy for the management of	sleep disorders in autism spectrum disorder	Human	patients with autism spectrum disorder	Not specified	Treatment options for the management of pervasive developmental disorders.cited 4×
melatonin	No effect - ineffective	sleep disorders in dementia	Human	people with dementia	Not specified	The management of sleep disorders in dementia: an update.cited 29×
melatonin	No effect	sleep disturbances	Human	people with dementia living at home	Not specified	The management of sleep disorders in dementia: an update.cited 29×
melatonin	No effect - therapeutic value	sleep disorders in PD	Human	PD patients	—	Melatonin as a Chronobiotic and Cytoprotective Agent in Parkinson's Disease.
melatonin	Increases - would be expected to improve	sleep disorders in schizophrenia	Human	schizophrenic patients	Not specified	Melatonin: an overlooked factor in schizophrenia and in the inhibition of anti-psychotic side effects.cited 59×
melatonin	No effect - seems to be well funded	sleep disorders of circadian etiology	Human	—	Not specified	Clinical uses of melatonin: evaluation of human trials.cited 219×
melatonin	No effect - seems to be well funded	sleep disorders related with neurological degenerative diseases	Human	—	Not specified	Clinical uses of melatonin: evaluation of human trials.cited 219×
Melatonin	Decreases - may help with	sleep disturbance	Human	—	Not specified	Tinnitus: Diagnosis and Management.cited 35×
melatonin	Decreases - should be offered if behavioral strategies have not been helpful	sleep disturbance	Human	children and adolescents with ASD	Low dose (specific amount not provided).	Practice guideline: Treatment for insomnia and disrupted sleep behavior in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.cited 115×
melatonin	Decreases - benefit on sleep disturbance	sleep disturbance	Human	children	—	Melatonin for pre-medication in children: a systematic review.cited 11×
melatonin	No effect - lacks robust clinical evidence	sleep disturbance	Human	patients submitted to joint arthroplasty	Not specified	Perioperative Use of Melatonin in Joint Arthroplasty: A Critical Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Studies.
perioperative melatonin administration	Decreases - found variable degrees of success	sleep disturbance	Human	patients submitted to joint arthroplasty	Not specified	Perioperative Use of Melatonin in Joint Arthroplasty: A Critical Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Studies.
melatonin	No effect - could also be involved	sleep disturbance	Human	children with atopic dermatitis	Not available	Mechanism of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin.cited 64×
melatonin	Decreases - have shown promise	sleep disturbance characteristic of delirium	Human	severely medically ill patients of all ages	Not available	The pharmacologic management of delirium in children and adolescents.cited 35×
melatonin	Increases - seems to improve	sleep disturbance linked to tinnitus	Human	—	Not specified.	Clinical pharmacology of melatonin in the treatment of tinnitus: a review.cited 16×
melatonin	Decreases - attenuates	sleep disturbance, mood changes, and cognitive impairment	Human	—	—	Melatonin for premenstrual syndrome: A potential remedy but not ready.cited 5×
melatonin	No effect - assess impact upon	sleep disturbance of partners	Human	MS patients	2 mg at bedtime.	Protocol for a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of Melatonin for treatment of Nocturia in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MeNiMS).cited 8×
melatonin	No effect - assess impact upon	sleep quality	Human	MS patients	2 mg at bedtime.	Protocol for a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of Melatonin for treatment of Nocturia in adults with Multiple Sclerosis (MeNiMS).cited 8×
melatonin	No effect - effect on	sleep disturbances	Human	participants	25 mg melatonin administered rectally daily.	Effect of melatonin in patients with low anterior resection syndrome (MELLARS): a study protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.cited 2×
melatonin	No effect - has recently seen an unexpected extension of its functional implications toward	sleep disturbances	HumanAnimal	—	Not available	Understanding melatonin receptor pharmacology: latest insights from mouse models, and their relevance to human disease.
melatonin	No effect - has recently seen an unexpected extension of its functional implications toward	sleep disturbances	HumanAnimal	—	Not available	Understanding melatonin receptor pharmacology: latest insights from mouse models, and their relevance to human disease.
melatonin	Decreases - attenuates	sleep disturbances	Human	hemodialyzed patients suffering from a relative melatonin deficiency	Not specified	Melatonin and renal protection: novel perspectives from animal experiments and human studies (review).cited 35×
melatonin	No effect - supports as the safest choice	sleep disturbances	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs)	Not specified	Practitioner Review: Treatment of chronic insomnia in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disabilities.cited 45×
melatonin	Decreases - approved to reduce	sleep disturbances	Human	patients with ASD	Not available	Retracing our steps: A review on autism research in children, its limitation and impending pharmacological interventions.cited 3×
melatonin	Increases - are commonly used as adjunctive therapies	sleep disturbances	Human	AD patients	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease.cited 9×
melatonin	Decreases - ameliorating	sleep disturbances	Human	individuals with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Sleep Regulation, Behavioral Outcomes, and Challenges Across the Lifespan.
melatonin	Decreases - alleviates	sleep disturbances	Human	patients with epilepsy-related complications	—	Altered MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors expression in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats.
melatonin	Increases - showing a large effect size, favoring melatonin	sleep duration	Human	children and adolescents with ASD	Not specified	Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Management.cited 44×
melatonin	Decreases - showing a large effect size, favoring melatonin	sleep-onset latency	Human	children and adolescents with ASD	Not specified	Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Management.cited 44×
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	sleep duration	Human	breast cancer patients undergoing hormone therapy	6 mg daily	Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	sleep latency	Human	breast cancer patients undergoing hormone therapy	6 mg daily	Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	sleep quality	Human	breast cancer patients undergoing hormone therapy	6 mg daily	Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
melatonin	Decreases - reduced	use of sleep-promoting medication	Human	breast cancer patients undergoing hormone therapy	6 mg daily	Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - effectively alleviated	sleep disturbances caused by hormone therapy	Human	breast cancer patients	6 mg daily	Melatonin Aids in Treating Mood and Sleep Problems Resulting from Hormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
melatonin	Decreases - may be a potential treatment target	sleep dysfunction	Human	children with ASDs	Not specified	Common neurological co-morbidities in autism spectrum disorders.cited 57×
melatonin	Increases - was significantly higher than among those given the placebo	Sleep efficiency	Human	paediatric patients suffering from severe epileptic disorders	3 mg nightly.	Normalization of the sleep-wake pattern and melatonin and 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy.cited 35×
Melatonin	Increases - exhibited a positive response, with higher	sleep efficiency	Human	ADHD patients	Not specified	To sleep or not to sleep: a systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 27×
Melatonin	Decreases - exhibited a positive response, with reduced	sleep latency	Human	ADHD patients	Not specified	To sleep or not to sleep: a systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 27×
Melatonin	Increases - exhibited a positive response, with higher	total sleep time	Human	ADHD patients	Not specified	To sleep or not to sleep: a systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 27×
melatonin	Increases - increased	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with schizophrenia	Not specified	Treatment Options for Insomnia in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.cited 6×
melatonin	Increases - increased	total duration of sleep	Human	patients with schizophrenia	Not specified	Treatment Options for Insomnia in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.cited 6×
melatonin	Increases - had significant effect on increasing	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with cancer	3 mg to 20 mg, usually taken nightly before bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and insomnia in patients with cancer: a systematic review study.cited 23×
melatonin	No effect - showed no significant improvement on	sleep quality	Human	patients with cancer	3 mg to 20 mg, usually taken nightly before bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and insomnia in patients with cancer: a systematic review study.cited 23×
oral melatonin administration	Increases - had a significant effect on	sleep quality and insomnia	Human	patients with cancer	3 mg to 20 mg, usually taken nightly before bedtime	The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and insomnia in patients with cancer: a systematic review study.cited 23×
melatonin	Increases - enhance	sleep efficiency	Human	—	Not specified	Efficacy of melatonin for prolonged disorders of consciousness: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.cited 1×
melatonin	Increases - may be important for improvements	sleep efficiency	HumanAnimalMolecular	insomniacs	Not specified (higher doses used in vivo)	Pharmacological characterization of M-II, the major human metabolite of ramelteon.
melatonin	Increases - may be important for improvements	sleep efficiency	HumanAnimalMolecular	insomniacs	Not specified (higher doses used in vivo)	Pharmacological characterization of M-II, the major human metabolite of ramelteon.
