Effects of whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training on glycaemic control, body composition, muscle function and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged and older overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized controlled trial.
Study Goal
To determine if whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) improves glycaemic control, body composition, muscle function, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes.
Results Summary
The study found that whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation did not enhance the effects of PRT on glycaemic control, body composition, muscle strength, or cardiometabolic risk factors, except for minor improvements in IL-10, TNF-α, and sit-to-stand performance.
Population
Overweight/obese adults aged 50-75 years with type 2 diabetes.
Effective Dosage
20g whey protein each morning plus 20g post-exercise, combined with vitamin D.
Duration
24 weeks
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) | no change | HbA1c | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | mean absolute change: PRT + ProD -0.10% [95% CI, -0.24%, 0.05%] vs. PRT -0.17% [95% CI, -0.32%, -0.03%], p = .322 | did not enhance the effects | #1 |
whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) | no change | HOMA2-IR | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | PRT + ProD -0.12 [95% CI, -0.27, 0.03] vs. PRT -0.03 [95% CI, -0.14, 0.09], p = .370 | did not enhance the effects | #2 |
progressive resistance training (PRT) | decrease | FPG | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | net difference, 0.6 mmol/L [95% CI, 0.1, 1.0], P = .018 | improved | #3 |
whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) | increase | interleukin IL-10 | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | 61% [95% CI 31%, 92%], P < .001 | increased | #4 |
whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) | increase | tumour necrosis factor-α | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | 16% [95% CI, 3%, 29%], p = .015 | increased | #5 |
whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) | increase | 30-s sit-to-stand performance | middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) | number, 1.0 [95% CI, -0.05, 1.5], p = .047 | increased | #6 |
daily whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation | no change | measures of glycaemic control, body composition, muscle strength or cardiometabolic risk factors | older overweight/obese adults with T2D | - | did not augment the effects | #7 |
AIM: To determine the effect of whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation combined with progressive resistance training (PRT) on glycaemic control, body composition, muscle function and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 24-week, randomized controlled trial, 198 overweight/obese adults (aged 50-75 years) with T2D undertook PRT (2-3 days/week) with random allocation to whey protein (20 g each morning plus 20 g postexercise) plus vitamin D RESULTS: At 24 weeks, supplementation did not enhance the effects of PRT on HbA1c (mean absolute change: PRT + ProD -0.10% [95% CI, -0.24%, 0.05%] vs. PRT -0.17% [95% CI, -0.32%, -0.03%], p = .322) or HOMA2-IR (PRT + ProD -0.12 [95% CI, -0.27, 0.03] vs. PRT -0.03 [95% CI, -0.14, 0.09], p = .370). There were also no significant between-group differences for the mean changes in the secondary outcomes, except that FPG improved in PRT versus PRT + ProD (net difference, 0.6 mmol/L [95% CI, 0.1, 1.0], P = .018), while interleukin IL-10 (61% [95% CI 31%, 92%], P < .001), tumour necrosis factor-α (16% [95% CI, 3%, 29%], p = .015) and 30-s sit-to-stand performance (number, 1.0 [95% CI, -0.05, 1.5], p = .047) increased in PRT + ProD versus PRT. CONCLUSIONS: In older overweight/obese adults with T2D, daily whey protein plus vitamin D supplementation did not augment the effects of PRT on measures of glycaemic control, body composition, muscle strength or cardiometabolic risk factors.