Changes in Bone Turnover, Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Markers in Women Consuming Iron plus Vitamin D Supplements: a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to determine whether combining vitamin D and iron supplementation, compared to vitamin D alone, could improve bone turnover, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers in women with iron deficiency and vitamin D insufficiency.
Results Summary
Iron-vitamin D co-supplementation did not show added benefits for improving bone turnover, inflammatory, oxidative stress, or metabolic markers compared to vitamin D alone. Vitamin D alone had some detrimental effects on inflammatory and metabolic markers, while iron supplementation improved certain hematological parameters.
Population
87 women aged 18-45 years with hemoglobin ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL (vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency).
Effective Dosage
27 mg/day iron plus 1000 IU/day vitamin D3.
Duration
12 weeks.
Interactions
None mentioned.
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | decrease | red blood cells (RBC) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #1 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | decrease | hematocrit (Hct) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #2 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | increase | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #3 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | increase | 25OHD | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #4 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | increase | osteocalcin | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #5 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | increase | high-density cholesterol (HDL) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #6 |
1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe) | increase | fasting blood sugar (FBS) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #7 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | red blood cells (RBC) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #8 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | hemoglobin (Hb) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #9 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | hematocrit (Hct) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #10 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #11 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #12 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #13 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | serum ferritin | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #14 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | low-density cholesterol (LDL) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | significant decrease | #15 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | 25OHD | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #16 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | osteocalcin | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #17 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #18 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | triglyceride (TG) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #19 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | fasting blood sugar (FBS) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #20 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | interleukin-6 (IL-6) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | increases | #21 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | osteocalcin | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | between-group increases | #22 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | increase | interleukin-6 (IL-6) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | between-group increases | #23 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | red blood cells (RBC) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | decreases | #24 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | hemoglobin (Hb) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | decreases | #25 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | hematocrit (Hct) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | decreases | #26 |
vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P) | decrease | mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | decreases | #27 |
iron-vitamin D co-supplementation | no change | bone turnover, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | does not yield added benefits | #28 |
vitamin D alone | increase | inflammatory and metabolic markers | women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years | - | may have some detrimental effects | #29 |
We aimed to investigate whether combination of vitamin D and iron supplementation, comparing vitamin D alone, could modify bone turnover, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers. Eighty-seven women with hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 12.7 g/dL and 25OHD ≤ 29 ng/mL vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency aged 18-45 years were randomly assigned into two groups: (1) receiving either 1000 IU/day vitamin D3 plus 27 mg/day iron (D-Fe); (2) vitamin D3 plus placebo supplements (D-P), for 12 weeks. In D-Fe group, significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC) (P = 0.001) and hematocrit (Hct) (P = 0.004) and increases in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P = 0.001), 25OHD (P < 0.001), osteocalcin (P < 0.001), high-density cholesterol (HDL) (P = 0.041), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P < 0.001) were observed. D-P group showed significant decrease in RBC (P < 0.001), Hb (P < 0.001), Hct (P < 0.001), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P = 0.004), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (P < 0.001), MCHC (P = 0.005), serum ferritin (P < 0.001), and low-density cholesterol (LDL) (P = 0.016) and increases of 25OHD (P < 0.001), osteocalcin (P < 0.001), C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) (P = 0.025), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.004), FBS (P < 0.001), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P = 0.001) at week 12. After the intervention, the D-P group had between-group increases in mean change in the osteocalcin (P = 0.007) and IL-6 (P = 0.033), and decreases in the RBC (P < 0.001), Hb (P < 0.001), Hct (P < 0.001), and MCV (P = 0.001), compared with the D-Fe group. There were significant between-group changes in MCH (P < 0.001), MCHC (P < 0.001), ferritin (P < 0.001), and serum iron (P = 0.018). Iron-vitamin D co-supplementation does not yield added benefits for improvement of bone turnover, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic markers, whereas, vitamin D alone may have some detrimental effects on inflammatory and metabolic markers. IRCT registration number: IRCT201409082365N9.