melatonin	Decreases - plays a key role in	sleep induction	Human	—	—	Bioavailability of Oniriacited 4×
melatonin	Decreases - reducing	sleep onset latency	Human	—	—	Bioavailability of Oniriacited 4×
Melatonin	Decreases - significantly reduced	sleep latency	Human	participants with MCI/mild AD dementia	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to enhance sleep in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review.cited 72×
Melatonin	Decreases - significantly reduced	sleep to wakefulness transitions	Human	participants with MCI/mild AD dementia	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to enhance sleep in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review.cited 72×
melatonin	Decreases - reduced	sleep latency	Human	persons with ID and chronic insomnia	5 mg (2.5 mg for those under 6 years old) daily.	Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia.cited 11×
melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time	Human	persons with ID and chronic insomnia	5 mg (2.5 mg for those under 6 years old) daily.	Melatonin decreases daytime challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disability and chronic insomnia.cited 11×
melatonin	Decreases - improved effect	sleep latency	Human	participants aged 3 months to 18 years who had both a visual impairment and a sleep disorder	Not available	Therapeutic options in the management of sleep disorders in visually impaired children: a systematic review.cited 7×
melatonin	Decreases - can shorten	sleep latency	Human	dementias and PD	Not specified	Insomnia in central neurologic diseases--occurrence and management.cited 70×
melatonin	Increases - can stabilize	sleep-wake circadian rhythm	Human	dementias and PD	Not specified	Insomnia in central neurologic diseases--occurrence and management.cited 70×
melatonin (MLT)	Decreases - significant	sleep latency	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin and health: an umbrella review of health outcomes and biological mechanisms of action.cited 55×
melatonin	Decreases - reduces	sleep latency	Human	—	0.5–3 mg (children), 3–5 mg (adolescents), 1–5 mg (adults), 1–6 mg (elderly).	Regulatory aspects and evidences of melatonin use for sleep disorders and insomnia: an integrative review.cited 8×
melatonin	Decreases - improvements in sleep latency and night waking were consistently found	sleep latency and night waking	Human	CP patients with sleep problems/disorders	Not specified	Interventions with a sleep outcome for children with cerebral palsy or a post-traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.cited 28×
melatonin	Increases - improvements in total sleep time	total sleep time	Human	some subjects	Not specified	Interventions with a sleep outcome for children with cerebral palsy or a post-traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.cited 28×
melatonin	Decreases - lower sleep latency	sleep latency for EEG	Human	children	Not specified	Melatonin for non-operating room sedation in paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 4×
melatonin	No effect - was taken	sleep medication use	Human	children with ADHD	Not available	Use of sleep medication in children with ADHD.cited 35×
melatonin	Decreases - correlated significantly with treatment effect	sleep onset (SO)	Human	—	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
melatonin	Increases - significantly advanced	sleep onset (SO)	Human	children between 6 and 12 years with chronic sleep onset insomnia (CSOI)	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	children between 6 and 12 years with chronic sleep onset insomnia (CSOI)	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
melatonin	Decreases - was correlated with	sleep onset (SO) shift	Human	—	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
melatonin	Increases - increases with an earlier circadian time of administration	sleep onset (SO), sleep onset latency (SOL), and dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)	Human	—	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
melatonin 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg	No effect - effect size was not different	sleep onset (SO), sleep onset latency (SOL), and dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)	Human	children with CSOI	0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg/kg melatonin administered once daily.	Dose finding of melatonin for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia: an RCT.cited 67×
Melatonin	Increases - slightly improves	sleep onset and sleep duration	Human	—	Not specified	Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for Pharmacological Management.cited 87×
melatonin	Decreases - RCTs support the use	sleep-onset delay	Human	youths with ADHD	Not specified	Assessment and management of sleep problems in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.cited 143×
melatonin	No effect - was an effective and tolerable drug	sleep onset insomnia	Human	children and adolescents	Not specified	Efficacy and safety of melatonin for sleep onset insomnia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 46×
melatonin	Decreases - decreased	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	children and adolescents with sleep onset insomnia	Not specified	Efficacy and safety of melatonin for sleep onset insomnia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 46×
melatonin	Decreases - advanced more than patients receiving placebo	sleep onset time (SOT)	Human	children and adolescents with sleep onset insomnia	Not specified	Efficacy and safety of melatonin for sleep onset insomnia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 46×
melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time (TST)	Human	children and adolescents with sleep onset insomnia	Not specified	Efficacy and safety of melatonin for sleep onset insomnia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 46×
Melatonin	Decreases - reduced	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with insomnia	—	MT
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	patients with insomnia	—	MT
Melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time	Human	patients with insomnia	—	MT
melatonin	Decreases - greater effectiveness	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	healthy pediatric populations	Not available	Non-pharmacological and melatonin interventions for pediatric sleep initiation and maintenance problems: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.cited 10×
melatonin	Decreases - reduced	sleep onset latency	Human	children aged 3 years to 15 years 8 months with neurodevelopmental disorders and a severe sleep problem	Started at 0.5 mg, increased to 2 mg, 6 mg, or 12 mg depending on response, administered 45 minutes before bedtime.	Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial.cited 120×
melatonin	Decreases - reduced	sleep onset latency	Human	children aged 3 years to 15 years 8 months with neurodevelopmental disorders and a severe sleep problem	Started at 0.5 mg, increased to 2 mg, 6 mg, or 12 mg depending on response, administered 45 minutes before bedtime.	Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial.cited 120×
melatonin	Decreases - was most effective for children with the longest sleep latency	sleep onset latency	Human	children with the longest sleep latency	Started at 0.5 mg, increased to 2 mg, 6 mg, or 12 mg depending on response, administered 45 minutes before bedtime.	Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial.cited 120×
melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time	Human	children aged 3 years to 15 years 8 months with neurodevelopmental disorders and a severe sleep problem	Started at 0.5 mg, increased to 2 mg, 6 mg, or 12 mg depending on response, administered 45 minutes before bedtime.	Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial.cited 120×
melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time	Human	children aged 3 years to 15 years 8 months with neurodevelopmental disorders and a severe sleep problem	Started at 0.5 mg, increased to 2 mg, 6 mg, or 12 mg depending on response, administered 45 minutes before bedtime.	Melatonin for sleep problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: randomised double masked placebo controlled trial.cited 120×
Melatonin	Decreases - led to a reduction in	sleep onset latency	Human	adults with insomnia disorder with or without comorbidities	Not specified	Complementary and alternative treatments for insomnia disorder: a systematic umbrella review.cited 7×
Melatonin	Decreases - reduced	sleep onset latency	Human	older adults with insomnia	—	Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective.
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	older adults with insomnia	—	Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective.
Melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep time	Human	older adults with insomnia	—	Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective.
melatonin	Decreases - reduction in SOL, adjusted for baseline, was seen for melatonin compared with placebo when measured by sleep diaries	sleep-onset latency (SOL)	Human	children with neurodevelopmental problems	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
melatonin	Decreases - reduction in SOL, adjusted for baseline, was seen for melatonin compared with placebo when measured by actigraphy	sleep-onset latency (SOL)	Human	children with neurodevelopmental problems	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
melatonin	Decreases - effective in reducing SOL in children with neurodevelopmental delay by a mean of	sleep-onset latency (SOL)	Human	children with neurodevelopmental delay	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
melatonin	Increases - difference in TST time between the melatonin and placebo groups adjusted for baseline was	total night-time sleep time (TST)	Human	children with neurodevelopmental problems	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
melatonin	Increases - children treated with melatonin slept	total night-time sleep time	Human	children with neurodevelopmental delay	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
immediate-release melatonin	Increases - beneficial compared with placebo in improving	total duration of night-time sleep	Human	children with neurodevelopmental problems	0.5 mg, 2 mg, 6 mg, and 12 mg capsules, with dose escalation over the first 4 weeks.	The use of MElatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (MENDS).cited 47×
melatonin	Decreases - improvements were reported	sleep-onset latency	Human	children with ADHD	Not specified in the abstract.	Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Drugs for Treating Behavioural Insomnia in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review with Methodological Quality Assessment.cited 14×
melatonin	Increases - improvements were reported	total sleep duration	Human	children with ADHD	Not specified in the abstract.	Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Drugs for Treating Behavioural Insomnia in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review with Methodological Quality Assessment.cited 14×
melatonin	No effect - had no significant impact	sleep-onset latency	Human	children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD)	6 mg/d melatonin	The effects of melatonin administration on disease severity and sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.cited 34×
melatonin	No effect - had no significant impact	total sleep time	Human	children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD)	6 mg/d melatonin	The effects of melatonin administration on disease severity and sleep quality in children with atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.cited 34×
melatonin	Decreases - associated with a significant decrease	sleep onset latency time	Human	each of the disorders reviewed	Not specified	Melatonin Treatment in Children with Developmental Disabilities.cited 28×
melatonin	No effect - 1 notable exception	sleep onset latency time	Human	tuberous sclerosis	Not specified	Melatonin Treatment in Children with Developmental Disabilities.cited 28×
melatonin	Decreases - commonly recommended to treat	sleep problems	Human	children with developmental disabilities	Not specified	Melatonin Treatment in Children with Developmental Disabilities.cited 28×
melatonin	No effect - suggest that clinicians not use	sleep onset or sleep maintenance insomnia	Human	adults	Not specified	Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.cited 751×
melatonin	No effect - had no effect on	sleep outcomes	Human	TJA patients	Not available	How Do We Improve Sleep Quality After Total Joint Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 1×
melatonin	No effect - possible mechanism contributing to the sleep-pain relationship	sleep-pain relationship	Human	adult and pediatric populations	Not specified	Sleep and pain: recent insights, mechanisms, and future directions in the investigation of this relationship.cited 133×
melatonin	Decreases - review the benefits	sleep problems	Human	children with NDD	Not specified	Treatment strategies for complex behavioral insomnia in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 36×
Melatonin	Decreases - is an effective treatment	sleep problems	Human	children with ADHD	Not available	Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep in Children.cited 11×
melatonin	Decreases - potential choices for	sleep problems	Human	ADHD children with more severe sleep problems	Not specified	Sleep Problems in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Status of Knowledge and Appropriate Management.cited 34×
melatonin	Decreases - can be helpful in reducing	sleep problems	Human	children and adolescents with ASD	Not specified	An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents.cited 75×
Melatonin	No effect - mixed outcomes for the effectiveness	sleep problems	Human	individuals with Angelman Syndrome (AS)	Not specified	Interventions to improve sleep for individuals with Angelman syndrome: A systematic review.cited 3×
melatonin	Decreases - may be of value	sleep problems	Human	neurodivergent children	Low doses (specific amount not provided).	Therapeutic Dilemma: Melatonin or not?
melatonin	No effect - no evidence that melatonin is of utility	sleep problems	Human	otherwise well children	Low doses (specific amount not provided).	Therapeutic Dilemma: Melatonin or not?
melatonin	Decreases - may be useful to treat	sleep problems	Human	children	Not specified	Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.cited 164×
Melatonin	Increases - has value as	sleep-promoting agent	Human	children	Not specified	Update on the use of melatonin in pediatrics.cited 62×
melatonin	No effect - resulted in no benefits to	sleep quality	Human	menopausal women	1 mg to 5 mg (varied by study).	Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 9×
melatonin (5mg)	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	females, aged 20-40 years, with myofascial TMD pain	5mg daily.	Analgesic and sedative effects of melatonin in temporomandibular disorders: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study.cited 49×
melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	Forty females, aged 18 to 45 years	10 mg melatonin daily.	Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.cited 98×
melatonin	Increases - improves	sleep quality	Human	patients with AD and PD	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.cited 62×
melatonin	Increases - effectively improved	the clinical and neurophysiological aspects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD)	Human	elderly individuals with underlying neurodegenerative disorders	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.cited 62×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - not on	objective sleep outcomes	Human	both AD and PD patients	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.cited 62×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by changes in PSQI component 4	Human	AD patients	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.cited 62×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	PD patients	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin for sleep disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.cited 62×
melatonin	Increases - appears to be effective and safe in improving	sleep quality	Human	patients with AD	Not specified in the abstract.	Meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease.cited 54×
melatonin treatment	Increases - showed prolonged	total sleep time at night	Human	AD patients	Not specified in the abstract.	Meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease.cited 54×
melatonin	Increases - showed a significant advantage over oxazepam in improving	sleep quality	Human	STEMI patients managed with primary PCI	3 mg every night	Comparison of the Effects of Melatonin and Oxazepam on Anxiety Levels and Sleep Quality in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 9×
melatonin	Increases - could be more effective than oxazepam in improving	sleep quality	Human	patients presenting with STEMI	3 mg every night	Comparison of the Effects of Melatonin and Oxazepam on Anxiety Levels and Sleep Quality in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 9×
melatonin	Increases - significantly beneficial to improve	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Efficacy of dietary supplements on improving sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 30×
melatonin	No effect - showed no difference in	sleep quality	Human	ICU patients	—	Sleep in the intensive care unit.cited 7×
melatonin (MLT)	No effect - had no significant effect on	sleep quality	Human	patients with cancer	—	Effect of melatonin on quality of life and symptoms in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.cited 10×
melatonin	No effect - no statistically significant differences	sleep quality	Human	patients	—	Oral melatonin did not reduce anxiety before elective hernia repair: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.
