Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are public health issues recognised by the World Health Organisation, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In some countries on this continent, the prevalence of anemia exceeds 60% in the pediatric population. Iron supplementation could prevent around one third of anemia cases in children in Africa and could decrease morbidity and mortality. A number of factors are behind this anemia, including iron deficiency caused by an inadequate diet, pica and geophagia, as well as chronic inflammation (malaria, digestive and urinary parasites, etc.). Ferritin is a good indicator of the body's iron stores, but it is not a specific reflection, with both inflammation and infection causing an increase. Ferritin could be interpreted according to C-reactive protein (CRP) or alpha-1 glycoprotein (AGP), or by adjusting the ferritin threshold to 30μg/L. The treatment of malaria and digestive or urinary worms, the correction of factors that stimulate inflammation, the fight against geophagia, as well as more hygienic living conditions, are all prerequisites for overcoming iron deficiency. A number of campaigns using iron supplements have proven to be effective, especially in schools, to fight against iron deficiency and malnutrition. Biofortification is an innovative and promising cultivation technique that increases the content of bioavailable iron in local produce such as beans. It will become a lever in the fight against iron deficiency.