Randomized Controlled Trials of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to compare the antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy (PAT) versus comparator treatments in major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression.
Results Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy showed superior antidepressant effects compared to control interventions, with medium to large effect sizes sustained for up to 6 weeks. Adverse effects, though increased, were generally mild (e.g., headache, dizziness).
Population
Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression.
Effective Dosage
Not specified in the abstract.
Duration
Effects were assessed up to 6 weeks post-intervention.
Interactions
None mentioned.
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
psilocybin-assisted therapy | decrease | 1-week between-group change in depression ratings | patients with major depressive disorder | SMD -0.72 [95% CI, -0.95 to -0.49] | favouring | #1 |
psilocybin-assisted therapy | increase | response rates | patients with major depressive disorder | RR 3.42 [95% CI, 2.35-4.97] | favouring | #2 |
psilocybin-assisted therapy | increase | remission rates | patients with major depressive disorder | RR 3.66 [95% CI, 2.26-5.92] | favouring | #3 |
psilocybin-assisted therapy | increase | any adverse event | patients with major depressive disorder | RR 1.20 [95% CI, 1.01-1.42] | significantly increased risk | #4 |
psilocybin-assisted therapy | increase | headache | patients with major depressive disorder | RR 1.78 [95% CI, 1.10-2.86] | significantly higher risk | #5 |
psilocybin-assisted therapy | increase | dizziness | patients with major depressive disorder | RR 6.52 [95% CI, 1.19-35.87] | significantly higher risk | #6 |
INTRODUCTION: There is growing interest in the use of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) for major depressive disorder (MDD), including treatment-resistant depression. We used randomized controlled trial (RCT) data to compare summary estimates of change in depression ratings with PAT versus comparator treatments in MDD. We also compared response and remission rates, and adverse effects. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and SCOPUS from inception till April 2024. Our primary efficacy outcome was 1-week (or nearest) between-group change in depression ratings. Secondary efficacy outcomes were changes in depression ratings at days 2, 14, and 42 (or nearest) and study-defined response and remission rates at week 1 (or nearest). Safety outcomes were reported adverse effects. We pooled outcomes in random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference (SMD; Hedges g) for continuous outcomes and risk ratio (RR) for categorical outcomes. RESULTS: We found 6 eligible RCTs (pooled N = 427), all on psilocybin. The pooled SMD for 1-week between-group change in depression ratings was -0.72 [95% CI, -0.95 to -0.49; I2 = 17%; 5 RCTs; n = 403], favouring PAT; results were similar at days 2, 14, and 42. The response [RR = 3.42; 95% CI, 2.35-4.97; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and remission [RR = 3.66; 95% CI, 2.26-5.92; I2 = 0%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] rates also favored PAT. The PAT group had a small but significantly increased risk of developing any adverse event [RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; I2 = 43%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and a significantly higher risk of experiencing headache [RR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.10-2.86; I2 = 52%; 4 RCTs; n = 373] and dizziness [RR = 6.52; 95% CI, 1.19-35.87; I2 = 0%; 3 RCTs; n = 269]. Low heterogeneity characterized most analyses and findings were similar in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy are superior (with at least medium effect sizes) to comparator interventions for at least up to 6 weeks postintervention.