Melatonin	Increases - is a potential therapeutic intervention for improving	sleep quality	Human	people with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)	—	Melatonin for sleep disorders in people with autism: Systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 20×
melatonin	Increases - presented a positive effect on	total sleep time	Human	people with ASD	—	Melatonin for sleep disorders in people with autism: Systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 20×
melatonin	Increases - can favor	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Therapeutic effects of melatonin on endometriosis, targeting molecular pathways: Current knowledge and future perspective.cited 4×
melatonin	Increases - improvement of	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Significance of Melatonin in the Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Disease Management.cited 15×
Melatonin	Increases - found to provide a clinically important benefit	sleep quality	Human	patients after total joint arthroplasty (TJA)	Not specified	Which Interventions Are Effective in Treating Sleep Disturbances After THA or TKA? A Systematic Review.cited 2×
melatonin	Increases - significantly increased	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a Novel Drug to Improve Cardiac Function and Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Melatonin	Increases - has been shown to improve	sleep quality	Human	Parkinson's disease (PD) patients	Not specified	Parkinson's disease: News on the action of melatonin.
melatonin	Increases - perhaps improvement	sleep quality	HumanAnimal	women receiving melatonin vs placebo	—	Biological effects of melatonin on osteoblast/osteoclast cocultures, bone, and quality of life: Implications of a role for MT2 melatonin receptors, MEK1/2, and MEK5 in melatonin-mediated osteoblastogenesis.
melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	human participants	—	Differential Function of Melatonin MT
Melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	human participants	—	Nociceptive responses in melatonin MT
melatonin	Increases - improves	sleep quality	Human	critically ill patients	Not mentioned	Oxidative stress in sepsis: Pathophysiological implications justifying antioxidant co-therapy.cited 159×
melatonin	Increases - improving	sleep quality	HumanAnimal	—	—	An Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Study Revealed That Melatonin Plays a Protective Role in Chronic Lung Inflammation by Reducing Necroptosis.
melatonin	No effect - did not significantly change	sleep quality	Human	BMS patients	12 mg/day	Melatonin Treatment in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 18×
melatonin	Decreases - had significant effect on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with various diseases	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with other diseases	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adult	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with respiratory diseases	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with metabolic disorders	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with primary sleep disorders	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with mental disorders	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - has positive effects on	sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	adults with neurodegenerative diseases	Not specified	Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 91×
melatonin	No effect - did not improve	sleep quality measured by VAS	Human	adult patients who underwent surgery under general or regional anesthesia	Short duration (night before and/or day of surgery) in four studies; exact dosage not specified.	Effects of melatonin on postoperative sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.cited 5×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - does not improve	postoperative sleep quality measured with the VAS	Human	adult patients	Short duration (night before and/or day of surgery) in four studies; exact dosage not specified.	Effects of melatonin on postoperative sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.cited 5×
melatonin (10 mg)	Increases - was effective in improving	sleep quality the night before surgery	Human	patients who had undergone surgical treatment of a zygomatic fracture	10 mg (one tablet the night before surgery and another 2 hours before surgery).	Is There a Benefit to the Use of Melatonin in Preoperative Zygomatic Fractures?cited 8×
melatonin	Decreases - should be treated to prevent injury	sleep-related injuries	Human	patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	3-12 mg	REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson's Disease and Other Synucleinopathies.cited 116×
Melatonin	Increases - have a role in facilitating sleep schedule changes	sleep schedule changes	Human	athletes	Not specified	Medications for Sleep Schedule Adjustments in Athletes.cited 7×
melatonin	Increases - synchronizes	sleep-wake cycle	Human	blind people and in individuals suffering from circadian rhythm sleep disorders, like delayed sleep phase syndrome, jet lag or shift-work	Not specified	The use of chronobiotics in the resynchronization of the sleep/wake cycle. Therapeutical application in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease.cited 17×
daily evening melatonin	Increases - improves	sleep quality and cognitive performance	Human	MCI	Not specified	The use of chronobiotics in the resynchronization of the sleep/wake cycle. Therapeutical application in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease.cited 17×
melatonin replacement	Increases - effective to treat	sundowning and other sleep wake disorders	Human	fully developed AD	Not specified	The use of chronobiotics in the resynchronization of the sleep/wake cycle. Therapeutical application in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease.cited 17×
melatonin	Increases - can help to recover	sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	Not specified	Some implications of melatonin use in chronopharmacology of insomnia.cited 21×
melatonin	No effect - is the main hormone involved in the control of	sleep-wake cycle	Human	—	—	Melatonin in sleep disorders.cited 48×
melatonin deficit	No effect - is at least partly responsible for	sleep disorders	Human	—	—	Melatonin in sleep disorders.cited 48×
melatonin	No effect - regulates	sleep-wake cycle, gonadal activity, redox homeostasis, immune functions, and anticarcinogenic effects	Molecular	normal physiological state	—	Melatonin: A Potential Antineoplastic Agent in Breast Cancer.
melatonin	No effect - regulates	sleep-wake cycle, gonadal activity, redox homeostasis, immune functions, and anticarcinogenic effects	Molecular	normal physiological state	—	Melatonin: A Potential Antineoplastic Agent in Breast Cancer.
melatonin	No effect - regulates	sleep-wake cycles	Human	humans	—	No title available
melatonin	No effect - is implicated in	sleep-wake regulation	Human	—	Not specified	A new perspective in Oral health: potential importance and actions of melatonin receptors MT1, MT2, MT3, and RZR/ROR in the oral cavity.
melatonin	No effect - is implicated in	sleep-wake regulation	Human	—	Not specified	A new perspective in Oral health: potential importance and actions of melatonin receptors MT1, MT2, MT3, and RZR/ROR in the oral cavity.
Melatonin	No effect - used as a medicine to treat	some types of sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified.	New Uses of Melatonin as a Drug; A Review.
Melatonin	No effect - used as a medicine to treat	some types of sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified.	New Uses of Melatonin as a Drug; A Review.
Melatonin	No effect - causing	state of sleep at night and wakefulness during the day	Human	—	Not specified.	New Uses of Melatonin as a Drug; A Review.
Melatonin	No effect - causing	state of sleep at night and wakefulness during the day	Human	—	Not specified.	New Uses of Melatonin as a Drug; A Review.
melatonin	Increases - improving	the quality of sleep	Human	—	—	Sleep, Dietary Melatonin Supplementation, and COVID-19.cited 5×
Melatonin (doses ≤4 mg)	No effect - showed no significant improvement	total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores	Human	patients with PD	≤4 mg (ineffective) vs. >4 mg (effective).	The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Melatonin (doses >4 mg)	Decreases - demonstrated a stronger effect	total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores	Human	patients with PD	≤4 mg (ineffective) vs. >4 mg (effective).	The effect of melatonin on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
melatonin	Increases - estimated adjusted means for the total sleep effectiveness	total sleep effectiveness	Human	hospitalized patients	Not specified	Comparison of Melatonin and Zolpidem for Sleep in an Academic Community Hospital: An Analysis of Patient Perception and Inpatient Outcomes.cited 4×
melatonin	No effect - are often employed based on historical usage	treatment of disturbed sleep in Alzheimer's disease	Human	patients with Alzheimer's disease	Not specified	Impact of Pharmacotherapy on Insomnia in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.cited 7×
melatonin	Decreases - recommendations against the use	treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	demented elderly patients	Not specified	Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.cited 228×
strategically timed melatonin	Increases - positive endorsement (at a second-tier degree of confidence)	treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	adults with DSWPD, blind adults with N24SWD, and children/adolescents with ISWRD and comorbid neurological disorders	Not specified	Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (ISWRD). An Update for 2015: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline.cited 228×
melatonin	No effect - sufficient evidence	treatment of sleep disorders in ASD	Human	patients with ASD (aged 0-18 years)	Not specified	Using pharmacotherapy to address sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorders.cited 6×
melatonin	No effect - regulates	wake-sleep rhythm	Human	—	Not specified	The role of melatonin in Multiple Sclerosis.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - recommendations for the use	circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	—	—	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 3×
melatonin and other melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - summarizes their sleep-enhancing properties	sleep	Human	—	—	Drugs Used in Circadian Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disturbances.cited 3×
Exogenous melatonin	Decreases - has demonstrated efficacy in treating	delayed sleep phase disorder	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists as Adjunctive Treatments in Bipolar Disorders.cited 43×
Exogenous melatonin	Increases - improving	overall sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists as Adjunctive Treatments in Bipolar Disorders.cited 43×
Exogenous melatonin	Increases - improving	sleep parameters	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists as Adjunctive Treatments in Bipolar Disorders.cited 43×
melatonin-agonists	Decreases - treat	insomnia, sleep delayed latencies and sleep abnormalities in BD	Human	patients with BD	Not specified	Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists as Adjunctive Treatments in Bipolar Disorders.cited 43×
melatonin-agonists	Decreases - propose as an adjunctive treatment	sleep disorders in BD	Human	patients with BD	Not specified	Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists as Adjunctive Treatments in Bipolar Disorders.cited 43×
Exogenous melatonin	No effect - appears to have modest efficacy in treating	insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders	Human	—	—	Current Insights into the Risks of Using Melatonin as a Treatment for Sleep Disorders in Older Adults.cited 21×
Exogenous melatonin	No effect - is commonly used for	sleep disorders	Human	older adults	—	Current Insights into the Risks of Using Melatonin as a Treatment for Sleep Disorders in Older Adults.cited 21×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - no significant differences in	objective measures of sleep	Human	individuals who reported difficulty sleeping	Not specified	Sleep deficits in the High Arctic summer in relation to light exposure and behaviour: use of melatonin as a countermeasure.cited 13×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - led to an improvement in	subjective sleep difficulty	Human	individuals who reported difficulty sleeping	Not specified	Sleep deficits in the High Arctic summer in relation to light exposure and behaviour: use of melatonin as a countermeasure.cited 13×
Exogenous melatonin	Decreases - is used for	other sleep disturbances	Human	—	—	Perioperative melatonin use.
exogenous melatonin	Increases - most frequently reported	other sleep-related adverse events	Human	subjects with sleep disorders	Daily doses ranged from 0.15 mg to 12 mg.	Adverse Events Associated with Melatonin for the Treatment of Primary or Secondary Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review.cited 93×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - beneficial effect	sleep	Human	individuals with ASD	Not specified	Melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and discussion.cited 53×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - as a measure to improve	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Potential use of melatonin in sleep and delirium in the critically ill.cited 82×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - strongest evidence on promoting sleep	sleep	Human	children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)	Not specified	Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 148×
Exogenous melatonin	Increases - a sleep-inducing (soporific) action appears to occur	sleep	Human	null	0.125mg (small dose mentioned for chronobiotic action; dose-effect relationship noted for sleep-inducing effects).	The use of melatonin in adult psychiatric disorders: Expert recommendations by the French institute of medical research on sleep (SFRMS).cited 35×
exogenous melatonin (5mg)	Increases - improved	sleep continuity	Human	DSPS patients with depressive symptoms (Group I) and without depressive symptoms (Group II)	5mg melatonin	Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome.cited 56×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - widely used for the management of	sleep disorders	Human	visually impaired children	Not available	Melatonin for non-respiratory sleep disorders in visually impaired children.cited 4×
melatonin therapy	No effect - no high quality data to support or refute the use of	sleep disorders	Human	visually impaired children	Not available	Melatonin for non-respiratory sleep disorders in visually impaired children.cited 4×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - is used in the treatment of	sleep disorders and jet leg	Human	—	Not specified	Analgesic, anxiolytic and anaesthetic effects of melatonin: new potential uses in pediatrics.cited 69×
Exogenous melatonin	Decreases - induces drowsiness and sleep and may ameliorate sleep disturbances	sleep disturbances, including the nocturnal awakenings associated with old age and the menopausal transition	Human	old age and the menopausal transition	—	Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women.
