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Co-stimulation with high-fat diet and acidic bile salts may promote Warburg effect in gastric carcinogenesis around the squamo-columnar junction in Gan mice.

American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology
April 17, 2025
Koichiro Sudo et al. (11 authors)
Journal ArticleAnimal StudyMolecular Study
Study Details

Study Goal

The researchers aimed to clarify the mechanism linking metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) by investigating how a high-fat diet (HFD) and dysbiosis promote the Warburg effect in tumors.

Results Summary

The study found that HFD combined with acidic bile salts (ABS) induced oxidative stress, TNFα, and the Warburg effect in tumors, leading to larger tumors with macrophage infiltration. These effects were abolished by reducing macrophage infiltration or in Nrf2 knockout mice, suggesting a pathway through which MetS may develop GCA.

Population

K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice and MKN7 cells co-cultured with THP1-derived macrophages.

Effective Dosage

Not specified

Duration

Not specified

Interactions

None mentioned

Extracted Claims (18)
InterventionDirectionEndpointPopulationDosageImpactClaim #
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
tumors with macrophage infiltration
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
were larger than
#1
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
the oxidative stress (OS) signaling
tumor of K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated enhancement of
#2
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
oxidative stress (OS)
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated induction of
#3
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
Nqo1
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated induction of
#4
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
TNFα
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated induction of
#5
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
Warburg effect
tumors of K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated induction of
#6
high-fat diet (HFD) + acidic bile salts (ABS)
increase
mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice
-
demonstrated
#7
clodronate liposomes (CLs)
decrease
induction of oxidative stress (OS), Nqo1, TNFα, and Warburg effect in tumors
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice fed HFD+ABS
-
abolished
#8
clodronate liposomes (CLs)
decrease
mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut
K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice fed HFD+ABS
-
abolished
#9
TNFα stimulation
increase
Warburg effect
MKN7 cells
-
activated
#10
acidic bile salts (ABS)
no change
Warburg effect
MKN7 cells
-
did not activate
#11
lipopolysaccharide
no change
Warburg effect
MKN7 cells
-
did not activate
#12
co-culture with macrophages (TNFα expression induced by lipopolysaccharide pretreatment)
increase
Warburg effect
MKN7 cells
TNFα concentration-dependent manners
enhanced
#13
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout
decrease
tumors
Gan mice
-
shrank
#14
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout
decrease
oxidative stress (OS)
Gan mice
-
reducing
#15
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout
decrease
TNFα
Gan mice
-
reducing
#16
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout
decrease
Warburg effect
Gan mice
-
reducing
#17
nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout
decrease
macrophage infiltration
Gan mice
-
decreasing
#18
Abstract

Epidemiological studies demonstrated relationships between gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to clarify mechanism underlying their relationship. To investigate whether systemic inflammation against high-fat diet (HFD)-related dysbiosis promotes Warburg effect in tumors at the squamo-columnar junction (SCJ), we applied K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice, fed either HFD or control diet ± acidic bile salts (ABS) with/without clodronate liposomes (CLs), and in vitro studies using MKN7 cells with/without THP1-derived macrophages. Then, we assessed involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in Warburg effect by comparing between nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knockout-Gan mice and Gan mice. Tumors with macrophage infiltration in HFD+ABS group were larger than in Control group. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed enhancement of the OS signaling in tumor of HFD+ABS group. HFD+ABS group mice demonstrated induction of OS, Nqo1, TNFα, and Warburg effect in tumors and mucosal barrier dysfunction of dysbiotic gut. All of them were abolished with diminishing macrophage infiltration by additional CLs treatment. Stimulation with TNFα, but not ABS nor lipopolysaccharide, on MKN7 cells activated Warburg effect. In MKN7 cells co-cultured with the macrophages whose TNFa expression was induced by the lipopolysaccharide pretreatment, Warburg effect was enhanced in the TNFα concentration-dependent manners. In Nrf2 knockout-Gan mice, tumors shrank with reducing OS, TNFα, and Warburg effect, along with decreasing macrophage infiltration. Accordingly, MetS may develop GCA through the Nrf2-related Warburg effect under the TNFα stimulation from the macrophages activated by both local ABS exposure and systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure from leaky gut with HFD-related dysbiosis.

Study Links
Quality Scores
Safety20
Efficacy85/10
Quality90/10
Research Impact Scores
APT Score0.05
Weight Score1.40
Normalized Score0.60
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