Melatonin
→Bioavailability

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Evidence suggests Melatonin mayincreaseBioavailability.

11 studies (13 claims)

Moderate consensus

Typical effective dose 3 (3–25) mgacross 5 dosed studies

Study Claims

15 of 16

Intervention	Direction	Endpoint	Type	Population	Dosage	Title
Melatonin	Increases - demonstrated a strong capacity to improve	nitric oxide bioavailability	Human	growth-restricted offspring	Not specified	The Use of Antioxidants for Cardiovascular Protection in Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review.
melatonin	Increases - plays a critical role by acting on MT2 receptors to increase	NO production and/or NO bioavailability	Animal	—	—	Aerobic exercise enhanced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in mesenteric arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of melatonin.
Intranasal administration of melatonin	Increases - exhibited a quick absorption rate and high bioavailability	absorption rate and bioavailability	Human	—	Not available.	Pharmacokinetics of Alternative Administration Routes of Melatonin: A Systematic Review.cited 53×
melatonin administered rectally	No effect - mean (SD) bioavailability was 36.0 (28.6)%	bioavailability	Human	healthy female volunteers	25 mg administered once per route	Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous, Intravesical, Rectal, Transdermal, and Vaginal Melatonin in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Cross-Over Study.cited 21×
melatonin administered vaginally	No effect - mean (SD) bioavailability was 97.8 (31.7)%	bioavailability	Human	healthy female volunteers	25 mg administered once per route	Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous, Intravesical, Rectal, Transdermal, and Vaginal Melatonin in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Cross-Over Study.cited 21×
melatonin administered intravesically	No effect - mean (SD) bioavailability was 3.6 (1.9)%	bioavailability	Human	healthy female volunteers	25 mg administered once per route	Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous, Intravesical, Rectal, Transdermal, and Vaginal Melatonin in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Cross-Over Study.cited 21×
melatonin administered transdermally	No effect - mean (SD) bioavailability was 10.0 (5.7)%	bioavailability	Human	healthy female volunteers	25 mg administered once per route	Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous, Intravesical, Rectal, Transdermal, and Vaginal Melatonin in Healthy Female Volunteers: A Cross-Over Study.cited 21×
melatonin soft gelatin (soft gel) capsule form	Increases - bioavailability was improved	bioavailability	Human	healthy volunteers	1 mg and 3 mg of melatonin powder, 1 mg of melatonin in soft gel capsules	Soft gel capsules improve melatonin's bioavailability in humans.cited 16×
enteral melatonin	Increases - demonstrates good oral bioavailability	oral bioavailability	Human	—	3 mg loading dose at 9 pm, followed by six 0.5 mg doses hourly.	Pharmacokinetics of a novel dosing regimen of oral melatonin in critically ill patients.cited 16×
melatonin-coated lactoferrin-chitosan nanoparticles (ETP-CS-LF-MLT-NPs)	Increases - showing	bioavailability	HumanAnimalMolecular	DMH-induced colorectal cancer rat model	Not specified in the abstract.	Fabrication of lactoferrin-chitosan-etoposide nanoparticles with melatonin via carbodiimide coupling: In-vitro & in-vivo evaluation for colon cancer.cited 2×
polymeric nanoparticle formulations associated with melatonin	Increases - increase	bioavailability	Human	—	—	A Revision of Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Strategy to Improve the Biological Activity of Melatonin.cited 3×
oral melatonin	No effect - Bioavailability was approximately	bioavailability	Human	humans	0.3 to 100 mg, administered orally or intravenously.	Clinical pharmacokinetics of melatonin: a systematic review.cited 214×
oral melatonin	No effect - Bioavailability ranged from	bioavailability	Human	humans	0.3 to 100 mg, administered orally or intravenously.	Clinical pharmacokinetics of melatonin: a systematic review.cited 214×
SLN-melatonin enterally administered	Increases - higher bioavailability with respect to the standard formulation	bioavailability	Human	critically ill patients	3 mg melatonin	Different routes and formulations of melatonin in critically ill patients. A pharmacokinetic randomized study.cited 10×
transdermal melatonin via jellified microemulsion (μE-TD)	Decreases - presented a lower bioavailability	bioavailability (AUC)	Human	high-risk critically ill patients	3 mg melatonin	Different routes and formulations of melatonin in critically ill patients. A pharmacokinetic randomized study.cited 10×