more potent melatonin analogs (selective melatonin-1 (MT1) and melatonin-2 (MT2) receptor agonists) with prolonged effects and slow-release melatonin preparations	Increases - were found effective in increasing	sleep efficiency	Human	insomnia patients	—	Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women.
more potent melatonin analogs (selective melatonin-1 (MT1) and melatonin-2 (MT2) receptor agonists) with prolonged effects and slow-release melatonin preparations	Decreases - were found effective in reducing	sleep latency	Human	insomnia patients	—	Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women.
more potent melatonin analogs (selective melatonin-1 (MT1) and melatonin-2 (MT2) receptor agonists) with prolonged effects and slow-release melatonin preparations	Increases - were found effective in increasing	total sleep time	Human	insomnia patients	—	Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women.
exogenous melatonin	No effect - has little if any effect on	sleep efficiency	Human	patients with secondary sleep disorders	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin as a treatment for secondary sleep disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 71×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - lowers	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with secondary sleep disorders	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin as a treatment for secondary sleep disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 71×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - increases	total sleep time	Human	patients with secondary sleep disorders	Not specified	Exogenous melatonin as a treatment for secondary sleep disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 71×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - reducing	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with primary insomnia	Not specified	Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders.cited 193×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - reducing	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome	Not specified	Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders.cited 193×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - regulating	sleep-wake patterns	Human	blind patients	Not specified	Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders.cited 193×
exogenous melatonin	Decreases - lessened	sleep onset latency	Human	shift worker health personnel suffering from sleep disorders	—	The Effects of the Exogenous Melatonin on Shift Work Sleep Disorder in Health Personnel: A Systematic Review.cited 13×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - increased	total sleep period	Human	shift worker health personnel suffering from sleep disorders	—	The Effects of the Exogenous Melatonin on Shift Work Sleep Disorder in Health Personnel: A Systematic Review.cited 13×
exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL)	No effect - lack of consistency of its described effects	sleep-promoting properties	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties.cited 21×
exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL)	No effect - chronobiotic properties	sleep-promoting properties	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties.cited 21×
exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL)	No effect - sleep-inducing properties	sleep-promoting properties	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties.cited 21×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - documented improved	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin in Critical Care.cited 17×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - has been shown to improve	sleep structure and psychotic symptoms	Human	schizophrenia	Not specified	Circadian rhythms and clock genes in psychotic disorders.
exogenous melatonin	No effect - did not observe a difference	sleep-wake cycle	Human	children with therapy-resistant MNE	Not specified	Melatonin treatment in children with therapy-resistant monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.cited 15×
exogenous melatonin	No effect - did not observe a change	sleep-wake cycle	Human	this select group of patients	Not specified	Melatonin treatment in children with therapy-resistant monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.cited 15×
Exogenous melatonin	Increases - has been shown to be useful and safe in improving	sleep-wake cycles and quality of sleep	Human	children	Not specified	Use of Nutraceutical Ingredient Combinations in the Management of Tension-Type Headaches with or without Sleep Disorders.cited 3×
exogenous melatonin	Increases - has been shown to be useful and safe in improving	sleep-wake cycles and sleep quality	Human	children	Not specified	Use of nutritional supplements based on melatonin, tryptophan and vitamin B6 (Melamil Tripto®) in children with primary chronic headache, with or without sleep disorders: a pilot study.cited 11×
oral melatonin treatment in the first three nights after surgery	No effect - cannot yet be generally recommended	improvement of sleep quality or other recovery parameters	Human	—	Not specified	Postoperative circadian disturbances.cited 35×
Evening melatonin administration	Decreases - appears promising	delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD)	Human	young people	Not specified	Delayed sleep phase disorder in youth.cited 54×
paediatric prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM)	No effect - secondary endpoints will be the differences	objective sleep quality parameters	Human	children with PTSD	Not specified in the abstract.	Protocol MelatoSom-Kids-PTSD: sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of paediatric prolonged-release melatonin.
paediatric prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM)	No effect - primary endpoint will be the difference	sleep diary derived total sleep time	Human	children and adolescents with PTSD	Not specified in the abstract.	Protocol MelatoSom-Kids-PTSD: sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of paediatric prolonged-release melatonin.
paediatric prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM)	No effect - will examine the efficacy	sleep disorders	Human	children and adolescents with PTSD	Not specified in the abstract.	Protocol MelatoSom-Kids-PTSD: sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of paediatric prolonged-release melatonin.
paediatric prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM)	No effect - investigating the efficacy	sleep disturbances	Human	children and adolescents with PTSD	Not specified in the abstract.	Protocol MelatoSom-Kids-PTSD: sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of paediatric prolonged-release melatonin.
6 mg regular-release melatonin	No effect - did not increase	total sleep	Human	patients with Dravet syndrome and sleep disturbance	6 mg regular-release melatonin.	Randomized Controlled Trial of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Dravet Syndrome: The DREAMS Study.cited 13×
6 mg regular-release melatonin	No effect - no difference in	wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO)	Human	patients with Dravet syndrome and sleep disturbance	6 mg regular-release melatonin.	Randomized Controlled Trial of Melatonin for Sleep Disturbance in Dravet Syndrome: The DREAMS Study.cited 13×
easily-swallowed prolonged-release melatonin mini-tablets (PedPRM; 2-5 mg)	Increases - demonstrated efficacy in improving	sleep duration and onset	Human	125 subjects aged 2-17.5 years with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Smith-Magenis syndrome and insomnia	2-5 mg (prolonged-release mini-tablets).	Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Child Behavior and Caregiver's Quality of Life.cited 61×
5 mg melatonin	Increases - led to significant improvements	sleep disturbance	Human	adults experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbance	15 mg CBD or 5 mg melatonin, alone or with minor cannabinoids (capsules).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 14×
Valerian and melatonin	Decreases - have a small impact on	sleep latency	Human	—	Not specified	Review of Safety and Efficacy of Sleep Medicines in Older Adults.cited 221×
melatonin (1 mg) capsules	Decreases - advanced	reported sleep-onset times	Human	students aged 14-19 yrs with sleep-onset difficulties	1 mg daily, administered between 16:30 and 18:00.	Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students' sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study.cited 34×
melatonin (1 mg) capsules	Increases - slept longer	sleep duration	Human	students aged 14-19 yrs with sleep-onset difficulties	1 mg daily, administered between 16:30 and 18:00.	Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students' sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study.cited 34×
melatonin (1 mg) capsules	Increases - was longer	sleep length	Human	students aged 14-19 yrs with sleep-onset difficulties	1 mg daily, administered between 16:30 and 18:00.	Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students' sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study.cited 34×
melatonin (1 mg) capsules	Decreases - fell asleep earlier	sleep timing	Human	students aged 14-19 yrs with sleep-onset difficulties	1 mg daily, administered between 16:30 and 18:00.	Melatonin treatment effects on adolescent students' sleep timing and sleepiness in a placebo-controlled crossover study.cited 34×
oral melatonin tablets and standard treatment	Increases - could substantially improve	sleep quality	Human	hospitalized COVID-19 patients	Not specified	Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial.cited 48×
a combination of behavioral and pharmacological methods, primarily melatonin	Decreases - recommend managing	insomnia and sleep disturbances in ASD	Human	—	Not specified	Insomnia in children affected by autism spectrum disorder: The role of melatonin in treatment.cited 2×
add-on melatonin therapy	Decreases - improved	sleep latency	Human	patients with epilepsy	Not specified	Melatonin as an add-on treatment for epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 3×
add-on melatonin treatment	Decreases - improved	sleep latency	Human	patients with epilepsy	Not specified	Melatonin as an add-on treatment for epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 3×
melatonin or melatonin-receptor agonists	No effect - pooled effect was not statistically significant	sleep quality via Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores	Human	—	—	Hypnotic and Melatonin/Melatonin-Receptor Agonist Treatment in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 14×
melatonin or melatonin-receptor agonists	Decreases - suggested beneficial treatment effects	symptoms of sleep disturbance, depression, and mania	Human	patients with BD	—	Hypnotic and Melatonin/Melatonin-Receptor Agonist Treatment in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.cited 14×
low-dose melatonin treatment plus behavioral interventions (ie, evening dim light and time in bed scheduling)	Increases - may improve	many circadian and sleep parameters	Human	adults with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder	0.5 mg melatonin, timed 3 hours before measured DLMO or 5 hours before actigraphy-based sleep onset.	Low-dose exogenous melatonin plus evening dim light and time in bed scheduling advances circadian phase irrespective of measured or estimated dim light melatonin onset time: preliminary findings.cited 4×
melatonin replacement treatment	Decreases - has given satisfactory results	sleep disorders accompanying ASD	Human	ASD	Not specified	Melatonin and Circadian Rhythm in Autism Spectrum Disorders.cited 13×
foods containing melatonin	Increases - were linked to improved	sleep outcomes	Human	otherwise healthy adults	Not specified	Effects of Diet on Sleep: A Narrative Review.cited 110×
prolonged-release melatonin formulation (PRM; Circadin 2 mg)	Decreases - significant differences in favour of PRM vs. placebo treatment were found	sleep latency (diary, primary variable)	Human	patients aged 55-80 years	2 mg once daily, 2 hours before bedtime.	Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response.cited 72×
prolonged-release melatonin formulation (PRM; Circadin 2 mg)	No effect - significant differences in favour of PRM vs. placebo treatment were not found	sleep latency (diary, primary variable)	Human	patients aged 18-80 years	2 mg once daily, 2 hours before bedtime.	Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response.cited 72×
prolonged-release melatonin formulation (PRM; Circadin 2 mg)	Increases - improvements were maintained or enhanced over the 6-month period	sleep variables	Human	insomnia patients	2 mg once daily, 2 hours before bedtime.	Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response.cited 72×
modified-release melatonin as Circadin™	Decreases - differences between melatonin and placebo treatment periods after 3 weeks were seen	effect of pain on sleep	Human	patients with severe noncancer chronic pain	2 mg of Circadin™ before sleep.	Melatonin treatment has consistent but transient beneficial effects on sleep measures and pain in patients with severe chronic pain: the DREAM-CP randomised controlled trial.cited 4×
modified-release melatonin as Circadin™	Increases - differences between melatonin and placebo treatment periods after 3 weeks were seen	overall sleep quality	Human	patients with severe noncancer chronic pain	2 mg of Circadin™ before sleep.	Melatonin treatment has consistent but transient beneficial effects on sleep measures and pain in patients with severe chronic pain: the DREAM-CP randomised controlled trial.cited 4×
modified-release melatonin as Circadin™	No effect - did not improve	sleep disturbance	Human	patients with severe noncancer chronic pain	2 mg of Circadin™ before sleep.	Melatonin treatment has consistent but transient beneficial effects on sleep measures and pain in patients with severe chronic pain: the DREAM-CP randomised controlled trial.cited 4×
modified-release melatonin as Circadin™	Decreases - differences between melatonin and placebo treatment periods after 3 weeks were seen	sleep disturbance	Human	patients with severe noncancer chronic pain	2 mg of Circadin™ before sleep.	Melatonin treatment has consistent but transient beneficial effects on sleep measures and pain in patients with severe chronic pain: the DREAM-CP randomised controlled trial.cited 4×
modified-release melatonin as Circadin™	Decreases - differences between melatonin and placebo treatment periods after 3 weeks were seen	sleep latency	Human	patients with severe noncancer chronic pain	2 mg of Circadin™ before sleep.	Melatonin treatment has consistent but transient beneficial effects on sleep measures and pain in patients with severe chronic pain: the DREAM-CP randomised controlled trial.cited 4×
