Ketone Bodies in Diabetes Mellitus: Friend or Foe?
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to review the role of ketones, ketogenic diets, ketonemia, and ketonuria in diabetes mellitus (DM) and present new evidence comprehensively.
Results Summary
The study found that ketogenic diets mimic fasting states, shifting metabolism toward ketone utilization, and have gained recognition as medical nutrition therapy for metabolic conditions like obesity and DM. Ketone production is influenced by diet and occurs in both physiological and pathological conditions.
Population
General discussion, including physiological states (pregnancy, neonatal period) and pathological conditions (diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholism, metabolic disorders).
Effective Dosage
Not specified
Duration
Not specified
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ketogenic diet (KD) | increase | metabolism | - | - | mimicking the fasting state, altering the default metabolism towards the use of ketones as the primary fuel source | #1 |
ketogenic diet (KD) | increase | metabolic conditions, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) | - | - | gained recognition as a medical nutrition therapy | #2 |
In glucose-deprived conditions, ketone bodies are produced by the liver mitochondria, through the catabolism of fatty acids, and are used peripherally, as an alternative energy source. Ketones are produced in the body under normal conditions, including during pregnancy and the neonatal period, when following a ketogenic diet (KD), fasting, or exercising. Additionally, ketone synthesis is also augmented under pathological conditions, including cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), alcoholism, and several metabolic disorders. Nonetheless, diet is the main regulator of total body ketone concentrations. The KDs are mimicking the fasting state, altering the default metabolism towards the use of ketones as the primary fuel source. Recently, KD has gained recognition as a medical nutrition therapy for a plethora of metabolic conditions, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). The present review aims to discuss the role of ketones, KDs, ketonemia, and ketonuria in DM, presenting all the available new evidence in a comprehensive manner.