Nutritional Considerations in Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to review the nutritional management and assessment tools for celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) populations on gluten-free or gluten-restricted diets.
Results Summary
A strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is necessary for CeD to prevent immune reactions and malabsorption, while a gluten-restricted diet (GRD) may suffice for NCGWS symptom control. Both diets increase the risk of malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies, necessitating long-term nutritional monitoring.
Population
Patients with celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS).
Effective Dosage
Not specified
Duration
Not specified
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gluten-free diet (GFD) | no change | celiac disease (CeD) | patients with celiac disease | - | is the only available treatment | #1 |
gluten-free diet (GFD) | decrease | symptoms | non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS) | - | may also improve | #2 |
gluten | increase | immune reaction leading to enteropathy, malabsorption, and symptoms | CeD | - | triggers | #3 |
wheat or gluten | no change | enteropathy or malabsorption | NCGWS | - | triggers | #4 |
strict GFD | no change | CeD | patients with CeD | - | is necessary | #5 |
gluten-restricted diet (GRD) | increase | symptom control | NCGWS | - | may suffice to achieve | #6 |
adoption of a GFD or GRD | increase | risk of malnutrition and macro- and micronutrient deficiencies | patients with CeD or NCGWS | - | increased | #7 |
A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CeD), and it may also improve symptoms in non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS). In CeD, gluten triggers an immune reaction leading to enteropathy, malabsorption, and symptoms; in NCGWS, the mechanism leading to symptoms is unknown, and neither wheat nor gluten triggers enteropathy or malabsorption. A strict GFD is, therefore, necessary for CeD, but a gluten-restricted diet (GRD) may suffice to achieve symptom control for NCGWS. Regardless of this distinction, the risk of malnutrition and macro- and micronutrient deficiencies is increased by the adoption of a GFD or GRD. Thus, patients with CeD or NCGWS should undergo nutritional assessment and subsequent monitoring, based on evidence-based tools, under the care of a multidisciplinary team involving physicians and dietitians, for the long-term management of their nutrition. This review gives an overview of available nutrition assessment tools and considerations for the nutritional management of CeD and NCGWS populations.