slow-release melatonin (6 mg)	Increases - showed significant improvements	depression and sleep	Human	participants with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition) diagnosis of MDD and early-morning waking	6 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime.	A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment as usual plus exogenous slow-release melatonin (6 mg) or placebo for sleep disturbance and depressed mood.cited 48×
slow-release melatonin (6 mg)	No effect - was not specific to	improvements in depression and sleep	Human	participants with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition) diagnosis of MDD and early-morning waking	6 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime.	A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment as usual plus exogenous slow-release melatonin (6 mg) or placebo for sleep disturbance and depressed mood.cited 48×
reduction in melatonin production	Increases - induces	insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, sleep disturbance, metabolic circadian disorganization	Human	during aging, shift-work or illuminated environments during the night	Not specified	Melatonin, energy metabolism, and obesity: a review.cited 378×
melatonin 3 mg/day	Decreases - significant decrease	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores	Human	PD patients with subjective sleep complaints	—	Safety and efficacy of melatonin, clonazepam, and trazodone in patients with Parkinson's disease and sleep disorders: a randomized, double-blind trial.cited 21×
melatonin 3 mg/day	Increases - tolerable and effective in improving	sleep quality	Human	patients with PD	—	Safety and efficacy of melatonin, clonazepam, and trazodone in patients with Parkinson's disease and sleep disorders: a randomized, double-blind trial.cited 21×
reduced evening melatonin production due to traumatic brain damage	Increases - may cause	disruption of circadian regulation of sleep and wakefulness	Human	—	Not available	Traumatic brain injury and disturbed sleep and wakefulness.cited 42×
melatonin supplements and melatonin agonists	Increases - showed advancing effects on	sleep-wake cycle	Human	healthy participants	Not specified	Melatonergic agents influence the sleep-wake and circadian rhythms in healthy and psychiatric participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 12×
Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonist	No effect - is widely used agent in the therapy of	sleep disturbances	Human	—	Not specified	The role of melatonin and melatonin receptor agonist in the prevention of sleep disturbances and delirium in intensive care unit - a clinical review.cited 29×
melatonin and ramelteon	No effect - role in the prevention of	delirium and sleep disorders	Human	intensive care units	Not specified	The role of melatonin and melatonin receptor agonist in the prevention of sleep disturbances and delirium in intensive care unit - a clinical review.cited 29×
administration of exogenous melatonin	No effect - current treatment option	Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders	Human	—	Not available	Chronobiological disorders: current and prevalent conditions.cited 6×
long-term treatment with bright light and melatonin	No effect - returned to baseline levels	sleep duration	Human	adolescents and young adults with DSPD	Not specified for DIM (study focused on melatonin and light therapy).	A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep.cited 72×
long-term treatment with bright light and melatonin	No effect - maintained an advanced sleep phase	sleep phase	Human	adolescents and young adults with DSPD	Not specified for DIM (study focused on melatonin and light therapy).	A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep.cited 72×
bright light and melatonin	No effect - allowed maintenance of the advanced sleep phase	sleep phase	Human	adolescents and young adults with DSPD	Not specified for DIM (study focused on melatonin and light therapy).	A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: effects on subjective and objective sleep.cited 72×
melatonin supplement	Increases - significant improvement	sleep duration	Human	children diagnosed with ASD	Not specified	Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD.cited 5×
melatonin supplement	Increases - significant improvement	sleep efficiency	Human	children diagnosed with ASD	Not specified	Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD.cited 5×
melatonin supplement	Decreases - significant improvement	sleep onset latency	Human	children diagnosed with ASD	Not specified	Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD.cited 5×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - similar effectiveness	sleep quality	Human	children with ASD	Not specified	Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD.cited 5×
melatonin supplement	Increases - could improve	sleep quality	Human	children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)	—	Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of physical exercise and melatonin supplement on treating sleep disturbance in children with autism spectrum disorders.cited 1×
add-on melatonin with valproate	Decreases - improvement was significantly better	Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	Human	adults with generalized epilepsy with generalized onset motor seizure	3 mg/day melatonin (add-on to valproate 20 mg/kg in two divided doses).	Effect of add-on melatonin on seizure outcome, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and quality of life in generalized epilepsy with generalized onset motor seizures in adults: A randomized controlled trial.cited 13×
melatonin formulation	Increases - found a significant improvement	one or more sleep parameters	Human	—	Not specified in the abstract.	Pharmacokinetics of exogenous melatonin in relation to formulation, and effects on sleep: A systematic review.cited 18×
melatonin receptors agonists (ramelteon, prolonged-release melatonin, agomelatine and tasimelteon)	No effect - have recently become available for the treatment of	insomnia, depression and circadian rhythms sleep-wake disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Therapeutic effects of melatonin receptor agonists on sleep and comorbid disorders.cited 75×
melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - Beneficial effects of	comorbid neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular and metabolic symptomatology beyond sleep regulation	Human	—	Not specified	Therapeutic effects of melatonin receptor agonists on sleep and comorbid disorders.cited 75×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - was shorter	actual sleep time	Human	children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset	Not specified (treatment involved full dose for 3 weeks, half dose for 1 week, then discontinuation).	Termination of short term melatonin treatment in children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset: effects on sleep, health, behavior problems, and parenting stress.cited 15×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - deteriorated	Sleep efficiency	Human	children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset	Not specified (treatment involved full dose for 3 weeks, half dose for 1 week, then discontinuation).	Termination of short term melatonin treatment in children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset: effects on sleep, health, behavior problems, and parenting stress.cited 15×
melatonin treatment	Increases - was longer	Sleep latency	Human	children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset	Not specified (treatment involved full dose for 3 weeks, half dose for 1 week, then discontinuation).	Termination of short term melatonin treatment in children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset: effects on sleep, health, behavior problems, and parenting stress.cited 15×
melatonin treatment	Increases - was later	Sleep start	Human	children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset	Not specified (treatment involved full dose for 3 weeks, half dose for 1 week, then discontinuation).	Termination of short term melatonin treatment in children with delayed Dim Light Melatonin Onset: effects on sleep, health, behavior problems, and parenting stress.cited 15×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - may be efficacious in addressing	ADHD-related sleep problems	Human	ADHD patients	Not specified	A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.cited 113×
melatonin treatment	No effect - No effects on	chronic sleep reduction	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Increases - had positive effects on	sleep efficiency (actigraphy data)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - decreased	sleep latency (sleep diary)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - had positive effects on	sleep latency (actigraphy data)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - advanced	sleep onset (sleep diary)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - advanced	sleep onset (actigraphy)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Increases - had positive effects on	sleep time (sleep diary data)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Increases - had positive effects on	sleep time (actigraphy data)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	Increases - increased	wake after sleep onset (actigraphy)	Human	children with chronic sleep onset insomnia and late melatonin onset	Not specified	Effects of Melatonin and Bright Light Treatment in Childhood Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia With Late Melatonin Onset: A Randomized Controlled Study.cited 33×
melatonin treatment	No effect - can be sustained over a long period of time without substantial deviation	development of children with respect to sleep quality, puberty development and mental health scores	Human	children	Mean dose 2.69 mg (range 0.3–10 mg).	Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia.cited 50×
melatonin treatment	Increases - was effective in improving	self-perceived sleep quality	Human	patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)	Not specified	Poorer sleep quality predicts melatonin response in patients with traumatic brain injury: findings from a randomized controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin treatment	Increases - explained an additional 32% of the variance in change	self-reported sleep quality scores (follow-up minus baseline score) as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	—	Not specified	Poorer sleep quality predicts melatonin response in patients with traumatic brain injury: findings from a randomized controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin treatment	Increases - have the most to gain from	sleep quality	Human	participants who report poorer sleep quality in a sample comprising predominantly severe TBI and comorbid insomnia	Not specified	Poorer sleep quality predicts melatonin response in patients with traumatic brain injury: findings from a randomized controlled trial.cited 5×
melatonin treatment	Decreases - therapeutic benefit	sleep disorders related to chronic kidney disease	Human	patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), especially those who are on hemodialysis	Not specified	The role of melatonin treatment in chronic kidney disease.cited 38×
melatonin treatment	No effect - results were inconclusive	sleep quality	Human	patients with dementia	Not specified	Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review.cited 76×
melatonin treatment	Increases - has a promising effect on improving	sleep quality	Human	AD patients	Not specified	Melatonin regulates Aβ production/clearance balance and Aβ neurotoxicity: A potential therapeutic molecule for Alzheimer's disease.cited 135×
melatonin treatment	Increases - improves	subjective sleep quality	Human	postmenopausal women with preexisting sleep impairment	3 mg and above	Melatonin and the health of menopausal women: A systematic review.cited 16×
melatonin agonists	Decreases - are used to treat	sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	Sleep Control, GPCRs, and Glucose Metabolism.cited 26×
3 mg oral melatonin treatment daily	Decreases - exhibited a significantly lower score	Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	Human	healthy perimenopausal women	3 mg oral melatonin daily.	Influence of Melatonin Treatment on Emotion, Sleep, and Life Quality in Perimenopausal Women: A Clinical Study.cited 1×
Oral melatonin (10 mg)	No effect - showed no significant difference regarding	duration of night sleep	Human	critically ill patients	10 mg orally per night.	The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 53×
Oral melatonin (10 mg)	Increases - was associated with better	sleep quality	Human	critically ill patients	10 mg orally per night.	The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 53×
Oral melatonin (10 mg)	Increases - increased the proportion of participants with	very good sleep	Human	critically ill patients	10 mg orally per night.	The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 53×
Oral melatonin (10 mg)	Decreases - decreased the proportion of participants with	very poor sleep	Human	critically ill patients	10 mg orally per night.	The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Sleep Quality and Assessment of the Serum Melatonin in ICU Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 53×
oral melatonin	Increases - improvement in sleep	sleep	Human	—	200 mg, taken once daily two hours before bedtime	Comparison Between Efficacy of Oral Melatonin and Oral L-theanine in Improving Sleep in Cancer Patients Suffering From Insomnia: A Randomised Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Study.cited 2×
oral melatonin	Decreases - some evidence of benefit	sleep disturbance	Human	children and young people with neurodisabilities	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for non-respiratory sleep disturbance in children with neurodisabilities: a systematic review.cited 25×
oral melatonin	No effect - degree of benefit is uncertain	sleep disturbance	Human	children and young people with neurodisabilities	Not specified	Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for non-respiratory sleep disturbance in children with neurodisabilities: a systematic review.cited 25×
oral melatonin	Increases - demonstrating the efficacy	sleep quality	Human	children with nocturnal pruritus	Not specified	Itching at night: A review on reducing nocturnal pruritus in children.cited 12×
oral melatonin	Increases - led to improved	sleep quality (PSQI)	Human	patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair	5 mg taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Effects of Melatonin on Sleep Quality and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.
