Co-stimulation with high-fat diet and acidic bile salts may promote Warburg effect in gastric carcinogenesis around the squamo-columnar junction in Gan mice.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to clarify the mechanism linking metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) by investigating how a high-fat diet (HFD) and dysbiosis promote the Warburg effect in tumors.
Results Summary
The study found that HFD combined with acidic bile salts (ABS) induced oxidative stress, TNFα, and the Warburg effect in tumors, leading to larger tumors with macrophage infiltration. These effects were abolished by reducing macrophage infiltration or in Nrf2 knockout mice, suggesting a pathway through which MetS may develop GCA.
Population
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice and MKN7 cells co-cultured with THP1-derived macrophages.
Effective Dosage
Not specified
Duration
Not specified
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | tumors with macrophage infiltration | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | were larger than | #1 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | the oxidative stress (OS) signaling | tumor of K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated enhancement of | #2 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | oxidative stress (OS) | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated induction of | #3 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | Nqo1 | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated induction of | #4 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | TNFα | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated induction of | #5 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | Warburg effect | tumors of K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated induction of | #6 |
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS) | increase | mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice | - | demonstrated | #7 |
clodronate liposomes (CLs) | decrease | induction of oxidative stress (OS), Nqo1, TNFα, and Warburg effect in tumors | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice fed HFD+ABS | - | abolished | #8 |
clodronate liposomes (CLs) | decrease | mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut | K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice fed HFD+ABS | - | abolished | #9 |
TNFα stimulation | increase | Warburg effect | MKN7 cells | - | activated | #10 |
acidic bile salts (ABS) | no change | Warburg effect | MKN7 cells | - | did not activate | #11 |
lipopolysaccharide | no change | Warburg effect | MKN7 cells | - | did not activate | #12 |
co-culture with macrophages (TNFα expression induced by lipopolysaccharide pretreatment) | increase | Warburg effect | MKN7 cells | TNFα concentration-dependent manners | enhanced | #13 |
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout | decrease | tumors | Gan mice | - | shrank | #14 |
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout | decrease | oxidative stress (OS) | Gan mice | - | reducing | #15 |
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout | decrease | TNFα | Gan mice | - | reducing | #16 |
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout | decrease | Warburg effect | Gan mice | - | reducing | #17 |
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout | decrease | macrophage infiltration | Gan mice | - | decreasing | #18 |
Epidemiological studies demonstrated relationships between gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to clarify mechanism underlying their relationship. To investigate whether systemic inflammation against high-fat diet (HFD)-related dysbiosis promotes Warburg effect in tumors at the squamo-columnar junction (SCJ), we applied K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice, fed either HFD or control diet ± acidic bile salts (ABS) with/without clodronate liposomes (CLs), and in vitro studies using MKN7 cells with/without THP1-derived macrophages. Then, we assessed involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in Warburg effect by comparing between nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout-Gan mice and Gan mice. Tumors with macrophage infiltration in HFD+ABS group were larger than in Control group. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed enhancement of the OS signaling in tumor of HFD+ABS group. HFD+ABS group mice demonstrated induction of OS, Nqo1, TNFα, and Warburg effect in tumors and mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut. All of them were abolished with diminishing macrophage infiltration by additional CLs treatment. Stimulation with TNFα, but not ABS nor lipopolysaccharide, on MKN7 cells activated Warburg effect. In MKN7 cells co-cultured with the macrophages whose TNFa expression was induced by the lipopolysaccharide pretreatment, Warburg effect was enhanced in the TNFα concentration-dependent manners. In Nrf2 knockout-Gan mice, tumors shrank with reducing OS, TNFα, and Warburg effect, along with decreasing macrophage infiltration. Accordingly, MetS may develop GCA through the Nrf2-related Warburg effect under the TNFα stimulation from the macrophages activated by both local ABS exposure and systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure from leaky gut with HFD-related dysbiosis.