Anemia is a pervasive problem in pediatrics and evaluating for it is considered part of standard care for all pediatric patients. If left untreated, it can cause significant problems for children and many of the detriments can be long lasting. Although iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of pediatric anemia, it is important to keep the broad differential in mind for those in whom the history suggests an alternate diagnosis or who do not respond to standard treatment with iron supplementation. This article gives a basic overview of anemia in children with a focus on iron deficiency. [Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(2):e42-e47.].