supplemental melatonin	Increases - benefits from taking	minimal antioxidative properties, sleep enhancement, or other potential methods of action	HumanMolecular	—	1 to 3 mg daily (modest doses mentioned).	Does melatonin have therapeutic use in tinnitus?cited 3×
Supplemental melatonin	Increases - showed improvement in	sleep	Human	children	1 or 3 mg	Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes.cited 146×
Supplemental melatonin	Decreases - was effective in week 1 of treatment	sleep latency	Human	children	1 or 3 mg	Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes.cited 146×
Supplemental melatonin	Decreases - maintained effects over several months	sleep latency	Human	children	1 or 3 mg	Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes.cited 146×
Supplemental melatonin	Decreases - improved	sleep latency	Human	most children	1 or 3 mg	Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes.cited 146×
Supplemental melatonin	Decreases - has shown promise in treating	sleep onset insomnia	Human	children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)	1 or 3 mg	Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes.cited 146×
supplemental melatonin	Increases - should consider the use to improve sleep	sleep	Human	women with lower levels of melatonin	Not specified	Overnight urinary melatonin levels in women with and without HIV: An observational cohort study.cited 1×
Administration of melatonin or tasimelteon at bedtime	Decreases - resulting in continued problems	sleep	Human	individuals with non-24	0.5 mg melatonin (small, non-soporific doses).	Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-24-h Sleep-Wake Disorder in the Blind.cited 28×
the melatonin agonist tasimelteon	Increases - resulting in improvements	night-time sleep	Human	individuals with non-24-h sleep-wake disorder (non-24)	0.5 mg melatonin (small, non-soporific doses).	Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-24-h Sleep-Wake Disorder in the Blind.cited 28×
Orally administered melatonin	Increases - resulting in improvements	night-time sleep	Human	individuals with non-24-h sleep-wake disorder (non-24)	0.5 mg melatonin (small, non-soporific doses).	Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-24-h Sleep-Wake Disorder in the Blind.cited 28×
Melatonin or mirtazapine	Increases - seem to improve	sleep quality	Human	patients with Angelman syndrome	—	Therapeutic approach to neurological manifestations of Angelman syndrome.cited 5×
daily combination of 1200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide and 0.2 mg of melatonin	Increases - improve	sleep	Human	fibromyalgia patients	1200 mg palmitoylethanolamide and 0.2 mg melatonin daily.	A Fixed Combination of Palmitoylethanolamide and Melatonin (PEATONIDE) for the Management of Pain, Sleep, and Disability in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study.cited 1×
Melatonin with or without BLT	No effect - did not improve	sleep in general	Human	49 adults (18-55 years) with ADHD and DSPS	0.5 mg/day melatonin, with or without 30 minutes of bright light therapy (BLT) between 0700 and 0800 h.	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effects of Chronotherapy on Sleep.cited 6×
Melatonin with or without BLT	No effect - did not advance	sleep times	Human	49 adults (18-55 years) with ADHD and DSPS	0.5 mg/day melatonin, with or without 30 minutes of bright light therapy (BLT) between 0700 and 0800 h.	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial on the Effects of Chronotherapy on Sleep.cited 6×
combined melatonin and bright light therapies	Increases - was more beneficial than single therapy	sleep outcomes	Human	elderly populations suffering from cognitive decline	Not available	The efficacy of combined bright light and melatonin therapies on sleep and circadian outcomes: A systematic review.cited 13×
combined melatonin and bright light therapies	No effect - did not show any benefit	sleep outcomes	Human	delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) patients	Not available	The efficacy of combined bright light and melatonin therapies on sleep and circadian outcomes: A systematic review.cited 13×
prolonged-release melatonin (2 mg)	No effect - did not affect	EEG slow-wave activity (SWA, 0.75-4.5 Hz) during nocturnal non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep	Human	sixteen healthy men and women aged 55-64 years	2 mg prolonged-release melatonin (single oral dose).	Randomised clinical trial of the effects of prolonged-release melatonin, temazepam and zolpidem on slow-wave activity during sleep in healthy people.
prolonged-release melatonin (2 mg)	No effect - did not affect	EEG slow-wave activity (SWA, 0.75-4.5 Hz) during nocturnal non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep	Human	sixteen healthy men and women aged 55-64 years	2 mg prolonged-release melatonin (single oral dose).	Randomised clinical trial of the effects of prolonged-release melatonin, temazepam and zolpidem on slow-wave activity during sleep in healthy people.
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Decreases - can be used to treat	numerous organic diseases associated with sleep disorders	Human	—	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Decreases - can be used to treat	sleep and circadian rhythm disorders	Human	—	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Decreases - shows efficacy in the treatment of	sleep disorders	Human	patients with mood disorders, schizophrenia, and neurocognitive disorders	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Decreases - efficacy may also extend to	sleep disorders associated with mood, neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders	Human	—	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Increases - showing significant improvements in	sleep quality	Human	subjects over the age of 55 with primary insomnia	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Increases - evidence of a positive impact on	sleep quality	Human	patients with neurodevelopmental disorders	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
Prolonged-release melatonin (PRM)	Increases - is an effective chronopharmaceutical for restoring	sleep-wake rhythm	Human	patients with insomnia disorder	Not specified	The use of prolonged-release melatonin in circadian medicine: a systematic review.cited 1×
prolonged-release melatonin	No effect - had no effect on	objective sleep efficiency	Human	patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder and long-term use of benzodiazepines in combination with antipsychotics	Not specified	Objective and subjective sleep quality: Melatonin versus placebo add-on treatment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder withdrawing from long-term benzodiazepine use.cited 20×
prolonged-release melatonin	Increases - significantly improved	self-reported sleep quality	Human	patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder and long-term use of benzodiazepines in combination with antipsychotics	Not specified	Objective and subjective sleep quality: Melatonin versus placebo add-on treatment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder withdrawing from long-term benzodiazepine use.cited 20×
prolonged release (PR) melatonin	Increases - appears efficacious with a small to medium effect size	objective sleep efficiency (oSE)	Human	patients with insomnia disorder	Not specified	Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 8×
prolonged release (PR) melatonin	Increases - was efficacious on oSE with a large effect size	objective sleep efficiency (oSE)	Human	patients with a mean age ≥55	Not specified	Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 8×
prolonged release (PR) melatonin	Decreases - appears efficacious with a small to medium effect size	objective sleep onset latency (oSOL)	Human	patients with insomnia disorder	Not specified	Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 8×
prolonged release (PR) melatonin	Decreases - appears efficacious with a small to medium effect size	subjective sleep onset latency (sSOL)	Human	patients with insomnia disorder	Not specified	Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.cited 8×
prolonged-release melatonin	No effect - remains a safe, effective therapy	sleep disorders	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	4-6 mg	Prolonged-release melatonin for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 49×
prolonged-release melatonin	Increases - increased	sleep duration	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	4-6 mg	Prolonged-release melatonin for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 49×
prolonged-release melatonin	Decreases - decreased	sleep latency	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	4-6 mg	Prolonged-release melatonin for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 49×
prolonged-release melatonin	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	children with neurodevelopmental disorders	4-6 mg	Prolonged-release melatonin for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 49×
Prolonged release melatonin (PRM)	No effect - did not differ from the placebo	sleep latency	Human	patients with low endogenous melatonin (6-sulphatoxymelatonin [6-SMT] ≤8 µg/night) regardless of age	Not specified in the abstract.	Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety.cited 96×
Prolonged release melatonin (PRM)	Decreases - significantly reduced	sleep latency	Human	elderly patients regardless of melatonin levels	Not specified in the abstract.	Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety.cited 96×
Prolonged release melatonin (PRM)	Increases - were maintained or enhanced	sleep latency and additional sleep and daytime parameters	Human	patients	Not specified in the abstract.	Nightly treatment of primary insomnia with prolonged release melatonin for 6 months: a randomized placebo controlled trial on age and endogenous melatonin as predictors of efficacy and safety.cited 96×
Prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®)	Decreases - improvements in	sleep latency	Human	insomnia patients aged 55 years and older	2 mg once daily.	Prolonged-release formulation of melatonin (Circadin) for the treatment of insomnia.cited 77×
Prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®)	Increases - improvements in	sleep quality	Human	insomnia patients aged 55 years and older	2 mg once daily.	Prolonged-release formulation of melatonin (Circadin) for the treatment of insomnia.cited 77×
Prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®)	No effect - Untoward effects of hypnotics on	sleep structure	Human	insomnia patients aged 55 years and older	2 mg once daily.	Prolonged-release formulation of melatonin (Circadin) for the treatment of insomnia.cited 77×
NL plus melatonin (NLM)	Increases - improved	perceived sleep quality	Human	healthy subjects	1 mg oral melatonin administered at 21:00.	Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?cited 62×
NL plus melatonin (NLM)	Decreases - shorter	sleep onset latency	Human	healthy subjects	1 mg oral melatonin administered at 21:00.	Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?cited 62×
NL plus melatonin (NLM)	Increases - longer	total sleep time (TST)	Human	healthy subjects	1 mg oral melatonin administered at 21:00.	Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation?cited 62×
improved melatonin balance	Increases - could result in better sleep quality	sleep quality	Human	—	Not specified	The influence of phototherapy on circadian melatonin and sleep regulation and potential benefits of these pathways in the management of vitiligo: a narrative review : Vitiligo, phototherapy, sleep and melatonin.
melatonin granules	Decreases - shortened significantly	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	children 6 to 15 years of age who had neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and sleep problems	1, 2, or 4 mg melatonin granules orally.	Long-term melatonin treatment for the sleep problems and aberrant behaviors of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.cited 27×
combined administration of fluoxetine and melatonin	Decreases - was useful option to treat	mood, sleep and appetite disorders	Human	postmenopausal women	5 mg melatonin in the evening, daily.	Effects of fluoxetine and melatonin on mood, sleep quality and body mass index in postmenopausal women.cited 38×
add-on prolonged-release melatonin (PRM) (2 mg)	Increases - was also better	sleep efficiency	Human	patients diagnosed with mild to moderate AD	2 mg nightly	Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.cited 151×
add-on prolonged-release melatonin (PRM) (2 mg)	Increases - resulted in significant and clinically meaningful effects	sleep efficiency	Human	patients diagnosed with mild to moderate AD with comorbid insomnia (PSQI ≥6)	2 mg nightly	Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.cited 151×
melatonin and its receptor agonists	No effect - clinical effects are described	sleep duration, continuity, and architecture	Human	adults with chronic insomnia	Not available	Prescription Drugs Used in Insomnia.cited 12×
melatonin and its receptor agonists	No effect - clinical effects are described	sleep duration, continuity, and architecture	Human	adults with chronic insomnia	Not available	Prescription Drugs Used in Insomnia.cited 18×
melatonin infusion into the PFH	Increases - significantly increased	NREM sleep	Animal	C57BL/6J mice	—	Melatonin promotes sleep in mice by inhibiting orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus.
