The impact of protein quantity during energy restriction on genome-wide gene expression in adipose tissue of obese humans.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to compare gene expression changes in white adipose tissue between a high-protein diet and a normal-protein diet during energy restriction, and to assess the overall effects of energy restriction on gene expression.
Results Summary
The study found that a normal-protein diet during energy restriction led to downregulation of inflammation-related genes, while a high-protein diet upregulated genes linked to cell cycle and metabolism. Energy restriction itself reduced gene sets related to energy metabolism and immune response.
Population
Overweight older adults
Effective Dosage
High-protein intake (1.7 g/kg body weight)
Duration
Not specified
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
energy restriction (ER) | neutral | disease prevention | - | - | beneficial | #1 |
energy restriction (ER) | decrease | chronic inflammation | - | - | reduces | #2 |
reducing the protein quantity of a diet | neutral | beneficial effects by ER | - | - | contributes to the beneficial effects | #3 |
normal protein diet during ER (NP-ER) | decrease | genes linked to immune cell infiltration, adaptive immune response and inflammasome | overweight older participants | - | downregulation in expression | #4 |
high-protein diet during ER (HP-ER) | no change | genes linked to immune cell infiltration, adaptive immune response and inflammasome | overweight older participants | - | no such effect was found | #5 |
high-protein diet during ER (HP-ER) | increase | genes linked to cell cycle, GPCR signalling, olfactory signalling and nitrogen metabolism | overweight older participants | - | upregulation in expression | #6 |
25% ER | decrease | gene sets related to energy metabolism and immune response | overweight older participants | - | decreased | #7 |
normal protein quantity compared with high-protein quantity during ER | neutral | inflammation-related gene expression in WAT | overweight older participants | - | has a more beneficial effect | #8 |
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity is a growing health problem worldwide. The most effective strategy to reduce weight is energy restriction (ER). ER has been shown to be beneficial in disease prevention and it reduces chronic inflammation. Recent studies suggest that reducing the protein quantity of a diet contributes to the beneficial effects by ER. The organ most extensively affected during ER is white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVE: The first objective was to assess changes in gene expression between a high-protein diet and a normal protein diet during ER. Second, the total effect of ER on changes in gene expression in WAT was assessed. METHODS: In a parallel double-blinded controlled study, overweight older participants adhered to a 25% ER diet, either combined with high-protein intake (HP-ER, 1.7 g kg RESULTS: A different gene expression response between HP-ER and NP-ER was observed for 530 genes. After NP-ER, a downregulation in expression of genes linked to immune cell infiltration, adaptive immune response and inflammasome was found, whereas no such effect was found after HP-ER. HP-ER resulted in upregulation in expression of genes linked to cell cycle, GPCR signalling, olfactory signalling and nitrogen metabolism. Upon 25% ER, gene sets related to energy metabolism and immune response were decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Based on gene expression changes, we concluded that consumption of normal protein quantity compared with high-protein quantity during ER has a more beneficial effect on inflammation-related gene expression in WAT.