2 mg per night capsulated sustained-release melatonin (Circadin®)	No effect - no significant difference seen	sleep quality	Human	patients with nocturia secondary to multiple sclerosis	2 mg per night (taken at bedtime) of sustained-release melatonin (Circadin®).	Results of a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of melatonin for treatment of Nocturia in adults with multiple sclerosis (MeNiMS).cited 24×
Melatonin or other sleep-promoting agents	Increases - may help	sleep during required rest periods and when adjusting to night-shift work	Human	shift workers	Not specified	Managing the patient with shift-work disorder.cited 15×
3 mg time-release melatonin	Increases - a larger proportion demonstrated a treatment response	actigraphy-assessed sleep duration	Human	survivors with sleep impairment only	3 mg time-release melatonin.	A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the effectiveness of melatonin on neurocognition and sleep in survivors of childhood cancer.cited 3×
3 mg time-release melatonin	No effect - no statistically significant differences	sleep	Human	survivors from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort	3 mg time-release melatonin.	A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of the effectiveness of melatonin on neurocognition and sleep in survivors of childhood cancer.cited 3×
nighttime use of melatonin	Increases - had the most promising results	nighttime sleep	Human	residents of long-term care facilities	Not specified	A systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions to improve nighttime sleep among residents of long-term care settings.cited 28×
disrupted melatonin pathways	Increases - suggest multi-level causative mechanism	development of sleep disorders	Human	MS patients	Not available	Pathophysiological background and clinical characteristics of sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis.cited 27×
timed melatonin	Decreases - Treatment focuses on	Non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder	Human	blind individuals	Not specified	Non-24-hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder.cited 6×
actigraphy or urinary metabolites of melatonin	Decreases - show that sleep is markedly impaired	sleep	Human	hospitalized patients	Not specified	Sleep and sleep-disordered breathing in the hospitalized patient.cited 34×
melatonin alone	Increases - significant improvements	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	patients with unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus developed within 3months	Not specified	Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus.cited 8×
melatonin and IT dexamethazone	Increases - significant improvements	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	patients with unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus developed within 3months	Not specified	Intratympanic dexamethasone plus melatonin versus melatonin only in the treatment of unilateral acute idiopathic tinnitus.cited 8×
0.5 mg fast-release melatonin combined with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling	Decreases - decreased	PROMIS sleep disturbance	Human	clinically diagnosed DSWPD patients with delayed melatonin rhythm relative to DBT	0.5 mg fast-release melatonin, taken 1 hour before desired bedtime for at least 5 consecutive nights per week.	Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 71×
0.5 mg fast-release melatonin combined with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling	Increases - increased	sleep efficiency in the first third of time in bed (SE T1)	Human	clinically diagnosed DSWPD patients with delayed melatonin rhythm relative to DBT	0.5 mg fast-release melatonin, taken 1 hour before desired bedtime for at least 5 consecutive nights per week.	Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 71×
0.5 mg fast-release melatonin combined with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling	Decreases - occurred earlier	sleep onset time	Human	clinically diagnosed DSWPD patients with delayed melatonin rhythm relative to DBT	0.5 mg fast-release melatonin, taken 1 hour before desired bedtime for at least 5 consecutive nights per week.	Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 71×
0.5 mg fast-release melatonin combined with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling	Decreases - decreased	subjective sleep-related daytime impairment (PROMIS)	Human	clinically diagnosed DSWPD patients with delayed melatonin rhythm relative to DBT	0.5 mg fast-release melatonin, taken 1 hour before desired bedtime for at least 5 consecutive nights per week.	Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: A double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 71×
6 mg oral melatonin	No effect - had no effects	other objective sleep outcomes	Human	patients in breast cancer surgery	6 mg approximately 60 minutes before bedtime.	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep in the Perioperative Period after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 46×
6 mg oral melatonin	Increases - significantly increased	sleep efficiency	Human	patients in breast cancer surgery	6 mg approximately 60 minutes before bedtime.	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep in the Perioperative Period after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 46×
6 mg oral melatonin	No effect - had no effects	subjective sleep quality (VAS and KSS)	Human	patients in breast cancer surgery	6 mg approximately 60 minutes before bedtime.	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep in the Perioperative Period after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 46×
6 mg oral melatonin	Decreases - reduced	wake after sleep onset	Human	patients in breast cancer surgery	6 mg approximately 60 minutes before bedtime.	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep in the Perioperative Period after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 46×
administration of melatonin as a chronobiotic	No effect - treatments include	Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD)	Human	adolescents	Not specified	Circadian rhythm disorders among adolescents: assessment and treatment options.cited 26×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - being unchanged	all other sleep parameters	Human	people with complete tetraplegia	3 mg nightly	Sleep disruption in tetraplegia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 mg melatonin.cited 6×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improved significantly	duration of sleep per night	Human	people with complete tetraplegia	3 mg nightly	Sleep disruption in tetraplegia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 mg melatonin.cited 6×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - showed a significant increase	light sleep	Human	people with complete tetraplegia	3 mg nightly	Sleep disruption in tetraplegia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 mg melatonin.cited 6×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improved significantly	Subjective sleep	Human	people with complete tetraplegia	3 mg nightly	Sleep disruption in tetraplegia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 3 mg melatonin.cited 6×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - did not significantly change	durations of other sleep stages	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - significantly increased	sleep efficiency	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly shortened	sleep onset latency	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly decreased	sleep onset latency to Stage 2	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - significantly increased	Stage 2 sleep	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - significantly increased	total sleep time	Human	hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers	2.5 mg nightly	Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial.cited 68×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly reduced	global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores	Human	patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)	2 mg prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®) nightly, 2 hours before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial.cited 88×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - increased	sleep efficiency on actigraphy	Human	patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)	2 mg prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®) nightly, 2 hours before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial.cited 88×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no effect	sleep onset latency	Human	patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI)	2 mg prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin®) nightly, 2 hours before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial.cited 88×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly decreased	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index	Human	diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients	2 x 5mg/day (10mg total daily dose), taken 1 hour before bedtime.	The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Parameters of Mental Health, Glycemic Control, Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.cited 39×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly decreased	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index	Human	patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)	—	The effects of melatonin supplementation on mental health, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment.cited 35×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly decreased	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index	Human	women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)	10 mg melatonin (two 5 mg capsules) once daily before bedtime.	Effects of melatonin administration on mental health parameters, metabolic and genetic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.cited 58×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly reduced	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	patients with PD	10 mg melatonin (two 5 mg capsules) once daily before bedtime.	Melatonin supplementation and the effects on clinical and metabolic status in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.cited 53×
melatonin supplementation (3 mg/night for 12 weeks)	Decreases - decreased	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores	Human	persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS)	3 mg/night	12-week melatonin supplementation improved dynamic postural stability and walking performance in persons living with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial.cited 3×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - did not significantly change	Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores	Human	patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS)	3 mg or 5 mg daily.	Impact of oral melatonin supplementation on urine and serum melatonin concentrations and quality-of-life measures in persons with relapsing multiple sclerosis.
melatonin supplementation	No effect - investigate the change in	sleep	Human	MS patients	3 mg/night	12-week melatonin intake attenuates cardiac autonomic dysfunction and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized controlled trial.
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improves	sleep	Human	AD patients	Not specified	Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease.cited 147×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - increasingly applied	sleep	Human	older persons	Not specified	Physiological melatonin levels in healthy older people: A systematic review.cited 78×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improves	sleep	Human	intensive care patients	Not specified	Statistical analysis plan for the Prophylactic Melatonin for Delirium in Intensive Care (ProMEDIC): a randomised controlled trial.cited 3×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - suggested improvements in	sleep conditions	Human	patients with MS	Not specified	Clinical efficacy and safety of melatonin supplementation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.cited 11×
melatonin supplementation	Decreases - could be ameliorated	sleep disturbance and fatigue	Human	children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS)	3 mg or 10 mg of melatonin.	Neural Correlates of Sleep Recovery following Melatonin Treatment for Pediatric Concussion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 17×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - may improve	sleep disturbances	Human	post-TBI	Not specified	Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols.cited 3×
Melatonin supplementation	Decreases - shortened	sleep-onset latency	Human	children with atopic dermatitis (AD)	3 mg/d	Melatonin Supplementation for Children With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 105×
Melatonin supplementation	Decreases - is a safe and effective way to improve	sleep-onset latency and disease severity	Human	children with AD	3 mg/d	Melatonin Supplementation for Children With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial.cited 105×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	patients with type 2 diabetes	Not available	Molecular Mechanisms of the Melatonin Receptor Pathway Linking Circadian Rhythm to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improved	sleep quality	Human	patients with type 2 diabetes	Not available	Molecular Mechanisms of the Melatonin Receptor Pathway Linking Circadian Rhythm to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
melatonin supplementation	No effect - secondary outcomes include changes in	sleep quality	Human	—	5 mg melatonin tablets twice daily.	Effects of melatonin supplementation on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.cited 1×
melatonin supplementation	Increases - improved	sleep quality index using PSQI	Human	healthy women aged 55 years and older with insomnia	2 mg melatonin every night.	Melatonin Supplementation for Six Weeks Had No Effect on Arterial Stiffness and Mitochondrial DNA in Women Aged 55 Years and Older with Insomnia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study.cited 7×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - not in	sleep-wake disturbance	Human	elderly patients in medical wards	Not specified	Exogenous Melatonin for Delirium Prevention: a Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 46×
melatonin supplementation	No effect - did not significantly improve	subjective sleep quality	Human	orthopedic trauma patients	—	Effectiveness of melatonin treatment for sleep disturbance in orthopaedic trauma patients: A prospective, randomized control trial.cited 3×
melatonin treatments	No effect - no clear evidence was shown	sleep efficiency	Human	Patients with sleep disorder	Not mentioned	Effects of exogenous melatonin supplementation on health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses based on randomized controlled trials.cited 15×
melatonin treatments	Decreases - significantly improved	sleep onset latency	Human	Patients with sleep disorder	Not mentioned	Effects of exogenous melatonin supplementation on health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses based on randomized controlled trials.cited 15×
melatonin replacement therapy	Increases - can improve	sleep	HumanAnimal	many AS patients	Not specified	Angelman syndrome and melatonin: What can they teach us about sleep regulation.cited 9×
melatonin receptor agonists	Decreases - significantly shortened	objectively measured sleep onset latency	Human	adults with insomnia	Not specified in the abstract.	The Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Insomnia Drugs: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 153 Randomized Trials.cited 16×
melatonin receptor agonists	Decreases - significantly shortened	subjectively measured sleep onset latency	Human	adults with insomnia	Not specified in the abstract.	The Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Insomnia Drugs: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 153 Randomized Trials.cited 16×
supplemental melatonin medication	Decreases - degraded effectiveness	sleep quality	Human	children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)	Not specified.	Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial examining the association between physical activity and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorder based on the melatonin-mediated mechanism model.cited 8×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	Decreases - significantly decreased	percentage of N2 sleep	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	percent of N1 sleep	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	percent of N3 sleep	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	percent of REM sleep	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	sleep efficiency	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	sleep latency	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	Increases - is effective and safe in improving	some aspects of objective sleep quality such as total sleep time, percentage of rapid eye movement and early morning wake time	Human	middle-aged patients with insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	No effect - had no significant effect	wake during the sleep	Human	middle-aged patients with primary insomnia	3 mg fast-release melatonin daily, taken 1 hour before bedtime.	Efficacy of melatonin for sleep disturbance in middle-aged primary insomnia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.cited 28×
exogenous melatonin supplementation	Increases - recommend its use in aiding patients in improving	sleep	Human	pediatric special populations	Not specified	Review of Melatonin Supplementation for Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Special Populations.cited 3×
oral melatonin (as Circadin) 2 mg at night	No effect - investigate the effects	sleep disturbance	Human	adults with severe non-malignant pain of at least 3 months' duration	2 mg daily (as modified-release Circadin)	Phase II double-blind randomised controlled trial of exogenous administration of melatonin in chronic pain (DREAM-CP): a study protocol.cited 3×
Melatonin plus standard treatment	Increases - The evidence is very uncertain about the effect	sleep score	Human	adult participants with cancer	Not specified in the abstract.	Melatonin in cancer treatment.cited 1×
melatonin receptor antagonist, ramelteon	Decreases - is an alternative for some patients	sleep-onset difficulty	Human	patients with only sleep-onset difficulty	Not mentioned	Pharmacotherapy of insomnia.cited 13×
2 mg of sustained-release melatonin	Increases - caused a significant improvement	sleep quality	Human	rotating night shift workers	2 mg sustained-release melatonin, administered at night or in the morning depending on shift schedule.	Effect of oral melatonin treatment on insulin resistance and diurnal blood pressure variability in night shift workers. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.cited 5×
melatonin treatment at bedtime	Increases - improves	sleep quality	Human	rotating night shift workers	2 mg sustained-release melatonin, administered at night or in the morning depending on shift schedule.	Effect of oral melatonin treatment on insulin resistance and diurnal blood pressure variability in night shift workers. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.cited 5×
melatonin therapy	Decreases - appear the most effective at ameliorating	multiple domains of sleep problems	Human	children with ASD	Not available	Effectiveness of Sleep-Based Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Synthesis.cited 92×
melatonin therapy	Increases - marginally improved	sleep efficacy (SE)	Human	patients with dementia	Not specified	Melatonin for sleep disorders and cognition in dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 77×
melatonin therapy	Increases - prolonged	total sleep time (TST)	Human	patients with dementia	Not specified	Melatonin for sleep disorders and cognition in dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 77×
prolonged-release (PR) melatonin (Circadin) 4 mg	No effect - No differences between groups at the primary endpoint	aggregate of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder incidents averaged over weeks 5 to 8 of treatment	Human	PD patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	4 mg orally once daily before bedtime.	Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial.cited 84×
prolonged-release (PR) melatonin (Circadin) 4 mg	No effect - did not reduce	rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder incidents	Human	PD patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	4 mg orally once daily before bedtime.	Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial.cited 84×
novel pediatric-appropriate, prolonged-release melatonin minitablets (PedPRM)	Increases - slept on average longer at night	total sleep time (TST)	Human	children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with or without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity, and neurogenetic disorders (NGD)	2 mg escalated to 5 mg.	Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.cited 147×
Nighttime melatonin	Decreases - as needed	delayed sleep phase disorder	Human	adolescence	Not specified	Common sleep disorders in children.cited 87×
prolonged-released melatonin	Increases - should represent a first-line drug	multiple sleep and daytime parameters	Human	women aged ≥ 55 years	Not specified	Insomnia and menopause: a narrative review on mechanisms and treatments.cited 52×
melatonin and bright light treatment	Decreases - seems to be promising	sleep disorders in Alzheimer's disease	Human	patients with Alzheimer's disease	Not specified	Sleep and Alzheimer's disease.cited 285×
exogenous melatonin administration	Decreases - treatments include	delayed sleep phase disorder	Human	adolescents	Not mentioned	Delayed sleep wake phase disorder in adolescents: an updated review.cited 2×
exogenous oral melatonin	Decreases - significant improvement	sleep disturbances	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
exogenous oral melatonin	Increases - significant improvement	sleep duration	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
exogenous oral melatonin	No effect - no significant difference	sleep efficiency	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
exogenous oral melatonin	Decreases - significant improvement	sleep latency	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
exogenous oral melatonin	Increases - highly significant improvement	subjective sleep quality	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
exogenous oral melatonin	Decreases - highly significant improvement	total score of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)	Human	melatonin-treated patients	—	Study of Exogenous Melatonin as a Treatment Modality for Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients.cited 3×
evening melatonin agonists	Increases - enhanced	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Circadian Rhythm Disruption in the Critically Ill: An Opportunity for Improving Outcomes.cited 78×
repeated administration of melatonin	Increases - improves	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Analgesic effects of melatonin: a review of current evidence from experimental and clinical studies.cited 147×
25 mg oral melatonin nightly	No effect - no significant differences	sleep	Human	Participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)	25 mg nightly	3-Month Melatonin Supplementation to Reduce Brain Oxidative Stress and Improve Sleep in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial.cited 1×
treatment with the MT1/MT2 melatonin receptor antagonist, S22153	Decreases - largely attenuated	effect of agomelatine on sleep	Animal	—	—	Chronic agomelatine treatment corrects the abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of motor activity and sleep/wake cycle induced by prenatal restraint stress in adult rats.
treatment with the MT1/MT2 melatonin receptor antagonist, S22153	Increases - caused	PRS-like sleep disturbances	Animal	—	—	Chronic agomelatine treatment corrects the abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of motor activity and sleep/wake cycle induced by prenatal restraint stress in adult rats.
long-term oral melatonin administration	Increases - had beneficial effects on	sleep	Human	patients with advanced glaucoma	Daily at 10:30 pm (specific dosage amount not provided).	Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma.cited 38×
exogenous administration of melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - was associated with a trend towards elongated	duration of sleep	Human	adult subjects admitted to the ICU	Not specified	Prophylactic use of exogenous melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists to improve sleep and delirium in the intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.cited 42×
foods impacting the availability of tryptophan, as well as the synthesis of serotonin and melatonin	Increases - may be the most helpful in promoting	sleep	Human	—	Not specified	Diet promotes sleep duration and quality.cited 281×
liposomal melatonin (melatosome)	Decreases - A significant difference in SL was observed	Sleep latency (SL)	Human	a hundred patients between 1 and 6 years old	—	Efficacy of Liposomal Melatonin in sleep EEG in Childhood: A Double Blind Case Control Study.cited 2×
strategically timed melatonin	Decreases - Treatment of the CRSWDs focuses on	circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWDs)	Human	Patients with CRSWDs	Not specified	Clinical neurophysiology of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders.cited 9×
low-dose melatonin	Decreases - might be helpful	sleep onset insomnia	Human	children over 2 years old	Low-dose melatonin, administered 30-60 minutes before bedtime (specific dose not specified).	European expert guidance on management of sleep onset insomnia and melatonin use in typically developing children.cited 7×
low-dose melatonin	Decreases - is a useful strategy for managing	sleep onset insomnia	Human	healthy children who have not improved or have responded insufficiently to sleep hygiene and behavioral interventions	Low-dose melatonin, administered 30-60 minutes before bedtime (specific dose not specified).	European expert guidance on management of sleep onset insomnia and melatonin use in typically developing children.cited 7×
melatonin intervention	No effect - shows no substantial impact	sleep quality	Human	patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy	Not specified in the abstract.	The Influence of Melatonin on Sleep Quality After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.cited 7×
melatonin-fluoxetine	Decreases - showed therapeutic effect	sleep disturbances	Human	women during/after menopausal transition	Not specified	Pharmacologic and hormonal treatments for menopausal sleep disturbances: A network meta-analysis of 43 randomized controlled trials and 32,271 menopausal women.cited 21×
melatonin 2 mg/day	Increases - significantly better outcomes	median duration of the first uninterrupted sleep	Human	older women with nocturia	—	Effectiveness of melatonin for the treatment of nocturia: a randomized controlled trial.cited 11×
Melatonin and its analogs	Increases - has been shown to have effect on	sleep promotion	Human	—	Not specified	Melatonin based therapies for delirium and dementia.cited 12×
pharmacological intervention using melatonin	Increases - moderate effect size	total sleep time	Human	children with ADHD	—	Sleep interventions for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic literature review.cited 22×
3 mg oral melatonin	Increases - significantly greater improvements	sleep quality domain on PSQI	Human	postmenopausal breast cancer survivors	3 mg oral melatonin daily	A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes.cited 88×
3 mg oral melatonin	Increases - associated with an improvement	subjective sleep quality	Human	breast cancer survivors	3 mg oral melatonin daily	A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes.cited 88×
3 mg oral melatonin	Increases - significantly greater improvements	subjective sleep quality as measured by the PSQI	Human	postmenopausal breast cancer survivors	3 mg oral melatonin daily	A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes.cited 88×
melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists	No effect - hypothesized to be a primary treatment for	nocturia secondary to sleep disorders	Human	—	Ramelteon (8 mg), melatonin (2 mg extended release or normal release).	Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists in the treatment of nocturia: A systematic review.cited 5×
melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists	Increases - improvement in	sleep quality	Human	—	Ramelteon (8 mg), melatonin (2 mg extended release or normal release).	Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists in the treatment of nocturia: A systematic review.cited 5×
melatonin receptor agonist, agomelatine	Decreases - effectively managed	non-24 hour sleep cycle disorder	Human	severely brain damaged man (TM)	—	Challenging behaviour and sleep cycle disorder following brain injury: a preliminary response to agomelatine treatment.
melatonin receptor (MT₁ and MT₂) agonist agomelatine each night	Increases - resulted in an immediate and sustained improvement	sleep	Human	severely brain damaged man (TM)	—	Challenging behaviour and sleep cycle disorder following brain injury: a preliminary response to agomelatine treatment.
combination of adrenocorticotropic hormone, magnesium sulfate and either melatonin or placebo	Increases - assessed	Sleep quality	Human	Patients aged 3 months to 2 years with IS	—	Melatonin supplementation for the treatment of infantile spasms: protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled triple-blind trial.cited 3×
10 mg melatonin per day	No effect - did not change in response to treatment	quality of sleep evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Human	postmenopausal women	10 mg per day.	Effects of melatonin on blood pressure, arterial stiffness and quality of life in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial.cited 4×
4-mg melatonin	Decreases - shortened significantly	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)	1-mg and 4-mg melatonin, administered once daily before bedtime.	Melatonin Treatment and Adequate Sleep Hygiene Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 15×
1-mg melatonin	Decreases - shortened significantly	sleep onset latency (SOL)	Human	children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)	1-mg and 4-mg melatonin, administered once daily before bedtime.	Melatonin Treatment and Adequate Sleep Hygiene Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.cited 15×
prophylactic administration of a sleep-inducing substance, a melatonin receptor agonist	Decreases - is effective against	sleep disorder after general anesthesia	Human	patients with ASD	Not specified in the abstract.	Study on the preventive effect of ramelteon on the onset of sleep disorder after general anesthesia in patients with autism spectrum disorder: A study protocol.cited 2×

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Melatonin→Sleep duration

Study Claims

Melatonin
→Sleep duration